江西省肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势

目的　了解1989–2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势,为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法　从1989年首次全国人体寄生虫分布调查和2014年全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查结果中提取江西省调查数据,对2次调查中江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染情况进行比较分析。结果　1989年和2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染率分别为79.59%和9.64%,25年间感染率下降了87.89%（χ2 = 30 870.5,P < 0.01）;1989年和2014年江西省分别检出24种和20种人体肠道寄生虫,2次调查共检出26种人体肠道寄生虫。1989年调查,江西省感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛔虫（71.06%）、钩虫（17.61%）和蛲虫（17.59%）;2014年调查,感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛲虫（13.73%）、钩虫（4.66%）和鞭虫（0.95%）。2次调查中,江西省女性人体肠道寄生虫感染率均显著高于男性（P均< 0.01）;25年间,不同年龄组人体肠道寄生虫感染率下降82.50% ~ 95.31%。结论　江西省人群肠道寄生虫感染率呈显著下降趋势,土源性线虫仍然是人体肠道寄生虫感染的主要虫种。     

江西省肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势

目的　了解1989–2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势，为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法　从1989年首次全国人体寄生虫分布调查和2014年全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查结果中提取江西省调查数据，对2次调查中江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染情况进行比较分析。结果　1989年和2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染率分别为79.59%和9.64%，25年间感染率下降了87.89%（χ2 = 30 870.5，P < 0.01）；1989年和2014年江西省分别检出24种和20种人体肠道寄生虫，2次调查共检出26种人体肠道寄生虫。1989年调查，江西省感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛔虫（71.06%）、钩虫（17.61%）和蛲虫（17.59%）；2014年调查，感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛲虫（13.73%）、钩虫（4.66%）和鞭虫（0.95%）。2次调查中，江西省女性人体肠道寄生虫感染率均显著高于男性（P均< 0.01）；25年间，不同年龄组人体肠道寄生虫感染率下降82.50% ~ 95.31%。结论　江西省人群肠道寄生虫感染率呈显著下降趋势，土源性线虫仍然是人体肠道寄生虫感染的主要虫种。     

Intestinal parasitic infections among pre-school children in Sangkhlaburi, Thailand

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of intestinal parasites among pre-school children (aged 3 months to 5 years) in Sangkhlaburi, a rural district in the west of Thailand along the Thai-Myanmar border. Stool specimens were collected from October 2001 through October 2002. A total of 472 pre-school children, 233 males and 239 females, 236 children with diarrhea and 236 asymptomatic children were recruited for the study. Each specimen was processed and examined by direct wet smear, modified acid fast stain, formalin-ethylacetate sedimentation concentration technique, and trichrome stain. In detecting Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium species ProSpecT Microplate assays (Alexon-Trend, Lenexa, KS) were performed. There were 107 individuals (22.7%), 41 diarrheal and 66 asymptomatic children, infected with intestinal parasites. The most frequent parasites identified in cases and controls were G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. Eighteen specimens (3.8%) showed mixed parasite infections. Highest proportion of intestinal parasites occurred during the rainy season (June-October).     

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens in HIV-seropositive individuals in Northern India

To assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive subjects, fecal samples were collected from 120 HIV-seropositive patients and were analyzed for various intestinal parasites. Thirty-six patients (30%) were found to harbor an intestinal parasite. Cryptosporidium parvum was the most common (10.8%), followed by Giardia lamblia (8.3%). Cyclospora cayetanensis and Blastocystis hominis each were detected in 3.3% of the patients, while Isospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were each detected in 2.5% of the patients. The other parasites observed were Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar in two cases and hookworm ova in one patient. Of the 36 patients who tested positive for intestinal parasites, 27 (75%) had diarrhea. The most common parasite, which was associated with diarrhea, was C. parvum. The present study highlights the importance of testing for intestinal parasites in patients who are HIV-positive, and emphasizes the necessity of increasing awareness among clinicians regarding the occurrence of these parasites in this population.     

