2014—2015年连云港口岸鼠类调查分析与应对

目的通过对连云港口岸2014—2015年鼠类调查结果的分析,掌握该口岸鼠类的种群分布、季节消长、病原携带等情况,强化病原检出的应急处置能力。方法采用夹夜法开展口岸鼠类调查与监测,并对捕获的鼠类及其体表寄生虫进行分类鉴定;解剖捕获的鼠类,利用实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术对特异性核苷酸序列扩增并检测分型,确认口岸地区鼠类携带汉坦病毒的状况。结果全年共捕获鼠类92只,经分类鉴定隶属于1科3属3种,褐家鼠为优势种,占捕获鼠类的64.13%,其次为小家鼠,占30.43%,黑线姬鼠占5.44%。鼠体表寄生虫检查均为阴性,共检出鼠类携带汉坦病毒阳性8只,分型均为汉城病毒,阳性率为8.70%,其中褐家鼠6只,小家鼠2只,分别占捕获鼠种的10.17%和7.14%。结论连云港口岸地区存在一定数量鼠类携带汉坦病毒,并且部分生境鼠类中汉城型汉坦病毒的感染率较高,应加强对口岸地区鼠类的监测和控制,提高口岸应对能力,控制肾综合征出血热疫情在口岸地区的传播。     

2014-2015年连云港口岸鼠类监测结果分析

目的 通过对连云港口岸2014-2015年度鼠类监测结果的分析,掌握该口岸鼠类的种群分布,季节消长,携带病原体等情况,为口岸鼠类防制及鼠传传染病防控提供科学依据.方法 采用夹夜法、笼捕法,每月连续监测三天,并对捕获的鼠类和其体表寄生虫进行分类鉴定及病原学检测.结果 全年共捕获鼠类59只,经实验室鉴定隶属1科2属2种,以褐家鼠为优势种,占捕获鼠类的69.49％,其次为小家鼠,占30.51％,鼠体表寄生虫检查均为阴性.解剖鼠肺、肝样品59份,检出汉坦病毒Ⅱ型阳性5例,阳性率为8.47％.结论 连云港口岸鼠类存在汉坦病毒自然感染情况,应当加强鼠类监测与防制,控制肾综合征出血热疫情的发生和流行.     

辽宁口岸2006-2010年鼠形动物本底调查分析

目的 掌握辽宁各口岸鼠形动物的种群构成,做好口岸鼠类监测工作,为口岸灭鼠提供科学依据.方法 统一采用ELTON夹日法,每月中旬连续放夹3d.结果 本次调查共捕获各类鼠形动物266只,隶属于2目2科4属5种.结论 辽宁口岸地区鼠形动物优势鼠种为褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus）,其次为小家鼠（Mus musculus）.本次调查初步了解辽宁口岸鼠形动物的种群构成,为辽宁口岸鼠形动物和鼠传疾病的防制、保障国境口岸的卫生安全提供技术支持.     

2014—2015年连云港口岸鼠类监测结果分析

目的通过对连云港口岸鼠类监测结果的分析,掌握该口岸鼠类的种群分布,季节消长,携带病原体等情况,为口岸鼠类防制及鼠传传染病防控提供科学依据。方法采用夹夜法、笼捕法,每月连续监测3 d,并对捕获的鼠类和其体表寄生虫进行分类鉴定及病原学检测。结果 2014—2015年共捕获鼠类59只,经分类鉴定隶属于1科2属2种,以褐家鼠为优势种,占捕获鼠类的69.49%,其次为小家鼠,占30.51%,鼠体表寄生虫检查均为阴性。解剖鼠肺、肝样品59份,检出汉坦病毒Ⅱ型阳性5例,阳性率为8.47%。结论连云港口岸鼠类存在汉坦病毒自然感染情况,应当加强鼠类监测与防治,控制肾综合征出血热疫情的发生和流行。     

斗门口岸鼠类调查

1998年对斗门口岸鼠类进行了调查,用夹夜法共捕获鼠类58只,经鉴定为2目2科4属5种,鼠种为臭鼩鼱、褐家鼠、小家鼠、板齿鼠、黄胸鼠,优势鼠种依次为臭鼩鼱、褐家鼠和小家鼠。年均鼠密度为1．79％。1、8、12月份鼠密度较高,是灭鼠有利时机。     

山东省国境口岸鼠类专项调查结果分析

[目的]掌握山东省内各国境口岸鼠患情况,以便有针对性地开展防制工作。[方法]2001年9月中旬对山东省18个国境口岸进行秋季鼠类专项调查。各口岸采用ELTON夹夜法、粉剂法进行调查,分2次进行,每次3d。[结果]共捕鼠类144只,经鉴定隶属2目3科7种。褐家鼠为优势种,黄胸鼠所占比率上升至17.36％,平均鼠密度为1.77％。[结论]山东省国境口岸秋季鼠密度比以往有所升高,黄胸鼠数量上升,应继续加强国境口岸尤其是内陆口岸的鼠害监测与防制工作,把鼠类控制在不足为害的水平。     

皇岗口岸鼠类及寄生蚤螨调查结果分析

皇岗口岸开通前后进行了三次鼠类种群及其染蚤、螨情况的调查。结果口岸开通前半年捕获鼠类6种。以臭鼩鼱为优势种。褐家鼠次之；口岸开通后半年捕获鼠类5种。以褐家鼠为优势种。鼠体外寄生蚤、螨各一种。分别为印鼠客蚤、毒厉螨。染蚤指数为0．07；口岸开通后6年捕获3种鼠类。以褐家鼠为优势种。鼠体外寄生蚤、螨亦为印鼠客蚤、毒厉螨。蚤指数为0．09。反映了生态环境的变化鼠类种群随之变化。     

乌鲁木齐地区二类口岸病媒生物本底调查研究

目的调查乌鲁木齐地区二类口岸病媒生物。方法鼠类采用粉块法和夜夹法;蝇类用粘蝇纸和捕蝇笼;蟑螂用粘捕法;捕获鼠类身上采集蚤类。结果鼠类共捕获10只,鼠体蚤32只。经鉴定鼠类隶属1目1科2属2种,蚤类隶属2科2属2种;共捕获蟑螂608只,均为德国小蠊。结论通过本次调查基本摸清了乌鲁木齐地区二类口岸媒介生物的基本情况,掌握了主要种类及其不同地区的密度。     

防城口岸鼠类监测报告

本文报道了防城口岸鼠类种群、密度及鼠疫监测情况.本次调查共捕获鼠类301只,属2目2科4属7种,以褐家鼠和黄胸鼠为优势种,全年平均鼠密度为8.48%,夏秋两季为鼠密度高峰期.     

集安口岸地区鼠类汉坦病毒自然感染情况调查

目的 了解集安口岸地区鼠类感染流行性出血热的情况.方法 采用夹夜法捕鼠,取鼠肺标本,采用RT - PCR方法检测汉坦病毒.结果 共捕鼠64只,隶属于1目2科4属5种,鼠类携带汉坦病毒率为6.25％,主要是黑线姬鼠和褐家鼠.结论 应进一步加强防鼠灭鼠和鼠类肾综合征出血热监测,严防肾综合征出血热的发生和流行.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.