胃癌患者术前营养风险筛查及预防性肠内营养支持

目的对存在营养风险的胃癌患者进行预防性肠内营养支持,以改善预后。方法应用营养风险筛查方法NRS2002对80例胃癌患者进行术前营养风险筛查,并对伴有营养风险的患者随机分组,进行预防性肠内营养及对照。测量患者入院时和术后1周的体质量并计算体质量差;在术后第1、3天晨采静脉血化验白蛋白及免疫球蛋白（IgA）。结果营养不良风险发生率为75%,NRS阳性组的体质量指数、白蛋白水平低于NRS阴性组;NRS阳性实验组术后第1、3天白蛋白及IgA水平高于NRS阳性对照组;术后第7天,NRS阳性实验组体质差小于NRS阳性对照组。结论术前预防性肠内营养支持,可增加NRS阳性胃癌患者的体质量指数、改善术后营养状况、提高胃肠道免疫功能、加快术后体质恢复。     

营养风险筛查和营养支持在胃癌化疗患者中的应用观察

目的观察营养风险筛查和营养支持在胃癌化疗患者中的应用效果。方法运用营养风险筛查（NRS2002）评价方法对90例胃癌患者进行营养风险筛查,其中26例NRS〈3分（NRS阴性组）,余64例NRS≥3分（NRS阳性组）患者中32例于化疗前进行静脉营养支持（实验组）,32例未进行静脉营养支持（对照组）。测量所有患者入院及化疗第10天的体质量并计算体质量指数;检测化疗前及化疗第3、7、10天的血清白蛋白、IgA和外周血白细胞计数。结果化疗10 d后NRS阴性组体质量指数为（24.2±2.48）kg/m2,NRS阳性组为（20.7±2.43）kg/m2,其中实验组为（21.9±3.11）kg/m2,对照组为（19.8±2.56）kg/m2,NRS阳性组与阴性组、实验组与对照组相比P均〈0.05。化疗后第7、10天血清白蛋白、IgA和外周血白细胞计数均高于对照组（P均〈0.05）。结论营养风险筛查在预测营养不良风险方面效果满意。合理的营养支持可增加机体营养物质储备,提高血清白蛋白水平,增强胃肠道免疫功能。     

住院老年麻风患者营养风险和营养不良情况分析

目的 调查住院麻风患者的营养风险和营养不良情况,探讨营养评价方法的可行性.方法 采用营养风险筛查( NRS2002)、人体测量和实验室指标对70例住院的老年麻风患者进行营养评价.结果 NRS2002适应性97.14％,营养风险和营养不足的发生率不高,分割20.3％和9.4％;营养风险和营养不足与年龄增长呈正相关趋势,麻风溃疡程度预示着有较高的营养风险.结论 NRS2002较为适合老年麻风患者营养风险筛查.单独应用体质指数(BMI)和血清白蛋白(ALB)分级营养不良不能完全反映真正营养状况.     

224例住院肝病患者营养风险的调查

目的调查住院肝病患者营养风险及营养不良发生率,为节约医疗开支提供参考。方法采用营养风险筛查(NRS 2002)表对224例住院肝病患者进行营养风险筛查,用主观全面评估(SGA)其营养不良状况,同时检测患者的体质量指数、白蛋白、前白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数、微量元素、血脂、凝血功能以及住院天数、住院花费。结果住院肝病患者的营养风险总发生率37.1%,营养不良发生率为23.2%。营养风险及营养不良率随着疾病严重程度而增高。有营养风险组较无营养风险组的平均住院天数延长,住院花费增多,并发症的发生率高。城镇与农村地区患者的营养状况、住院天数及花费无明显差异。结论住院肝病患者存在较高比例的营养风险及营养不良,经NRS2002和SGA评估营养状况差的患者病情严重,住院费用较高,需要积极进行营养支持治疗。     