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens among HIV-positive individuals in Iran

Parasites are important enteric pathogens among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There have been very few reports on the prevalence of intestinal parasites among such patients in Iran. To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among HIV-positive individuals, we collected single stool samples and analyzed them for detection of various intestinal parasites from 206 HIV-positive individuals with different immune status visited in different medical centers in Iran. The data were tested for statistical significance with chi(2) and Mann-Whitney U tests. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 18.4% (95%CI: 13.7, 24.3). More specifically, the following parasites were identified: Giardia lamblia (7.3%), Blastocystis hominis (4.4%), Entamoeba coli (3.9%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (1.5%). Other parasites observed included Strongyloides stercoralis and Hymenolepis nana in two cases and Dicrocoelium dendriticum in one. Of the 38 patients who tested positive for intestinal parasites, 15 (39.2%) had diarrhea. Intestinal parasites were significantly more common among patients with diarrhea than those without (P < 0.001). Further, CD4 counts were significantly lower among individuals with diarrhea than those without (P < 0.001). This study highlights the importance of testing for intestinal parasites among Iranian HIV-positive patients, especially those with low immunity presenting with diarrhea.     

Seasonal variation in acute intestinal vasculopathy mortality in France

OBJECTIVES: Seasonal and circadian rhythms are observed in cardiovascular diseases. Seasonal variation in acute intestinal vasculopathy has never been investigated. This report describes the seasonal variation of acute intestinal vasculopathy mortality in the French population. METHODS: All deaths that occurred among French adults over the period 1987-1996 (N = 20,830) for acute intestinal vasculopathy (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 557.0) were examined retrospectively. Cumulated monthly averages were expressed as the percentage above or below the average monthly value during the entire study period. RESULTS: Deaths for acute intestinal vasculopathy peaked in January (15% above the trend), and were lowest in July (11% below the trend), both in the overall population (Roger's test: p < 0.001) and in subgroups defined by age (>69 yr old) and sex. Compared to other subgroups, the >90 yr old individuals had a higher incidence of acute intestinal vasculopathy with a greater amplitude of seasonal variation (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of higher risk during winter would help to reduce the high mortality from acute intestinal vasculopathy. A better understanding of this seasonal pattern would allow practitioners to improve early diagnosis and treatment.     

Occurrence of human intestinal parasites in selected populations of Cracow region in the years 2000-2006 on the basis of parasitological stool examinations performed in the Laboratory of Parasitology of the District Sanitary-Epidemiological Center

BACKGROUND: Infections with intestinal parasites are the most frequent parasitic diseases in all human populations. According to available epidemiological data enterobiosis, giardiosis and ascariosis are the most prevalent in Poland. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of human intestinal parasites in three selected populations in Cracow between 2000-2006. MATERIAL AND METHODS: As many as 5383 stool samples were tested with the use of coproscopic methods and ELISA for the presence of Giardia intestinalis coproantigen. RESULTS: In 283 stool samples different species of intestinal parasites were detected. The prevalence of human intestinal parasites was minimal in 2002, with the ratio of 3.30%, while the maximal prevalence was noted in 2005 (8.86%). The mean prevalence of intestinal parasites in 2000-2006 was 5.26%. In this period of time the most prevalent intestinal parasite among children and adults was Enterobius vermicularis (2.35% and 1.84% respectively), and in the population of citizens returning from the tropics were Entamoeba coli (6.98%). Besides, a gradual trend of decrease in the number of patients referred directly to our laboratory for parasitic examination of stool samples was noted over the last years.     

Serovars, antimicrobial resistance and conjugative R plasmids of Salmonella isolated from human during the period of 1966-1986 in Tokyo. Research Group for Infectious Enteric Diseases

We examined 4,739 isolates of Salmonella isolated from patients with gastroenteritis during the period of 1966-1986 in Tokyo for the incidences of serovars, antibiotic resistance and conjugative R plasmids. The period of study was divided into three: 1966-73 (early period), 1974-79 (middle period), and 1980-86 (late period). The predominant serovars were S. typhimurium (34.3%), Infantis (5.6%), Panama (4.9%) in the middle period, S. typhimurium (31.7%), Paratyphi B (9.4%), Litchfield (7.3%) in the late period. These results were consistent with serovars of isolates from healthy citizens. The frequency of resistant isolates was as high as 86.9% in the early period, mostly streptomycin (SM)- and tetracycline (TC)-resistant isolates, but decreased significantly in the middle and the late periods, to 53.3 and 39.4%, respectively. The percentages of ampicillin (ABPC)-, chloramphenicol (CP)-, and kanamycin (KM)-resistant isolates increased in the late period. Strains carrying conjugative R plasmids were isolated as frequently as 57.8% of the total isolates in 1973, but as less frequently as 6.7% in 1981 indicating that the rate was roughly proportional to the incidence of the drug resistant isolates. The rate, however, increased gradually after 1981. The predominant resistance pattern of the R plasmids was TC-resistance in the early period, gradually changed into multiple and finally to AP-, CP-, KM-, SM-, TC- and sulfonamides-resistance in the late period.     

