协同刺激分子在格林—巴利综合征患者脑脊液,血及？…

目的 探讨协同刺激分子在格林－巴利综合征（ＧＢＳ）患者脑脊液、血和周围神经组织中的表达及其作用。方法 用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法及原位杂交法观察ＧＢＳ患者外周血、脑脊液和周围神经组织中协同刺激分子Ｂ７－１、Ｂ７－２、ＣＤ２８、ＣＴＬＡ－４的表达。结果ＧＢＳ患者外周血、ＣＳＦ和周围神经组织中协同刺激分子ＣＤ２８、Ｂ７－１、Ｂ７－２在炎性细胞上的表达明显高于对照组；ＧＢＳ患者ＣＳＦ中ＣＤ２８、Ｂ７－１、Ｂ７－２     

急性脑血管病患者协同刺激分子表达的研究

目的：探讨急性脑血管病患者血液中协同刺激分子白细胞分化抗原簇80（chuster of differention80,CED80,B7-1)、白细胞分化抗原簇86（cluster of differention86,CD86,B7-2)、白细胞分化抗原簇28（cluster of differention28,CD28）,细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原－4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4,CTLA-4)蛋白的表达和B7－1、B7－2信使核糖核酸（messenger ribonucleic acid,mRNA)的表达其与急性脑血管病病损的关系。方法：应用分子生物学技术,检测急性期脑梗死（26例）,脑出血患者（26例）和年龄匹配的26名健康对照者外周血淋巴细胞B7－1,B7－2,CD28和CTLA－4蛋白的表达和外周血淋巴细胞B7－1、B7－2mRAN的表达,各病列均经头部CT或MRI并计算病灶体积,采用改良爱丁堡＋斯堪的那维亚评分标准（SSS）对临床神经功能 缺损程度进行评分,分析其相互关系。结果：外周血淋巴细胞B7－1、CD28和CTLA－4蛋白的表达,脑梗死组高于脑出血组,两组均高于健康对照组;外周血淋巴细胞B7－2蛋白的表达,三组间无显著性差异,健康对照组外周血淋巴细胞未检测到CTLA－4蛋白的表达;外周血淋巴细胞B7－1mRNA的表达,脑梗死组高于脑出血组,两组均高于健康对照,外周血淋巴细胞B7－2mRNA的表达,三组间无显著性差异,脑梗死组B7－1及CD28与SSS呈正相关,脑出血组协同刺激分子的表达以及病灶的大小与SSS无相关性,脑梗死组病灶的大小与SSS呈正相关,结论：协同刺激分子B7－1、CD28和CTLA－4在急性脑血管病的病理机制中起着重要作用。     

协同刺激分子在实验性变态反应性神经炎发病中的作用及雷公藤多甙的影响

目的：探讨协同刺激分子在实验性变态反应性神经炎（EAN）发病中的作用及雷公藤多甙的影响。方法：用兔坐骨神经匀浆免疫小鼠建立EAN模型,雷公藤多甙（TWP）灌胃治疗,观察小鼠发病情况和病理改变;通过流式细胞计检测小鼠外周血淋巴细胞CD28,CTLA－4,B7－1,B7－2蛋白的表达,用RT－PCR检测外周血淋巴细胞B7－1和B7－2mRNA和表达。结果：EAN小鼠外周血淋巴细胞上协同刺激分子CD28,CTLA－4,B7－1,B7－2蛋白的表达水平明显增高,B7－1和B7－2 mRNA表达与蛋白的增加相平行,雷公藤多甙治疗组发病率及病变程度均明显降低。同时伴随CD28,B7－1,B7－2蛋白的表达及B7－1,B7－2,mRNA表达的水平降低。结论：协同刺激分子的表达对T细胞活化起重要作用;雷公藤多甙能减轻ENA的病变程度。可能与抑制了B7－1及B7－2的基因转录或转录以上环节和抑制了CD28翻译或翻译上环节有关。     

