Increasing consumption of breakfast cereal improves thiamine status in overweight/obese women following a hypocaloric diet

The aim of this study was to analyse the thiamine status in a group of young, overweight/obese women and to analyse the changes in this status produced by two weight-control programmes based on approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal, increasing the relative consumption of vegetables (V) or cereals (C) (especially breakfast cereals). The study subjects were 57 Spanish women with a body mass index (BMI) of 24-35 kg/m(2), all of whom were randomly assigned to one of two slightly hypocaloric diets. Dietetic, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected at the beginning of the study and at 2 and 6 weeks. C and V subjects showed a reduction in their energy intake, body weight and BMI, both at 2 and 6 weeks. Thiamine intake and blood thiamine levels only increased with diet C (both at 2 and 6 weeks). 21.8% cf the women, 21.8% had blood thiamine levels <150 nmol/L at the beginning of the study, but at 6 weeks of intervention only 3.7% of the women in diet C, as compared with 30.8% of the women in diet V, showed blood thiamine levels <150 nmol/L. Although both diet C and diet V induced weight loss and a reduction in BMI, diet C would appear to be more useful in the maintenance of an adequate thiamine status.     

Fermented kimchi reduces body weight and improves metabolic parameters in overweight and obese patients

Kimchi is a traditional fermented Korean food that has garnered international interest due to its various beneficial effects. Focusing on the effect of fermentation, this study hypothesized that consumption of fermented kimchi would have more beneficial effects compared with that of fresh kimchi on metabolic parameters that are related to cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome risks in overweight and obese subjects. Twenty-two overweight and obese patients with body mass indexes greater than 25 kg/m² were randomly assigned to two 4-week diet phases separated by a 2-week washout period (crossover design). During each diet phase, the subjects consumed either fresh or fermented kimchi. Anthropometric data showed significant decreases in body weight, body mass index, and body fat in both groups, and the fermented kimchi group showed a significant decrease in the waist-hip ratio and fasting blood glucose. Net differences in the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, percent body fat, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol in the fermented kimchi group were significantly greater than those in the fresh kimchi group. There was also a tendency for a decrease in fasting insulin after consumption of fermented kimchi. Therefore, the ingestion of fermented kimchi had positive effects on various factors associated with metabolic syndrome, including systolic and diastolic blood pressures, percent body fat, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol, compared with the fresh kimchi. These results suggest that the maturity of kimchi (fresh vs fermented) may affect obesity, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory processes.     

Relationship between sleep pattern and efficacy of calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet in overweight/obese subjects

The association between the sleep pattern and the effectiveness of a calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet in people with overweight/obesity has been investigated in this study. Four hundred and three subjects were provided with a calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet and followed for 9?months. Personal information, including sleep pattern, was obtained at the baseline. Body weight and composition were measured every 3?months. Poor sleepers reported to have significantly (p?p?=?.05). Women who reported sleeping 6–8 or?>8?h/day had an increased probability of losing fat mass than women who reported sleeping <6?h/day (OR?=?4.47, 95% CI: 1.42–14.04, p?=?.010 and OR?=?5.10, 95% CI: 1.15–22.70; p?=?.032, respectively). Our findings confirm that the normal sleep pattern is necessary to maintain body weight and optimal body composition.     

Cognitive behavioral therapy improves diet and body composition in overweight and obese adolescents

BACKGROUND: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) teaches behavioral and cognitive strategies that focus on achieving and maintaining lifestyle changes. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effectiveness of a CBT program (CHOOSE HEALTH) for improving body composition, diet, and physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents. DESIGN: Adolescents [16 male, 31 female; aged 14.5 +/- 1.6 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) 30.9 +/- 4.2] were block-matched into 2 groups by age, sex, Tanner stage, BMI, and hip and waist circumferences and were randomly assigned to CBT or no treatment (control). CBT consisted of 10 weekly sessions, followed by 5 fortnightly telephone sessions. RESULTS: Compared with the control, over 20 wk, CBT improved (significant group x time interactions) BMI (CBT, -1.3 +/- 0.4; control, 0.3 +/- 0.3; P = 0.007), weight (CBT, -1.9 +/- 1.0 kg; control, 3.8 +/- 0.9 kg; P = 0.001), body fat (CBT, -1.5 +/- 0.9 kg; control, 2.3 +/- 1.0 kg; P = 0.001), and abdominal fat (CBT, -124.0 +/- 46.9 g; control, 50.1 +/- 53.5 g; P = 0.008). CBT showed a greater reduction in intake of sugared soft drinks as a percentage of total energy (CBT, -4.0 +/- 0.9%; control, -0.3 +/- 0.9%; P = 0.005 for group x time interaction), which was related to reductions in weight (r = 0.48, P = 0.04), BMI (r = 0.53, P = 0.02), and waist circumference (r = 0.54, P = 0.02). Physical activity did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: A 10-wk CBT program followed by 10 wk of fortnightly phone contact improved body composition in overweight and obese adolescents. Changes in soft drink consumption may have contributed to this benefit.     