Epidemiology of infections with intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia

Intestinal parasitic infections could play an important role in the progression of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), by further disturbing the immune system whilst it is already engaged in the fight against HIV. HIV and intestinal parasitic infections were investigated in 1239, randomly selected individuals, aged 15-54 years, living on a sugar estate in central Ethiopia. Intestinal parasites were identified in faecal samples (one/subject) using direct, concentration, and (for Strongyloides stercoralis larvae) Baermann methods. HIV serological status was determined using ELISA, with ELISA-positive samples confirmed as positive by western blotting. Most (70.1%) of the subjects were infected with at least one intestinal parasite and 3.1% were seropositive (but asymptomatic) for HIV. The intestinal parasites identified in the study population were amoebic parasites (Entamoeba histolytica/Enta. dispar) (24.6%), hookworms (23.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (22.2%), Trichuris trichiura (19.5%), S. stercoralis (13.0%), Taenia saginata (4.5%), Giardia lamblia (3.0%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.3%). Overall, the HIV-positives were no more or less likely to carry intestinal parasites than the HIV-negatives (76.2% v. 69.9%; P > 0.05). However, when each parasite was considered separately, amoebic parasites were found to be more common in the HIV-positives than the HIV-negatives (43.7% v. 24.0%; P < 0.05). This difference remained significant in a multivariate analysis, after controlling for the socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants. In conclusion, there was moderate interaction between intestinal parasites and HIV at the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection. The observed association between amoebic and HIV infections requires confirmation in a prospective study, allowing for the analysis of biological mechanisms involved in the association.     

Surgical treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

From September 1976 to February 1998, we experienced 75 resected patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Curative resection was performed in 45 patients (60.0%), with a cumulative 5‐year survival rate of 39.8%. In this retrospective study, we compared therapeutic outcomes in these 75 patients according to the period during which they were treated; (1) 12 patients in the early period (September 1976 to August 1981) chiefly treated by bile duct resection, (2) 50 patients in the middle period, September 1981 to August 1994, chiefly treated by aggressive surgical procedures with extensive hepatectomy plus caudate lobe resection, and (3) 13 patients in the late period, September 1994 to February 1998, during which percutaneous transhepatic portal embolization was introduced to increase the safety and curability of extended hepatectomy, and limited hepatectomy was selected according to tumor spread. In the late period, total resection of the caudate lobe was done in all patients, with the aim being thorough resection of cancer cells in the caudate lobe. The curative resection rates were 16.7% in the early period, 64.0% in the middle period, and 84.6% in the late period, showing an improvement year‐by‐year (P < 0.05; early period vs middle period and late period). All patients in the early period died within 2 years of resection, whereas the 5‐year survival rate in the middle period was 24.4%, significantly improved (P < 0.05) compared with the early period. The 1‐ and 3‐year survival rates of 84.6% and 58.0%, respectively, in the late period, show an even greater improvement in outcome.     

Non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies (Diptera) as carriers of intestinal human parasites in slum areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

A study was conducted to determine the role of non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies as carriers of intestinal parasites in slum areas of Addis Ababa from January 2004 to June 2004. A total of 9550 flies, comprising of at least seven species were collected from four selected sites and examined for human intestinal parasites using the formol-ether concentration method. The dominant fly species was Chrysomya rufifacies (34.9%) followed by Musca domestica (31%), Musca sorbens (20.5.%), Lucina cuprina (6.8%), Sarcophaga sp. (2.8%), Calliphora vicina (2.2%) and Wohlfahrtia sp. (1.8%). Six intestinal helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia spp. and Strongyloides stercoralis) and at least four protozoan parasites (Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium sp.) were isolated from both the external and gut contents of the flies. A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura among the helminths and E. histolytica/dispar and E. coli among the protozoans were the dominant parasites detected both on the external and in the gut contents of the flies, but occurring more in the latter. Among the flies, C. rufifacies and M. sorbens were the highest carriers of the helminth and protozoan parasites, respectively. The public health significance of these findings is highlighted.     