单纯多发性肌炎的临床、病理和CD28/CTLA-4:B7表达的研究

目的　研究单纯多发性肌炎 (SPM)的临床、病理特征和CD2 8/CTLA 4 :B7表达及其发病机制。方法　回顾性总结 14 1例SPM患者的临床资料 ,收集 6例治疗前症状高峰期PM病人的外周血 ,单色流式细胞术 (FCM)检测外周血淋巴细胞协同刺激分子CD2 8、CTLA 4、B7 1、BB 1和B7 2的表达 ,并与正常健康者对照。结果　本组主要表现肌无力、肌痛或肌捏痛 ,肌酸激酶 (CK)等血清肌酶谱增高 ,肌电图呈肌源性损害。肌肉病理主要表现为肌纤维变性坏死和再生 ,散在萎缩 ,肌内膜炎症细胞浸润。SPM组外周血淋巴细胞CD2 8、CTLA 4、B7 1、B7 2的表达增加 ,FCM显示CTLA 4及B7 1的平均荧光强度各自与对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,CD2 8及B7 2也有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,BB 1在SPM组与对照组表达量均极少。结论　肌肉病理检查是诊断SPM的重要依据 ,协同刺激分子CD2 8/CTLA 4 :B7可能是SPM发病的重要环节。     

地黄合剂在多发性硬化患者中抗炎性反应及调节免疫平衡机制探讨

目的 观察地黄合剂(DHHJ)在多发性硬化(MS)患者中发挥的双向治疗作用并探讨其机制. 方法 将40例MS患者采用随机数字表法分为激素治疗组(n=20)与激素治疗+DHHJ组(n=20),根据组名采取相应治疗.另设20例排除免疫系统疾病及感染类疾病的外科手术患者作为对照组.分别用EUSA法和流式细胞仪检测两组观察对象脑脊液(CSF)和外周血中胶质原纤维酸性蛋I~(GFAP)和S100B的含量及CD4+细胞,CD8+细胞数目.用下肢功能状态的评分(AD、延展残疾状态评分(EDSS)、上肢功能状态评分(9HPT)对MS患者进行临床评分并分析其与GFAP、S100B之间的关系.随访MS患者的复发情况. 结果 与对照组比较.MS组CSF中GFAP和S100B表达明显增强,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),并且与MS患者的AI、9HPT评分存在相关关系.DHHJ+激素治疗组与激素治疗组患者CSF中GFAP和S100B含量差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05).同时DHHJ+激素治疗组MS的复发次数与激素治疗组比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05).MS患者的外周血和CSF中出现CD4+细胞明显增多,CD8+细胞明显减少;CSF中更明显.给予不同的治疗后.CD4+细胞数目减少.CD8+细胞数目增多,DHHJ+激素治疗组与激素治疗组之间差异有统计学意义(p<0.05). 结论 DHHJ 一方面能够影响MS患者CSF中GFAP和S100B的表达,抑制胶质细胞的激活,达到抗炎性反应作用;另一方面DHHJ还可以通过上调免疫抑制性CD8+细胞的数目,下调免疫辅助性CD4+细胞,发挥调节免疫平衡作用,最终达到双向治疗MS的作用,减少MS患者复发的次数.     

共刺激分子CD28：CTLA4/B7在实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力中的作用

目的 研究共刺激分子CD28:CTLA4/B7在实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)发病中的作用.方法 将雌性Lewis鼠随机分为EAMC组和对照组;EAMG组采用人工合成的Ra97-116肽段3次法免疫Lewis鼠,对照组同期注入等量的PBS;3次免疫接种后采用流式细胞术检测CD28、B7-2、B7-1、CTLA4在外周血、淋巴细胞、单核细胞中的表达.结果 EAMG组大鼠成模率75%;与对照组比较,外周血CD28、B7-2B7-1、CTLA4的表达明显增加(P<0.05～0.01);EAMG组大鼠外周血CD28、CTLA4主要在淋巴细胞表达及B7-1、B7-2在淋巴细胞、单核细胞表达显著增加(P<0.05～0.01).结论 EAMG大鼠存在共刺激分子CD28:CTLA4/B7表达异常,共刺激分子CD28:CTLA4/B7可能参与了EAMG的发生、发展.     

36例吉兰-巴雷综合征患者免疫功能监测及预后

目的 探讨T淋巴细胞亚群及TNF-α、LI-2水平与占兰-巴雷综合征（GBS）的关系及临床意义。方法 采用APAAP、ELISA法对36例GBS患者及36例正常人进行外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及血清TNF-α、IL-2水平测定。结果 重症GBS患者外周血CD；^＋T细胞显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），CD4／CD8比例增大，GBS患者血清TNF-α水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05），血清中IL-2高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 GBS患者的免疫功能处于失衡状态。外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及血清TNF-α、IL-2的测定，可直接反映恶者的病情轻重。     

