肺大泡破裂致自发性气胸51例的外科治疗

目的：探讨肺大泡破裂致自发性气胸的手术指征及手术方法。方法：总结肺大泡破裂致自发性气胸51例的外科手术治疗经验，对该病的临床表现、诊断、发病机制、手术指征及手术方式等问题进行讨论。结果：全组51例病人无手术死亡，随诊2个月-6年，术侧无复发，疗效满意。结论：肺大泡破裂致自发性气胸应积极外科手术治疗，根据肺大泡的大小、数目及部位采用不同的手术方式，腋下小切口及胸腔镜手术能明显减少手术创伤。     

腋下小切口肺大泡切除术126例临床分析

目的寻找一种较理想的治疗肺大泡的外科手术方式。方法自1996年10月至2005年5月对126例肺大泡患者施行腋下小切口开胸手术治疗。结果经术后观察及6个月至9年随访，术后均无复发，疗效满意。结论采用腋下小切口手术治疗肺大泡，与传统手术比较，创伤小，恢复快，并发症少且疗效可靠，是一种较为理想的手术方式。     

肺大泡手术治疗48例疗效观察

报告了４８例肺大泡的手术治疗。通过对其病因，诊断，手术适应症，手术方 式及术后处理的讨论，认为：对肺大泡的治疗要改变那种待并发症出现后再处理的被治疗。要早期诊断，通过外科手术以阻断肺大泡的病理恶性循环，以达到治愈肺大泡的目的。     

外科手术病人合并糖尿病126例临床分析

目的：探讨外科手术病人合并糖尿病时围手术期血糖控制方法。方法：回顾性分析126例外科手术病人合并糖尿病的治疗情况。结果：本组因糖尿病合并心脑血管病术后死亡2例，并发腹腔感染术后死亡1例，并肝肾综合征死亡1例，其它并发症20例均治愈，结论：应用胰岛素治疗是外科手术时控制糖尿病病人血糖的良好方法，围手术期治疗糖尿病的伴发病可降低外科手术的危险性。     

微创手术治疗自发性气胸45例

目的 探讨自发性气胸行微创外科治疗的适应证及手术方式。方法 手术治疗自发性气胸45例，其中21例采用微创腋下小切口，对连珠状和较大的肺大泡行楔形切除重叠褥式缝合；24例采用电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)，术中用切割缝合器(EndoCIA)切割缝合连珠状和较大的肺大泡，较小的肺大泡均行单个结扎。术中发现43例有肺大泡。结果 本组43例术后3～6天拔除胸腔引流管，5～15天出院，均治愈，无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论 自发性气胸患者，如全身一般情况尚好，宜积极行微创手术治疗。     

胸腔镜双侧一期手术治疗自发性气胸

目的：探讨胸腔镜双侧一期手术治疗自发性气胸的手术方法、并发症、评价该术式的可行性、安全性。方法：该组21例均为双侧同时自发气胸或一侧反复自发气胸合并对侧肺大泡的病例,应用胸腔镜双侧一期手术治疗。结果：该组病例均经胸腔镜手术治疗,术后出现漏气（大于4d)2例,术后复发性肺水肿需机械通气1例,术后复发1例,无死亡病例,均经手术治疗痊愈。随访7－77个月（平均32．7个月）。与该组同期127例单侧自发性气胸胸腔镜手术治疗,术后并发症比较（P＞0．05）,无显著差异。结论：胸腔镜一期手术是治疗双侧自发性气胸或一侧气胸而另一侧证实有肺大泡的安全有效的术式。     

腹腔镜代胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸12例

目的：探讨腹腔镜治疗自发性气胸的可行性及疗效。方法：全麻下经腹腔镜进行胸腔探查，寻找肺大泡及气胸破口，根据不同情况采用内镜导引下胸壁小切口肺大泡切除6例；内镜下自体血加凝血酶堵塞胸膜破口及孤立性肺大泡3例；肺表面及肺叶边缘肺大泡或破口用钛夹夹闭或电凝固定3例。结果：本组共治疗12例，手术时间15-125min，全部病例手术经过顺利，无中转开胸手术，随访6个月-3年，无1例复发。结论：利用腹腔镜开展自发性气胸的治疗是完全可行的。     

151例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期处理体会

目的：总结非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）的临床应用经验。方法：对151例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的临床资料、手术情况及术后并发症情况进行总结、分析。结果：1．51例患者均在非体外循环心脏跳动下完成手术，人均旁路移植3．28根；术后出现低心排4例，低氧血症18例，胸骨哆开3例，快速房颤15例，经治疗后均治愈，无围术期死亡，疗效满意。结论：严格掌握手术适应证，熟练的外科手术技巧，妥善细致的围术期处理，及时发现和处理术后并发症，是提高OPCAB成功率的关键。     

胸腔镜下小切口肺大泡切除术54例围手术期护理体会

目的:总结胸腔镜下小切口肺大泡切除术围手术期护理体会。方法:通过对肺大泡接受胸腔镜治疗的54例患者进行回顾性分析,总结胸腔镜下小切口肺大泡切除术的围手术期护理经验。结果:54例患者均痊愈出院,无手术死亡不良事件发生;术后引流量50～200ml,术后平均住院时间7d;3例出现并发症,均经相应治疗后痊愈出院;术后6个月随访无复发病例。结论:胸腔镜下小切口肺大泡切除术围手术期护理干预能提高患者围手术期的安全性,减轻患者痛苦,对促进患者术后康复具有重要意义。     

外科手术治疗高血压脑出血87例报告

目的：探讨外科手术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床效果。方法：采用外科手术（包括开颅手术及锥颅手术）清除血肿减压治疗高血压脑出血。结果：术后3月按ADL分级，Ⅰ级16例，Ⅱ级29例，Ⅲ级25例，Ⅳ级4例，Ⅴ级2例，死亡11例，死亡率12．6%。结论：外科手术方法治疗高血压脑出血疗效确切，选择好手术时机及方法是成功的关键。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.