老年住院患者营养风险、营养不足发生率及营养支持应用状况的调查

目的 调查老年住院患者营养风险、营养不足发生率以及营养支持应用状况.方法 以2007年4月～2009年6月在北京医院住院的2517例老年患者(≥65岁)为研究对象,入院后第2天早晨进行营养风险筛查2002 (NRS 2002),营养不足判断标准为体质量指数(BMI)＜ 18.5 kg/m2、血清白蛋白＜35 g/L.结果 2386例研究对象完成NRS 2002筛查,其适用率为94.8％,其中包括呼吸内科466例,普通外科580例,神经内科549例,肾内科180例,消化内科301例,胸外科310例.营养风险(NRS≥3分)的发生率为28.2％,其中呼吸内科、普通外科、神经内科、肾内科、消化内科和胸外科分别为27.5％、30.3％、28.5％、29.4％、25.9％和25.4％;营养不足的发生率为26.4％,呼吸内科、普通外科、神经内科、肾内科、消化内科和胸外科分别为26.2％、29.8％、26.9％、28.3％、22.3％和22.9％.具有营养风险获得营养支持的比例为48.1％,其中呼吸内科、普通外科、神经内科、肾内科、消化内科和胸外科的支持率分别为30.1％、85.2％、26.1％、18.2％、73.8％、64.9％.没有营养风险而获得营养支持的比例(NRS＜3分)的比例为15.1％,呼吸内科、普通外科、神经内科、肾内科、消化内科和胸外科的支持率分别为10.6％、25.2％、6.3％、3.8％、34.2％、17.4％.肠外营养和肠内营养的比例大于4∶1.结论 老年住院患者营养风险和营养不良发生率较高.临床上仍存在不合理的营养支持现象,应推广应用基于证据的肠外、肠内营养指南以改善此状况.     

80岁以上老年肺炎患者营养风险筛查及营养支持治疗应用分析

目的调查80岁老年肺炎患者发生营养不良、营养风险的比例,了解接受营养支持治疗的比例及营养支持治疗的效果。方法将199例患者分为重症肺炎组及非重症肺炎组。采用营养风险筛查表(NRS2002)对患者进行营养风险筛查,体质量指数(BMI)18.5或血清白蛋白30 g/L评估为营养不良;NRS2002总分≥3分为存在营养风险;对存在营养不良及营养风险患者给予营养支持治疗。观察治疗28 d后血清白蛋白、前白蛋白及APACHEⅡ评分。结果 199例研究对象中有187例患者存在营养不良或营养风险,总发生比例为94.0%,其中营养不良和营养风险的发生比例分别为35.7%、58.3%。营养支持治疗28 d后血清白蛋白、前白蛋白水平与营养支持治疗前比较均升高,APACHEⅡ评分降低(P0.05)。结论 80岁老年肺炎患者发生营养不良及营养风险的比例较高;营养支持治疗可以改善患者的营养状况,为疾病的治疗带来益处。     

老年心脑血管病患者营养状况的评价

目的 调查老年心脑血管病患者营养风险、营养不良发生率,比较营养风险筛查（NRS2002）和简易微型营养评定（MNA-SF）用于老年心脑血管病患者营养状况筛查的适用性和结果.方法 采用定点连续抽样的方法,选择符合入选标准、获知情同意的307例患者于入院次日晨分别采用NRS2002和MNA-SF进行营养筛查.结果 307例患者均完成NRS2002和MNA-SF,NRS2002筛查显示营养风险发生率为41.37%,MNA-SF筛查显示营养不良风险发生率为28.01%,营养不良发生率为14.98%.两种筛查方法在营养风险筛查差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,同时NRS2002和MNA-SF评分结果与BMI、Alb主要营养指标相关.结论 NRS2002和MNA-SF两种工具都是老年心脑血管病患者营养评价的好方法.     