Dietary supplementation with bean extract improves lipid profile in overweight and obese subjects

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of a dietary supplementation of bean extract on serum lipids, nutritional parameters, and fat excretion in feces.Sixty-two overweight and obese (body mass index > 25 kg/m(2)) volunteers were randomized to receive the dietary supplement (n = 31, supplement group) or the placebo (n = 31, placebo group). There were 41 women and 21 men, ages 22 to 66 years. Two capsules of a dietary supplement or a placebo were administered three times daily for 3 mo. The supplement group was then invited to participate in an open-label study for 9 mo. Twenty-four subjects (7 men and 17 women) were randomized to receive two or four capsules of the supplement three times daily. Lipids and nutritional blood parameters were measured at baseline, after 3 mo, and at 12 mo. Excretion of fat in feces was measured.At 3 mo, reduction in serum concentration of cholesterol was found in the supplement group but not in the placebo group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerols in serum did not change in either group. In the 9-mo open-label study, no further reduction in serum cholesterol was observed. Low-density lipoprotein and the ratio of low- to high-density lipoprotein decreased, whereas triacylglycerols remained unchanged. Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid decreased but remained within the normal range. Ferritin and albumin in serum remained unchanged. No differences were observed in serum lipids and nutritional parameters between groups. The bean extract significantly increased fat excretion in feces.In conclusion, this dietary supplementation improved lipoprotein profile and enhanced fat excretion in feces in overweight and obese subjects.     

A low-glycemic load diet reduces serum C-reactive protein and modestly increases adiponectin in overweight and obese adults

Low-glycemic load (GL) diets improve insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in individuals with diabetes. Less is known about whether low-GL diets, independent of weight loss, improve the health profile for persons without diabetes or other preexisting conditions. We conducted a randomized, cross-over feeding study testing low- compared to High-GL diets on biomarkers of inflammation and adiposity in healthy adults. Eighty participants (n = 40 with BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; n = 40 with BMI 28.0-40.0 kg/m2) completed two 28-d feeding periods in random order where one period was a high-GL diet (mean GL/d = 250) and the other a low-GL diet (mean GL/d = 125). Diets were isocaloric with identical macronutrient content (as percent energy). All food was provided and participants maintained weight and usual physical activity. Height, weight, and DXA were measured at study entry and weight assessed again thrice per week. Blood was drawn from fasting participants at the beginning and end of each feeding period and serum concentrations of high-sensitivity CRP, serum amyloid A, IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin were measured. Linear mixed models tested the intervention effect on the biomarkers; models were adjusted for baseline biomarker concentrations, diet sequence, feeding period, age, sex, and body fat mass. Among participants with high-body fat mass (>32.0% for males and >25.0% for females), the low-GL diet reduced CRP (P = 0.02) and marginally increased adiponectin (P = 0.06). In conclusion, carbohydrate quality, independent of energy, is important. Dietary patterns emphasizing low-GL foods may improve the inflammatory and adipokine profiles of overweight and obese individuals.     

Preliminary data about the influence of vitamin D status on the loss of body fat in young overweight/obese women following two types of hypocaloric diet

The loss of weight was analysed in a group of sixty overweight/obese women of childbearing age (20-35 years) according to their initial vitamin D status. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two slightly hypocaloric diets: Diet V, in which the consumption of vegetables was increased, or Diet C, in which the relative consumption of cereals (especially breakfast cereals) was increased. Dietetic, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected at the start of the study and again at 2 weeks after dividing the women into groups depending on their having an initial serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration of < 50 nmol/l (LD) or>or=50 nmol/l (HD). Dietary intervention led to a reduction in energy intake, body weight and BMI in all groups. The HD women showed greater body fat losses during the study than the LD women (1.7 (SD 1.8) kg compared to 0.5 (SD 0.8) kg). A better vitamin D status therefore aided the loss of body fat over the experimental period (OR 0.462; CI 0.271, 0.785; P < 0.001). However, when the dietary groups were analysed separately, this effect was only seen in the C subjects (OR 0.300; CI 0.121, 0.748; P < 0.001). The present results suggest that women with a better vitamin D status respond more positively to hypocaloric diets and lose more body fat; this was especially clear among the C subjects who had a greater vitamin D supply during the experimental period.     

