单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎

目的:了解单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎临床病理特点。方法:回顾性分析单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎患者的临床病理资料。结果:9例患者中男性5例,女性4例,肾活检时平均年龄49.8±10.9岁,肾脏病病程15.9±13.1月;血清白蛋白29.0±5.5g/L,8例患者血清白蛋白降低,尿蛋白定量5.6±2.8g/d,7例伴镜下血尿,尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶72.3±38.6U/(g·cr),尿视黄醇结合蛋白11.3±17.1mg/L,血清肌酐(SCr)209.5±176.8μmol/L,7例患者SCr升高。补体C3下降5例,补体C4均正常。高血压8例,贫血8例,浆细胞均未见异常,7例行血清免疫固定电泳仅1例存在血清异常IgGκ型条带。肾活检病理光镜为膜增生样病变,3例亦见肾小球结节,1例伴新月体。电镜下见肾小球基膜内皮下、系膜区及少量上皮侧颗粒状电子致密物,其中2例电子致密物呈晶格状结构。患者均有IgG和C3在肾小球内的沉积,5例伴C1q沉积。IgG3κ型3例,IgG3λ型3例,IgG1κ型2例,IgG1λ型1例。结论:单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎以中老年多见,临床表现大量蛋白尿、血尿,多数患者肾功能不全和贫血,部分出现血清异常单克隆条带。组织学为肾小球膜增生样病变,肾小球见颗粒状电子致密物,少数呈晶格状结构,沉积物以IgG3亚型多见。     

单克隆免疫球蛋白病相关C3肾炎的临床病理分析

目的:了解单克隆免疫球蛋白病相关的C3肾炎的临床病理特征。方法:回顾性分析2004年3月至2015年5月南京军区南京总医院肾脏科经肾活检病理诊断为C3肾炎的患者,筛选出血清免疫固定电泳见单克隆条带者,统计其临床及病理资料。结果:(1)一般资料:C3肾炎患者共有38例,其中行血清免疫固定电泳检查者16例。血清单克隆免疫球蛋白阳性者7例,男性5例、女性2例,肾活检时年龄44~65岁,病程3~67月。肾脏损害临床表现为肾病综合征4例,多形型血尿者6例,血清肌酐升高3例,贫血4例。(2)补体及补体相关检查:C3下降4例,C4、血清H因子均正常,C3肾炎因子及抗H因子抗体均阴性(6/6)。(3)血液学检查:单克隆免疫球蛋白种类λ型IgG 3例,κ型IgG 2例,λ型IgA 1例,κ轻链1例。血游离轻链比值异常2例。浆细胞升高2例(2/6)。(4)肾脏病理:7例免疫荧光均以C3沉积于肾小球毛细血管袢及系膜区,轻链染色阴性,光镜均呈膜增生样病变,2例伴新月体,肾小管间质病变较轻;电镜下电子致密物无特殊结构,主要沉积于内皮下及系膜区,2例内皮细胞病变明显。(5)治疗及随访:2例浆细胞异常的患者接受沙利度胺联合地塞米松治疗,其中1例肾脏病长期缓解,1例快速进展至终末期肾病;余5例患者接受雷公藤多苷和(或)糖皮质激素治疗,1例失随访,3例尿检改善,4例肾功能稳定。结论:单克隆免疫球蛋白相关的C3肾炎好发于中老年患者,组织学以肾小球膜增生样病变为主,免疫抑制治疗有一定的疗效,但治疗的关键应针对单克隆免疫球蛋白病。     

伴单克隆IgG1沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎

61岁女性,病程10个月,临床表现尿检异常、低补体血症伴贫血、血游离轻链比值异常,免疫固定电泳见Ig G-λ单克隆免疫球蛋白条带,肾脏体积增大,骨髓浆细胞7. 5%、未见原始和幼稚浆细胞,肾活检示膜增生性肾小球肾炎(结节样病变),Ig G1++、λ轻链+颗粒状沉积于系膜区及血管袢,Ig G2、Ig G3、Ig G4、κ轻链阴性;诊断为伴单克隆Ig G1沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎。给予沙利度胺联合地塞米松治疗1年,蛋白尿完全缓解,补体上升,血游离轻链比值恢复正常,血清M蛋白转阴。     

增生性肾小球肾炎伴晶格状结构的单克隆IgG沉积

51岁男性,病程1月,以高血压起病,肾脏损害主要表现大量蛋白尿,低白蛋白血症,伴少量镜下血尿,肾功能异常。肾外表现有轻度正细胞正色素性贫血,血清免疫固定电泳提示κ型IgG单克隆免疫球蛋白条带,骨髓活检和骨髓细胞学检查均阴性。肾活检组织学改变为肾小球系膜细胞、内皮细胞增生,毛细血管袢内较多CD68+细胞浸润,肾小球基膜内皮下大量、少量系膜区、偶见上皮侧嗜复红物沉积,沉积物免疫荧光染色仅IgG1和κ轻链阳性,电镜观察沉积物具有晶格状结构,免疫电镜证实这些晶格状的物质IgG和κ轻链阳性。该患者最终诊断为增生性肾小球肾炎伴具有晶格状结构的单克隆IgG沉积。     