老年血液肿瘤病人住院营养状态研究

目的通过客观测量指标及营养筛查量表了解血液肿瘤病人营养不良的现状,探讨化疗对血液肿瘤病人营养状态的影响,以及营养不良/营养风险与感染发生率及住院天数的关系。方法选取我科131例年龄60岁的血液肿瘤病人,采用营养风险筛查2002评估表(NRS2002)和微型营养评定精表法(MNA-SF)进行营养风险筛查,分析营养状态与年龄、化疗的关系以及营养状态对感染并发症和住院天数的影响。结果 (1)根据体质量指数(BMI)或白蛋白水平判断入院时营养不良44例(33.6%),根据NRS2002评分89例(67.9%)存在营养风险,根据MNA-SF评分营养不良18例(13.7%)。(2)随着年龄的增加,BMI逐渐下降(P0.05),白蛋白、前白蛋白、总胆固醇也呈下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义。NRS2002及MNA-SF筛查结果提示营养风险或营养不良的病人平均年龄高于营养良好病人(P0.05)。(3)病人化疗后白蛋白水平较化疗前明显降低(P0.01)。NRS2002及MNA-SF筛查结果提示,化疗后营养风险或营养不良的病人均较化疗前增加(P0.05或P0.01)。(4)按照BMI或白蛋白标准,营养不良组住院天数长于营养良好组(P0.01)。分别按照BMI或白蛋白、NRS2002评分标准,营养不良或营养风险病人中,感染发生率分别为68.2%、57.3%,均高于营养良好的病人(P0.05)。结论老年血液肿瘤病人营养不良及营养风险发生率高,营养不良病人发生感染并发症风险高。     

四种营养风险筛查工具对肺结核患者的适用性评价

目的评价营养风险筛查2002（NRS2002）、微型营养评定法（MNA）、营养不良通用筛查工具（MUST）、主观全面评定法（SOA）4种常用营养风险筛查工具对肺结核患者的适用性。方法按住院号连续选取2016年3月广州市胸科医院新人院肺结核患者124例进行问卷调查,内容包括患者一般情况调查表、NRS2002评分表、MNA评分表、MUST评分表、SGA评分表,共发出调查问卷124份,回收有效问卷110份,有效率为88．71％;同时测量白蛋白（Alb）及计算体质量指数（BMI）,以BMI〈18．5（和）或Alb≤30g／L为营养不良评价标准,计算4种筛查工具与营养不良评价标准的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、一致率。结果肺结核患者总营养不良发生率为47．27％（52／110）,其中蛋白一能量营养不良发生率为38．18％（42／110）、蛋白营养不良及混合性营养不良发生率均为4．55％（5／110）。4种营养风险筛查工具对结核病患者营养风险评价存在较大差异,NRS2002筛查出存在营养风险的患者为57例（51．82％）、MNA筛查出存在营养风险的患者为89例（80．91％）、MUST筛查出存在营养风险的患者为52例（47．27％）、SGA筛查出存在营养风险的患者为9例（8．18％）,4种营养风险筛查工具营养风险检出率比较,差异有统计学意义（X^2=118．33,P〈0．01）。NRS2002筛查时间为（4．03±0．25）min、MNA筛查时间为（8．99±1．25）min、MUST筛查时间为（4．06±0．31）min、SOA筛查时间为（4．18±0．56）min,差异有统计学意义（F=1292．88,P〈0．01）。结论NRS2002较其他3种筛查工具更适用于肺结核患者临床营养风险筛查。     

老年住院患者营养风险筛查及营养支持使用的现状调查

目的 应用营养风险筛查2002（nutrition risk screening,NRS 2002）调查老年科住院患者的营养风险、营养不足发生率及营养支持的现状.方法 选择 2010年1月至2010年6月在长宁区中心医院老年科住院的患者120例,65-89岁,平均年龄（72±6.3）岁.,应用NRS 2002方法对患者入院后第2天和出院时进行营养风险筛查,并调查患者的营养支持状况.NRS 2002≥3分有营养风险,体质指数（BMI）〈18.5kg/m2并结合临床状况判定营养不足.结果 人院时所有患者营养风险发生率为26.6%,所有患者的营养支持率为35.0%,肠外与肠内营养比例为2：7.结论 NRS 2002适用于老年住院患者的营养风险筛查.营养支持在老年患者中不够合理和充分.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.