重症肌无力患者外周血CD4+T细胞OX40的表达及作用机制研究

目的 分析重症肌无力(MG)患者外周血CD4+T细胞协同刺激分子OX40表达及其对FoxP3+CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Treg)的调控作用,初步探讨OX40在MG免疫学发病中的作用机制.方法 以流式细胞技术检测42例MG患者及38名健康对照的外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞、FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg表达水平,比较OX40表达在MG患者不同临床疾病状态、Osserman分型、临床绝对评分、胸腺病理类型等情况下的差异,并分析OX40对FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的影响.结果 (1) MG患者外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞占淋巴细胞百分比高于健康对照组(P<0.01).(2)MG患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比在发作或加重期高于缓解期(P＜0.05);在临床绝对评分呈中、重度患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于轻度患者(均P＜0.05);Osserman Ⅱ、Ⅳ型患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于Ⅰ型患者(均P＜0.05);胸腺增生及胸腺瘤患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于胸腺正常患者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(3)MG患者外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比与FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞百分比呈负相关(r=-0.843,P=0.01).结论 协同刺激分子OX40参与MG发病,可能通过抑制FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞生成发挥作用.     

重症肌无力患者外周血T、B淋巴细胞Bcl-2的表达

目的　探讨重症肌无力 (MG)患者外周血单个核细胞Bcl 2蛋白表达及其临床意义。方法　以流式细胞仪双标记免疫荧光方法测定 4 7例临床确诊的MG患者外周血T、B淋巴细胞Bcl 2蛋白表达和CD3 T细胞Bcl 2蛋白表达的平均荧光强度 (MFI)。结果　 ( 1)MG组外周血CD3 、CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞和CD19 细胞Bcl 2蛋白表达明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,CD3 T细胞蛋白表达Bcl 2的MFI( 0 .572± 0 .177)亦明显高于对照组 ( 0 .170± 0 .147) (P <0 .0 1)。 ( 2 )MG组外周血CD3 、CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞及CD19 细胞的Bcl 2蛋白表达与年龄无明显相关 ,而与临床严重程度绝对评分密切相关 (r=0 .63、0 .65、0 .61、0 .78,P <0 .0 5)。CD3 T细胞蛋白表达的MFI与MG患者病程相关密切 (r=0 .62 ,P <0 .0 1)。 ( 3)免疫抑制治疗后MG组临床严重程度绝对评分与淋巴细胞亚群Bcl 2蛋白表达、CD3 T细胞蛋白表达的MFI同步地较治疗前有明显下降 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　外周血淋巴细胞Bcl 2蛋白异常表达对MG发病及临床症状有重要作用。     

脊髓空洞症合并吉兰-巴雷综合征一例

目的探讨脊髓空洞症(SM)合并吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)的临床特点、影像学及实验室检查特征、诊断标准。方法分析1例SM合并GBS临床资料。结果患者肌电图(EMG)提示周围神经轴索损害,脑脊液(CSF)未出现"蛋白-细胞"分离现象,胸椎MRI示胸7~8椎体水平脊髓内异常信号,考虑SM。结论 GBS脑脊液检查可能不出现"蛋白-细胞"分离现象;SM临床特点结合MRI即可确诊;两者的病因、发病机制均不同,为一合并症。     

实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力大鼠CD28/CTLA-4:B7表达水平的研究

目的探讨实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)大鼠外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)CD28/CTLA4B7的表达水平。方法健康、雌性Lewis大鼠24只,随机分为正常组、EAMG组、完全福(氏)佐剂(CFA)对照组。EAMG组大鼠分别于足垫、腹部及背部皮下多点注射丁(氏)双鳍电鳐电器官乙酰胆碱受体蛋白乳剂1mL,第4周再次注射上述乳剂免疫大鼠。CFA对照组只接受等量的CFA皮下注射。初次免疫后7周分离PBMC,应用RTPCR和流式细胞术分析方法,分别进行CD28、CTLA4mRNA及B71、B72蛋白表达水平检测。结果(1)正常组大鼠PBMCCD28、CTLA4mRNA表达水平较低,尤其CTLA4mRNA仅有极少量表达;前二者在EAMG组大鼠表达水平均明显增加(P<0001),而正常组和CFA对照组之间表达水平差异无显著性(P>005)。(2)正常大鼠B71、B72在PBMC上仅少量表达而EAMG组表达明显增加(P<0001),正常组与CFA对照组比较差异均无显著性(P>005)。结论EAMG大鼠存在PBMCCD28/CTLA4B7协同刺激分子的表达异常,CD28/CTLA4B7共刺激通路可能参与了机体异常免疫反应的诱导与维持,在重症肌无力(MG)的发生过程中发挥重要作用。     

Dendritic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral nerves in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