An epidemiological study of intestinal parasites of dogs from Yucatan, Mexico, and their risk to public health

The prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and factors associated were studied in a rural community of Yucatan (southern Mexico), with special attention to those gastrointestinal parasites potentially transmitted to man. One hundred thirty dogs from 91 households were studied. Fecal samples were processed by the centrifugation-flotation and the McMaster techniques. To determine factors associated with zoonotic parasites in dogs, univariate analysis was performed, using sex, age, and body condition as independent variables. Variables with p < 0.2 were analyzed by a logistic regression. Of 130 dogs, 104 were positive for the presence of intestinal parasites, representing a prevalence of 80%. Eggs of four species of helminths (Ancylostoma caninum, Thichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis, and Dipylidium caninum) and coccidian oocysts were detected. A. caninum was the most prevalent parasite (73.8%), followed by T. vulpis (25.4%), T. canis (6.2%), D. caninum (2.3%), and coccidian oocysts (2.3%). The majority of dogs were infected by only one species of parasite (70/130, 53.8%). Mixed infection caused by two or three zoonotic parasites were discovered in 21.3% (30/130) and 3.1% (4/130), respectively. A. caninum showed the highest egg output (42.3% of dogs had ≥ 500 eggs per gram). Factors associated with zoonotic parasites were age (<2 years old; odds ratio = 5.30, p = 0.029) and body condition (poor body condition; odds ratio = 6.69, p = 0.026). In conclusion, young dogs from rural Yucatan, Mexico, with poor body condition had a higher prevalence of intestinal zoonotic parasites as these factors were associated with a higher risk of becoming infected.     

Intestinal Parasite Co-infection among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Rural County in China

Epidemiologic studies of co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) and intestinal parasites in humans have not been extensively investigated in China. A cross-section study was conducted in a rural county of Henan Province, China. Pulmonary TB (PTB) case-patients receiving treatment for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and healthy controls matched for geographic area, age, and sex were surveyed by using questionnaires. Fecal and blood specimens were collected for detection of intestinal parasites, routine blood examination, and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. The chi-square test was used for univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounding factors. A total of 369 persons with PTB and 366 healthy controls were included; all participants were negative for human immunodeficiency virus. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites in persons with PTB was 14.9%, including intestinal protozoa (7.9%) and helminthes (7.6%). The infection spectrum of intestinal parasites was Entamoeba spp. (1.4%), Blastocystis hominis (6.2%), Trichomonas hominis (0.3%), Clonorchis sinensis (0.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.5%), Trichuris trichiura (2.2%), and hookworm (4.6%). The prevalence of intestinal parasites showed no significant difference between persons with PTB and healthy controls after adjusting for potential confounding factors. There was no factor that affected infection rates for intestinal parasites between the two groups. Infection with intestinal parasites of persons with PTB was associated with female sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–4.17), body mass index ≤ 19 (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.47–6.20), and anemia (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.17–5.03). Infection of healthy controls was only associated with an annual labor time in farmlands > 2 months (AOR = 4.50, 95% CI = 2.03–10.00). In addition, there was no significant trend between rates of infection with intestinal parasites and duration of receiving treatment for infection with M. tuberculosis in persons with PTB. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was not higher in persons with PTB, and there was no evidence that PTB increased susceptibility to intestinal parasites in this study. However, for patients with PTB, women and patients with comorbidities were more likely to be infected with intestinal parasites.     

Opportunistic and other intestinal parasites among HIV/AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia

ObjectiveTo determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HIV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic from April1-May 30, 2009. Convenient sampling technique was employed to identify the study subjects and hence a total of 248 subjects were included. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data of patients. Stool samples were examined by direct saline, iodine wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique.ResultsOut of 248 enrolled in the study, 171(69.0%) (90 males and 81 females) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. The highest rate of intestinal parasites were observed among HIV/AIDS patients (80.3%, 151/188), and the infection rate of HIV negative individuals was 33.3% (20/60). Cryptosporidum parvum (43.6%), Isospora belli (15.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (10.5%) were opportunistic parasites that were found only in HIV/AIDS patients.ConclusionsOpportunistic parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/AIDS patients in the study area. Therefore, early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients.     