增生性肾小球肾炎伴微管状单克隆免疫球蛋白IgA-λ沉积

中年男性,反复发作双下肢出血性皮疹及尿检异常,首次肾活检为"肾小球系膜增生性病变伴IgA沉积",诊断为"过敏性紫癜性肾炎"。逐渐出现高血压、肾功能不全和贫血,IgA水平增高,血清免疫固定电泳见λ型IgA单克隆条带,血轻链κ/λ比例明显低下,骨髓流式细胞学检查见单克隆浆细胞株,冷球蛋白阴性。两次重复活检光镜均表现为膜增生样病变伴栓塞,免疫荧光单克隆IgA-λ沉积,电镜下肾小球系膜区、内皮下、袢腔内及浸润细胞胞质内较多特殊微管状结构物质沉积,上皮侧偶见同类物质。最终诊断为具有肾脏意义的单克隆免疫球蛋白病,增生性肾小球肾炎伴微管状单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积(IgA-λ型)。     

毛细血管袢腔内单克隆IgM沉积病

慢性肾脏病(CKD)老年男性患者,以少量蛋白尿,大量镜下血尿起病,CKD基础上出现急性肾损伤,肾外表现有脑梗塞,贫血,免疫固定电泳见IgMκ型单克隆免疫球蛋白条带,骨髓流式细胞检测提示克隆性浆细胞0.12%,血冷球蛋白阴性,冷凝集素试验阳性,低补体血症。肾活检病理示肾小球增生性病变,肾小球毛细血管袢腔内及肾间质小动脉管腔内较多PAS强阳性的栓塞,免疫荧光IgM-κ沉积,电镜下电子致密物无特殊超微结构。最终诊断为毛细血管袢腔内单克隆IgM沉积病。     

1例单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎临床分析

目的探讨单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎（proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits,PGNMID）的临床病理特点,加深对PGNMID的认识。方法分析1例PGNMID患者的临床病理特点,并对PGNMID相关文献进行复习。结果 PGNMID是一种少见疾病,以中、老年患者常见,主要临床表现包括蛋白尿、血尿,多数伴肾功能不全。肾活检病理组织学表现为肾小球增生性病变或膜增生样病变,免疫荧光检查肾小球内单克隆IgG沉积,电镜观察见沿肾小球毛细血管袢和（或）肾小管基膜外侧细沙样电子致密物沉积。结论老年肾病综合征或大量蛋白尿患者,尤其肾活检证实肾小球内单一免疫球蛋白IgG沉积者,应行IgG亚型染色及肾组织轻链染色,当电镜发现沿肾小球毛细血管袢特殊的电子致密物沉积时,应结合临床及实验室检查结果,诊断PGNMID,并寻找可能的病因,以提高PGNMID的诊断水平。     

自身免疫性疾病合并系统性轻链淀粉样变性

育龄期女性,临床表现多系统损害、自身抗体阳性、补体下降,同时血免疫固定电泳见游离λ轻链单克隆条带;肾脏损害表现尿检异常伴血清肌酐升高,肾活检证实为肾脏淀粉样变性(AL型);皮肤脂肪组织、骨髓活检均示淀粉样变性。最终诊断自身免疫性疾病合并原发性系统性淀粉样变性(累及肾脏、皮肤、心脏、骨髓)。     

肿瘤相关膜性肾病:抗足细胞自身抗体与肾组织IgG亚型的检测

目的:观察肿瘤相关膜性肾病(MN)的临床病理特点,并探讨肿瘤与MN的关系. 方法:回顾分析临床与病理诊断为MN的患者10例,均在肾活检同时或1年内确诊为恶性肿瘤,观察其临床病理特点及转归.检测肾活检时血清抗M型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)自身抗体,并进行肾小球IgG亚型免疫荧光染色. 结果:10例患者中男性9例,女性1例.起病年龄40~65岁,平均年龄(53.6±6.67)岁.导致MN的恶性肿瘤均为实体瘤,其中肺癌(5例)、胃癌(2例)及结肠癌、舌癌,喉癌各1例.肾活检时仅3例患者分别有咯血、呕血及大便潜血阳性等肿瘤相关症状,余7例患者在常规检查中或随访中发现肿瘤.肾脏主要临床表现为蛋白尿和水肿,其中8例表现为肾病综合征(NS),肾功能均正常.光镜下部分患者可见少量单个核细胞和中性粒细胞浸润,无明显肾小管间质急性损伤.10例中3例患者抗 PLA2R自身抗体阳性;8例患者肾组织以IgG1沉积为主(IgG4阴性),2例抗 PLA2R自身抗体阳性患者肾组织IgG1和IgG4沉积强度相同.随访中,7例抗 PLA2R抗体阴性患者中2例肿瘤切除术后蛋白尿转阴,2例未能行手术NS持续,3例因肿瘤恶化死亡.3例抗 PLA2R抗体阳性患者均行手术切除肿瘤,1例术后蛋白尿始终未好转,2例手术后蛋白尿曾转阴,但半年后复发. 结论:导致MN的恶性肿瘤主要来自上皮细胞的肿瘤,其临床表现及病理特点与特发性膜性肾病(IMN)并无明显差异.多数恶性肿瘤相关性MN患者血清抗PLA2R抗体阴性,肾组织以IgG1沉积为主提示其发病机制不同于IMN.而少数患者血清中存在抗PLA2R抗体,肾组织IgG1、IgG4均有沉积提示可能为IMN合并肿瘤.     

肾移植后复发的单克隆IgG沉积肾小球肾炎

中年男性,6年前发现肾病综合征,虽经治疗但肾功能仍进行性恶化;自体肾肾活检符合单克隆IgG沉积肾小球肾炎.发病后3年因慢性肾功能不全行肾移植术,肾移植术后1年蛋白尿再现,行移植肾活检证实单克隆IgG沉积肾小球肾炎复发.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.