The role of antigen-presenting cells (APC) involved in induction of T and B cell mediated autoaggressive immunity in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is poorly understood. We studied the numbers and phenotype of dendritic cells (DC) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over the course of GBS and CIDP before and after immunomodulatory treatment. Four out of seven GBS patients examined prior to treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IvIg) had elevated numbers of CD123(+) plasmacytoid DC in the CSF, while both GBS and CIDP patients examined prior to treatment had elevated numbers of CD11c(+) myeloid DC in the CSF, as compared to patients with noninflammatory neurological diseases (OND). The percentages of blood DC expressing the cell surface marker CD1a, co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, adhesion molecule CD54, and chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR4 were not affected in GBS or CIDP. The immunohistochemistry of sural nerve biopsies revealed CD11c(+)CD83(-)CD14(-)CD16(-) immature myeloid DC at low numbers, mostly in the perineurium, without difference between CIDP patients and controls. In contrast, the numbers of CD11c(+)CD14(+)/CD16(+) macrophages were higher within the endoneurium in CIDP patients compared with the controls. The recruitment of DC to CSF in GBS and CIDP may be important in capturing antigens released from inflamed spinal nerve roots into CSF and in transferring these antigens from CSF to local lymph nodes, where naive T and B cells may be activated.     

Enhanced B7 costimulatory molecule expression in inflammatory human sural nerve biopsies

OBJECTIVES: To define the role of the costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 in inflammatory disorders of the peripheral nervous system. B7 molecules are essential for effective antigen presentation and may determine the differentiation of T cells into a Th-1 or Th-2 phenotype, thus modulating immune response and disease course. METHODS: Forty nine sural nerve biopsies from patients with neuroborreliosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), CIDP variants and hereditary neuropathies, and those with no detectable abnormality were investigated. The expression of B7-1 and B7-2 mRNA and protein was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: B7-1 mRNA was strongly upregulated in both cases of neuroborreliosis, in two cases of GBS and one case of variant CIDP. Moderate to low levels were detected in the remaining GBS and CIDP biopsies and were rarely found in a non-inflammatory control group consisting of hereditary neuropathy and normal nerves. At the immunocytochemical level, strong expression of B7-1 protein was found in both neuroborreliosis cases, and moderate or low expression in six of eight GBS cases and seven of 17 CIDP cases investigated, whereas only one of five non-inflammatory control nerves showed staining, which was very weak. In neuroborreliosis, B7-1 protein was found very pronounced in epineurial infiltrates, whereas in GBS and CIDP, labelling was predominantly endoneurial and localised to putative macrophages. B7-2 mRNA and protein were expressed only at low levels in neuroborreliosis and selected autoimmune neuropathy cases, and were essentially absent from non-inflammatory controls. CONCLUSIONS: B7 molecules are expressed in the peripheral nervous system and regulated during disease, and their presence in macrophages underlines the putative function of endoneurial macrophages as local antigen presenting cells in the immunopathology of peripheral nerve. B7-1 rather than B7-2 is preferentially upregulated, possibly promoting the induction of a Th-1-type T cell response within the nerve.     

Costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 on CSF cells in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis

The aberrant expression of B7 costimulatory molecules is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and overexpression of B7-1 was found in inflammatory multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. We here report that costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 are expressed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monocytes and B-lymphocytes from patients with MS, optic neuritis (ON) and other inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In patients with ON but not MS, increased expression of B7-2 was detected as compared to non-inflammatory controls. The expression of B7-1 in MS and ON patients correlates with disease duration but not with relapses in patients with MS indicating a role in early disease but not as a reliable marker of disease activity at later stages of MS.     

TGF-β1基因修饰的树突状细胞对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力大鼠外周血单个核细胞CD28/CTLA-4:B7表达的影响