Evaluation of the effects of exercise and a mild hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular risk factors in obese subjects

A weight reduction program to improve cardiovascular risk factors was implemented in obese subjects. The program consisted of exercise training corresponding to the anaerobic threshold (AT) and a mild hypocaloric diet for 12 weeks. In this program, we evaluated the effects of a combination of exercise training and a diet on cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and poor exercise performance in obese subjects. In addition, we also evaluated the independent effects of exercise training and dietary modification. For this purpose, we adopted a relative training time and a diet score. A relative training time was calculated as the number of times that the subject performed exercises divided by all of the training sessions scheduled, and the diet score was calculated from information which each subject provided on a self-assessment questionnaire. Twenty three obese subjects (Age: 24-54 years old, 19 men and 4 women, body mass index (BMI) > 26 kg/m2) participated in this study. After the 12-week intervention, the mean reductions in body weight, body mass index and body fat were 4.7 kg, 1.7 kg/m2 and 2.9%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The % change in body weight was significantly associated with the diet score and with the relative training time. The mean reductions in total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were 21 mg/dl (P < 0.002), 34 mg/dl (P < 0.01) and 15.9 mg/dl (P < 0.01), respectively, and the % change in triglyceride was significantly associated with the diet score (P = 0.0056) and tended to correlate with the relative training time (P = 0.0596). Oxygen uptake at AT and at peak exercise were increased from 14.1 +/- 1.6 to 16.0 +/- 3.1 ml/min/kg (P < 0.005) and from 26.3 +/- 4.8 to 28.4 +/- 4.9 ml/min/kg (P < 0.002), respectively. A combination of aerobic exercise and a mild hypocaloric diet significantly contributed not only to weight loss but also to the improvement of dyslipidemia and exercise performance, but either hypocaloric diet or mild exercise independently did less. The diet score and the relative training time were useful for evaluating separately dietary modification and the quantity of exercise.     

The effect of a short-term hypocaloric diet on liver gene expression and metabolic risk factors in obese women

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Most gene expression studies examining the effect of obesity and weight loss have been performed using adipose tissue. However, the liver also plays a central role in maintaining energy balance. We wanted to study the effects of a hypocaloric diet on overall hepatic gene expression and metabolic risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study subjects were middle-aged, obese women. The diet intervention subjects (n=12) were on a hypocaloric, low-fat diet for 8 weeks with a daily energy intake of 5.0 MJ (1200 kcal), while the control subjects (n=19) maintained their weight. Liver biopsies were taken at the end of the diet period during a gallbladder operation. Hepatic gene expression was analyzed using microarrays by comparing the gene expression profiles from four subjects per group. A global decrease in gene expression was observed with 142 down-regulated genes and only one up-regulated gene in the diet intervention group. The diet resulted in a mean weight loss of 5% of body weight. Triglyceride and fasting insulin concentrations decreased significantly after the diet. CONCLUSIONS: The global decrease in hepatic gene expression was unexpected but the results are interesting, since they included several genes not previously linked to weight reduction. However, since the comparison was made only after the weight reduction, other factors in addition to weight loss may also have been involved in the differences in gene expression between the groups. The decrease in triglyceride and fasting plasma insulin concentrations is in accordance with results from previous weight-loss studies.     

Eating carbohydrate mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner within a covert hypocaloric diet influences morning glucose homeostasis in overweight/obese men

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of two dietary patterns in which carbohydrates and proteins were eaten mostly at lunch or dinner on body weight and composition, energy metabolism, and biochemical markers in overweight/obese men.

Methods

Fifty-eight men (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 30.8 ± 2.4 kg/m²) followed a covert hypocaloric balanced diet (?10 % of daily energy requirements) during 8 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: control diet (CT); diurnal carbohydrate/nocturnal protein (DCNP); and nocturnal carbohydrate/diurnal protein (NCDP). Main analyzed outcomes were weight loss, body composition, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and glucose/lipid profile.