青海省蒙古族人群肠道寄生虫感染状况分析

按全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则规定的抽样和检查方法，调查了青海省德令哈市，乌兰县，海晏县和河南县各一个调查点共1621名蒙古族人群肠道寄生虫的感染情况，检出寄生虫12种，其中原虫8种，蠕虫4种，寄生虫总感染率为35．04％，以蛔虫，结肠内阿米巴，贾第虫，蛔虫感染水平较高，受感染最重的人群为10－14岁中小学生，应尽早采取措施，重点防治。     

Epidemiology of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in a Vietnamese female immigrant population in southern Taiwan

There has been a rapid increase in cross-border female marriage immigrants in Taiwan. In this study, 1,434 Vietnamese female marriage immigrants arriving between July 1998 and June 2001 were examined for intestinal parasites. Most (77.9%) of these women were 20-29 years of age. The prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 37.7%, and the trend increased from 1999 to 2001 (statistically significant, p < 0.0001), but decreased among age subgroups (p < 0.0001). Among the 20 species of intestinal parasites found in this study, 10 species (27.8%) were transmitted via the fecal-oral route, 5 (14.6%) via the soil-mediated route, and 5 (0.7%) by food-borne infection. The prevalence of blastocystosis (20.4%) and hookworm (9.7%) remained high among this population. The results provide unprecedented information on intestinal parasitic infection among these immigrants in southern Taiwan and recommend that appropriate health care be given after parasite infection is confirmed in these migrant communities.     

Intestinal parasites in Central American immigrants in the United States

We describe the results of ova and parasite examinations of 216 Central Americans who were seen at a Los Angeles, Calif, clinic during an 8-month period. Among the 125 immigrants from Central America, intestinal parasitic prevalence was 53%. Pathogens were found in 45% and multiple pathogens in 21%. Of the 91 US born Central American children, parasite prevalence was 14%. Pathogens were found in 12%. The most common pathogens were Trichuris trichiura, Giardia lamblia, and Ascaris lumbricoides. Giardia lamblia was more prevalent in the younger than 5-year-old age group, and helminths were more prevalent in the 6- to 10-year-old age group. No helminths were found in immigrants who had been in the US for more than 3 years. Gastrointestinal symptoms did not correlate with prevalence of parasites. The high prevalence of intestinal parasites supports previous recommendations for screening; decisions for screening should be based on morbidity (probably low), efficacy and safety of treatment (good), and costs.     

Significantly increased recovery of intestinal parasites on routine stool specimen evaluation

Three hundred thirty-six stool samples from October 2001 through October 2002 were analyzed for the presence of intestinal parasites. Fifty-six of these (16.7%) were positive for a total of 66 parasites; 65/66 (98.5%) were detected by iodine and dimethyl sulfoxide-modified acid-fast (DMSO-mAFB) stained smears of fresh and formalin-ethylacetate sedimentation concentrated samples. Saline, iodine, and DMSO-mAFB stained smears of fresh stool samples alone detected significantly fewer parasites, finding only 50/66 (75.8%) (p < 0.05). Stool samples analyzed by trichrome stained specimens preserved in Zinc sulfate polyvinyl alcohol (Zinc PVA) detected only 41/ 66 (62.2%) of the parasites. In our study population, it was necessary to perform the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS) recommended to accurately detect intestinal parasites. The concentration technique is simple and significantly increased the detection of intestinal parasites.     

Intestinal parasitoses and environmental factors in a rural population of Argentina, 2002-2003

We evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in 504 people and the degree of association between environmental variables and parasites found in population, soil and water in a rural area of Argentina during 2002-2003. A structured survey was used to evaluate the environmental variables and fecal-human, soil and water samples were analyzed. The prevalence of parasites was 45.4%. Most prevalent protozoa were Blastocystis hominis (27.2%) and Giardia lamblia (6.9%), while the most prevalent helminth was Ascaris lumbricoides (3.8%). The analyzed environmental variables showing association (p < 0.05) with presence of parasites in population were: cardboard-tin or wooden house, dirt floor, home or communal water pump, faucet outside the house or public faucet and cesspool or latrine. Parasite forms were found in 82.3% of the soil samples and in 84.2% of the water samples. In both samples we found parasites that were also found in people. In this study we have found deficient sanitary conditions associated with presence of parasites in population and we have evidenced that contaminated soil and water were the source of these parasites.     

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Riyadh district, Saudi Arabia

A total of 23,516 stool specimens collected from patients attending three medical centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were examined for intestinal parasites. Of these 5737 (24.4%) were positive. Entamoeba histolytica (8.8%) and Giardia lamblia (6.3%) were the commonest parasites found, and in the age group of one to 15 years. Giardia was found in 14.8% of males and 11.9% of females. Other intestinal parasites present included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma mansoni, Hymeolepis nana. Ancylostoma duodenale, Enterobius vermicularis. Taenia saginata and Schistosoma hematotium.