目的 探讨TGF-β1基因修饰的树突状细胞(DC)对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)大鼠外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)CD28/CTLA-4:B7表达的影响.方法 近交系8～10周龄健康雌性Lewis大鼠30只,分为正常组、EAMG组、DC对照组、pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DC组、pcDNA3-DC对照组、生理盐水对照组.除正常组外,其余各组均采用丁氏双鳍电鳐电器官乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)蛋白二次免疫的方法复制EAMG大鼠模型.初次免疫后第5天分别皮下注射2×106的DC、pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DC、pcDNA3-DC及等体积的生理盐水,正常组和EAMG组不接受任何治疗.初次免疫后7周分离各组PBMC,应用RT-PCR和流式细胞术方法分别进行CD28、CTLA-4 mRNA及B7-1、B7-2蛋白表达水平的检测.结果 (1)正常组大鼠PBMC CD28、CTLA-4 mRNA的表达水平较低,尤其CTLA-4 mRNA极少量表达;EAMG组大鼠CD28、CTLA-4 mRNA的表达水平均明显增加;pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DC组CD28 mRNA的表达较EAMG组明显降低(P<0.01),而CTLA-4 mRNA的表达水平较EAMG组明显增加(P<0.05);EAMG组、DC治疗组、pcDNA3-DC对照组和生理盐水对照组之间CD28、CTLA-4 mRNA的表达水平无显著性差异(P＞0.05).(2)正常大鼠B7-1、B7-2在PBMC上少量表达;EAMG组B7-1、B7-2两者表达明显增加(P<0.001);pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DC治疗组B7-1、B7-2的表达较EAMG组均明显降低(P<0.01);DC对照组、pcDNA3-DC对照组、生理盐水对照组与EAMG组比较均无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 EAMG大鼠存在PBMC CD28/CTLA-4:B7协同刺激分子的表达异常,主动调节机体的共刺激通路可能是TGF-β1基因修饰的DC治疗EAMG的机制之一.     

Leukocyte types in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood enumerated immunoenzymatically in aseptic meningitis and the Guillain-Barré syndrome

To study celltype distribution simultaneously in peripheral blood (PB) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with aseptic meningitis (AM) (n = 14) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (n = 9) we used an immunoenzymatic method that enabled the use of several monoclonal antibodies, also in CSF samples with normal cellcounts. In both patient groups a different cell-distribution in CSF compared to PB was found with regard to pan T cells (CD5+/anti-Leu1+), T cell subpopulations (CD4+/anti-Leu3+, CD8+/anti-Leu2+), B cells (OKB2+, OKB7+), monocytes/macrophages (CD11+/OKM1+) and HLA/DR expressing cells, whereas the distribution of HLA/DC+ cells was similar in CSF and PB. Thus, the CSF cell distribution does not reflect the distribution in PB. The proportion of T cells was higher and the proportion of B-cells was lower in CSF than in PB in both patient groups, which is a finding similar to that in patients with multiple sclerosis. The OKT9 marker, labelling proliferating cells expressing the transferrin receptor, was not useful as marker of local proliferation.     

CD5 B cells and CD48 T cells in neuroimmunological diseases

Using 2- and 3-colour FACS analysis we found increased levels of fetal-type CD5+ B cells and CD4-8- T cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and aseptic meningitis (AM) compared to control probands with muscular tension headache (TH). Similar differences were found for CD5+ B cells in peripheral blood, but at lower levels. CD4-8- T cells in blood exceeded those in CSF in all patient groups, with the exception of relapsing remitting MS, revealing the highest values in AM. There was a positive correlation between CD4-8- T cells and T cell receptor (TCR) gamma delta bearing T cells in blood and CSF. The double-negative T cells exceeded the TCR gamma delta T cells by about 1%. A positive correlation between CD5+ B cells and CD4-8- T cell level in CSF was found in MS and AM, but not in TH, nor in blood of any patient group. HLA-DR expression was lower in CD5+ B cells than in CD5- B cells. We conclude that fetal-type lymphocytes are enriched in CSF compartment of patients with inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, irrespective of autoimmune mechanisms involved, but the function of CD5+ B cells is mainly to produce the autoantibodies.     

急性髓细胞性白血病患者外周血单个核细胞CD28 mRNA的表达

背景：大量研究显示,肿瘤患者外周血T细胞表面共刺激分子CD28蛋白表达存在差异,提示共刺激通路异常可能与恶性肿瘤的发生进展有关。 目的：观察急性髓细胞性白血病外周血单个核细胞共刺激信号分子CD28 mRNA在中的表达。 方法：急性髓细胞性白血病患者80例,其中M0型7例,M1型6例,M2型18例,M3型15例,M4型17例,M5型9例,M6型8例。并根据急性白血病疗效标准将80例患者分为完全治愈组、缓解组、未缓解组。采用Taqman探针实时荧光定量PCR检测80例患者及76名健康人群外周血单个核细胞CD28 mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：急性髓细胞性白血病外周血单个核细胞M1,M3和M4亚型中的CD28 mRNA表达量低于健康人群 (P < 0.05);急性髓细胞性白血病未缓解组中CD28 mRNA低于健康人群 (P < 0.05),完全治愈组和缓解组中CD28 mRNA表达与健康人群差异无显著性意义。说明急性髓细胞白血病患者外周血单个核细胞存在CD28 mRNA表达缺陷,并与临床分期、病情进展及预后有关。