Results

In all groups, a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and fat mass (kg and %) was verified, without differences between groups. Interestingly, within group analyses showed that the fat-free mass (kg) significantly decreased in NCDP and in CT after 8-week intervention, but not in DCNP. A detrimental increase in fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA_IR) was verified only in DCNP, while NCDP and CT groups presented a non-significant reduction. Moreover, significant differences between DCNP and the other groups were detected for fasting insulin and HOMA_IR. After the adjustments, NCDP presented a significantly higher DIT and energy expenditure after lunch, compared with DCNP, but after dinner, there were no differences among groups.

Conclusion

Eating carbohydrates mostly at dinner and protein mostly at lunch within a hypocaloric balanced diet had similar effect on body composition and biochemical markers, but higher effect on DIT compared with control diet. Moreover, eating carbohydrates mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner had a deleterious impact on glucose homeostasis.     

Effect of glucose tolerance status on PAI-1 plasma levels in overweight and obese subjects

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to examine whether plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plasma levels varied as a function of differences in glucose tolerance status independently of body fatness, body-fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Plasma PAI-1 antigen levels, along with insulin resistance [measured by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA(IR))], central fat accumulation, body composition, blood pressure, and fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and lipids, were measured in 229 overweight and obese [body mass index (BMI) > or =25 kg/m(2)) subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and in 44 age- and BMI-matched subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). RESULTS: Plasma PAI-1 antigen levels were significantly higher in IGT than in NGT subjects. Log PAI-1 was positively correlated with BMI, HOMA(IR), and log insulin, and inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol both in IGT and in NGT individuals. On the other hand, log PAI-1 was positively correlated with waist circumference, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and log triglycerides only in the NGT group. After multivariate analyses, the strongest determinants of PAI-1 levels were BMI, FM, waist circumference, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the NGT group and only HOMA(IR) in the IGT cohort. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that PAI-1 concentrations are higher in IGT than in NGT subjects. Furthermore, we suggest that the influences of total adiposity, central fat, and insulin resistance, main determinants of PAI-1 concentrations, are different according to the degree of glucose tolerance.     

Changes of ghrelin and leptin in response to hypocaloric diet in obese patients

OBJECTIVE: Hypocaloric diet-induced weight loss produces a coordinated decrease in plasma leptin levels and an increase in plasma ghrelin levels. The aim of the present study was to determine whether subjects who lose significant weight experience changes in circulating ghrelin and leptin levels. METHODS: A population of 66 obese patients was analyzed. Leptin, active ghrelin blood levels, and other cardiovascular risk factors were measured before and after 3 mo of a hypocaloric diet. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients (17 male, 49 female) gave informed consent and were enrolled in the study. Forty-six patients did not lose 5% of initial weight (group I, weight loss 1.4 +/- 2.5 kg) and 20 patients lost weight (>5% of initial weight; group II, weight loss 7.1 +/- 2.6 kg). In group I, active ghrelin levels increased (7.40 +/- 8 versus 19.40 +/- 32 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and leptin levels decreased (102.6 +/- 86 versus 89.30 +/- 76 ng/mL, P < 0.05). In group II, leptin levels also decreased significantly (69.80 +/- 67 versus 53.50 +/- 59 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Active ghrelin in this group did not show differences (24.20 +/- 41 versus 10.30 +/- 12 pg/mL, NS). In the multivariate analysis with a dependent variable (change in active ghrelin levels, pg/ml) in group II adjusted by age and sex, only basal fat mass and basal intake of protein remained in the model. In the multivariate analysis with a dependent variable (change in leptin levels, pg/ml) in group II adjusted by age and sex, only basal fat mass and BMI remained in the model. CONCLUSION: Patients with weight loss secondary to a hypocaloric diet did not change active ghrelin levels and decreased leptin levels after treatment.     

An oat-containing hypocaloric diet reduces systolic blood pressure and improves lipid profile beyond effects of weight loss in men and women

Hypertension, dyslipidemia and overweight contribute substantially to cardiovascular disease risk. One of the most effective methods for improving high blood pressure and lipid profiles is loss of excess weight. Other recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk include changes in dietary micronutrient, macronutrient and fiber intakes. To better define a diet for reduction in cardiovascular risk, 43 adults (body mass index 26.4 +/- 3.3, range 20.5-33.9 kg/m(2)) participated in an 8-wk study to determine the effects of two diets on weight, blood pressure, lipids and insulin sensitivity. For 2 wk, weight was maintained and all subjects consumed a control diet. For the next 6 wk, subjects consumed one of two hypocaloric diets (maintenance energy minus 4.2 MJ/d): the control diet (n = 21) or a diet containing oats [45 g/(4.2 MJ dietary energy. d), n = 22]. There was no significant difference between groups in changes in weight loss (control -4.0 +/- 1.1 kg, oats -3.9 +/- 1.6 kg, P = 0.8). The oats diet resulted in greater decreases in mean systolic blood pressure (oats -6 +/- 7 mm Hg, control -1 +/- 10 mm Hg, P = 0.026), whereas diastolic blood pressure change did not differ between the two groups (oats -4 +/- 6 mm Hg, control -3 +/- 5 mm Hg, P = 0.8). The oat diet resulted in significantly greater decreases in total cholesterol (oats -0.87 +/- 0.47 mmol/L, control -0.34 +/- 0.5 mmol/L, P = 0.003) and LDL cholesterol (oats -0.6 +/- 0.41 mmol/L, control -0.2 +/- 0.41mmol/L, P = 0.008). In summary, a hypocaloric diet containing oats consumed over 6 wk resulted in greater improvements in systolic blood pressure and lipid profile than did a hypocaloric diet without oats.     

Regular consumption of pulses for 8 weeks reduces metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight and obese adults

Pulses are low in energy density, supporting their inclusion in the diet for the management of risk factors of the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). The aim of the present study was to describe the effects of frequent consumption (five cups/week over 8 weeks) of pulses (yellow peas, chickpeas, navy beans and lentils), compared with counselling to reduce energy intake by 2093?kJ/d (500?kcal/d), on risk factors of the MetSyn in two groups (nineteen and twenty-one subjects, respectively) of overweight or obese (mean BMI 32·8?kg/m2) adults. Body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood parameters and 24?h food intakes were measured at weeks 1, 4 and 8. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin were measured after a 75?g oral glucose load at weeks 1 and 8. At week 8, both groups reported reductions in energy intake, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glycosylated Hb (HbA1c) and glucose AUC and homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) following the glucose load (P?相似文献   

Effect of a hypocaloric diet on serum visfatin in obese non-diabetic patients

OBJECTIVE: Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with classic and new cardiovascular risk factors, such as inflammatory markers and adipocytokines. The aim of this study was to examine whether weight reduction could change visfatin serum concentrations in obese patients. METHODS: This was an interventional longitudinal study analyzing a population of 80 obese non-diabetic outpatients. Weight, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, C-reactive protein, plasma insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment) were measured before and after 3 mo on a hypocaloric diet. RESULTS: Eighty patients were enrolled. The mean age was 46.7 +/- 16.7 y, the mean body mass index was 34.1 +/- 4.8 kg/m(2), with 20 men (25%) and 60 women (75%). After 3 mo on a hypocaloric diet, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased. The serum concentration of visfatin decreased with weight loss (112.14 +/- 70.2 versus 99.4 +/- 58.1 ng/mL, P < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis of visfatin concentration before and after treatment, as a dependent variable, only age remained an independent predictor in the model (F = 12.5, P < 0.02), with an inverse correlation: visfatin decreased 4.1 g/mL (F = 12.5, P < 0.05) and 3.7 g/mL (95% confidence interval 1.2-6.1), respectively, for each year of age. CONCLUSION: Weight reduction after a 3-mo period of a hypocaloric diet is associated with a significant decrease in circulating serum concentrations of the novel adipokine visfatin in obese subjects. Visfatin is inversely correlated with age.     

A high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil improves metabolic features associated with type 2 diabetes

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil or olive oil, fed to C57BL/6J mice for an extended period, on metabolic features associated with type 2 diabetes.MethodsMice were fed one of four diets for 30 wk: a low-fat diet, a high-fat diet supplemented with lard, a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil, or a high-fat diet supplemented with olive oil. Phenotypic and metabolic analysis were determined at 15 and 25 to 30 wk, thereby providing comparative analysis for weight gain, energy consumption, fat distribution, glucose and insulin tolerance, and hepatic/plasma lipid analysis.ResultsMice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil had improved glucose tolerance after an extended period compared with mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with lard. Moreover, mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil had significantly decreased concentrations of liver cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and triacylglycerol compared with mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with either lard or olive oil.ConclusionMice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil improved metabolic features associated with type 2 diabetes such as impaired glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis.