卫生学校学生营养状况调查

[目的]了解卫校学生营养状况,为制定相应措施提供依据。[方法]按照《中国卫生监督统计报表学校卫生情况年报表技术规范》要求,对某卫校住校学生进行身高、体重测量。按照《2000年全国学生体质调研报告》确定学生营养状况。[结果]男学生肥胖高于女学生,营养不良低于女学生。不同年级女学生营养不良、肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义。城市和农村男学生营养不良、肥胖检出率差异无统计学意义;城市和农村女学生营养不良检出率差异有统计学意义。不同膳食消费水平女学生营养不良检出率差异有统计学意义。[结论]卫校学生营养问题严重,对年龄较小、自我生活能力较差、肩负着对他人进行营养保健指导责任的卫校学生,及早进行营养教育和干预很有必要。     

小学生零食消费行为与营养状况调查

目的 了解小学生零食消费种类与营养状况之间的关系,为开展有针对性的营养教育活动提供依据。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,对3所小学的426名小学生进行问卷调查和体格测量。结果 常吃“可经常食用”、“适当食用”、“限量食用”3类零食小学生消瘦检出率分别为4.2%、2.5%、1.0%,超重检出率分别为5.6%、9.9%、18.6%,肥胖检出率分别为5.6%、2.9%、11.8%。不同食用零食情况消瘦、正常、超重及肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(χ²=20.595,P=0.002)。结论 应采取有效措施对小学生加强营养知识的宣传和饮食行为的正确引导。     

仪陇县中小学生现时营养状况分析

[目的]了解仪陇县中小学生的现时营养状况。[方法]2001年上半年，选择仪陇县部分中小学生，测量身高、体重，采用营养评价参考标准(身高标准体重)进行营养评价。[结果]26928名学生，营养不良、超重、肥胖检出率分别为18.76％、6．56％、1．64％。营养不良检出率，女生高于男生，城郊学校学生＞城区学校学生＞乡镇学校学生。[结论]仪陇县中小学生的营养状况不容乐观。应大力提倡平衡膳食、合理营养，推行“学生饮用能计划”，增进学生体质健康。     

仪陇县中小学生现时营养状况分析

[目的 ]了解仪陇县中小学生的现时营养状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 1年上半年 ,选择仪陇县部分中小学生 ,测量身高、体重 ,采用营养评价参考标准 (身高标准体重 )进行营养评价。 [结果 ] 2 6 92 8名学生 ,营养不良、超重、肥胖检出率分别为1 8 76 %、6 56 %、1 64 %。营养不良检出率 ,女生高于男生 ,城郊学校学生 >城区学校学生 >乡镇学校学生。 [结论 ]仪陇县中小学生的营养状况不容乐观。应大力提倡平衡膳食、合理营养 ,推行“学生饮用能计划” ,增进学生体质健康。     

郑州市1991年与2010年中小学生营养状况比较

了解郑州市中小学生1991-2010年营养状况变化情况,为提高学生的营养水平提供依据.方法 以1985年身高标准体重作为评价标准,对1991年和2010年全国学生体质健康调研郑州市城乡7~18岁男女学生进行营养状况分析.结果 20a来郑州市中小学生低体重率整体下降,营养不良有所改善,但超重、肥胖检出率呈直线上升.低体重和营养不良检出率女生高于男生,乡村高于城市;超重和肥胖检出率男生高于女生,城市高于乡村,但乡村学生超重和肥胖的上升速度超过城市.13~ 15岁和16 ~18岁学生营养不良检出率偏高,10~12岁学生超重、肥胖检出率最高.结论 营养不良与超重、肥胖问题并存为郑州市中小学生营养状况的总体概括.营养不良的防治重点在中学生,超重和肥胖的防治重点在10~12岁学生,超重和肥胖在乡村中小学生中有流行的趋势.     

云南省农村义务教育学生营养状况调查

[目的]了解云南省农村义务教育学生营养状况,为进一步制定学生营养干预措施提供科学依据。[方法]采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2012年选取云南省县区的6908名义务教育阶段学生进行身高与体重测量,依据年龄段身高、年龄段体重及年龄段体质量指数(BMI)值评价营养状况。[结果]云南省农村地区被调查的6908名义务教育阶段学生中,营养不良的1275名(占18.5%),其中生长迟滞、消瘦和生长迟滞合并消瘦的检出率依次为7.9%、9.0%和1.5%;超重和肥胖403人(占5.8%),其中超重占4.0%,肥胖占1.8%。男生的营养不良率高于女生,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中生长迟滞合并消瘦的男生的检出率是女生的1.6倍。汉族和少数民族学生之间营养不良状况的差异有显著差异(P<0.05),少数民族学生的营养不良检出率(21.6%)高于汉族学生(15.9%)。不同经济片区的超重和肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义。[结论]云南省义务教育阶段学生营养不良检出率较高,存在年龄、性别、民族和地区间差异,应开展全面而有针对性的干预措施,改善学生营养状况。     

中国西部贫困地区小学生营养与饮食行为现状及相关性

  目的   了解中国西部贫困地区学生营养与饮食行为现状及其关联,为中学生营养不良持续改善策略提供参考。  方法   2020年10—12月对陕西和四川共3个贫困县1 887名小学生进行体格测量和饮食行为问卷调查,采用混合效应模型分析营养状况与饮食行为的相关性。  结果   1 887名学生生长迟缓、消瘦、超重肥胖、中心型肥胖检出率分别为1.8%,6.6%,27.7%,24.5%,省份间差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为94.76,46.05,109.96,80.50,P值均 < 0.05)。陕西、四川学生超重肥胖检出率分别为32.8%,4.9%;生长迟缓和消瘦检出率陕西为0.4%,4.7%,四川为8.1%,14.7%。1 160名学生饮食行为分析结果显示每天吃早餐、蛋、奶等的学生比例偏低;关联分析结果显示,每天吃早餐与学生超重肥胖风险呈负相关(OR=0.26,P < 0.05),每周食用外卖和在食堂就餐2~6次与学龄儿童消瘦均呈正相关(OR值分别为2.51,2.82,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论   中国西部贫困地区小学生存在营养不足和营养过剩并存情况,且呈现地区差异。应采取针对性措施改善学生营养状况。     

应用膳食质量指数评价浦东新区部分小学生营养干预效果

[目的]引入膳食质量指数(DQI)评价并改善浦东新区小学生膳食模式,为探讨改善小学生营养状况的方法提供依据。[方法]抽取浦东新区城区和乡镇地区小学各2所小学生1493人,按所在的地域分别分为干预组和对照组,对干预组开展为期1年的营养干预,并对干预效果进行评估。[结果]营养干预后,干预组和对照组比较,城区干预前后油、盐、零食DQI均值,DQI-HB和DQI-DIS均值降低幅度差异有统计学意义。乡镇地区干预前后盐、油DQI均值降低幅度差异有统计学意义。城乡地区干预组小学生营养不良得到改善;城区干预组小学生超重和肥胖得到控制;乡镇地区干预组小学生超重和肥胖上升趋势较对照组有所减缓。[结论]DQI方法能改善小学生膳食模式,控制学生超重及肥胖人数比例。     

上海市闵行区中小学生饮食行为及其影响因素

[目的]了解上海市闵行区中、小学生饮食行为及其影响因素,为制定营养干预措施,改善学生营养状况提供科学依据. [方法]采用随机整群抽样方法抽取小学3年级～高中3年级的中、小学生及其家长各5581名,采用问卷调查方式调查学生的早餐、午餐、零食、快餐、偏食行为及家长的文化程度、营养认知和家庭经济状况等,应用非条件logistic回归分析中、小学生饮食行为的主要影响因素. [结果]中、小学生每天吃早餐的比例为79.0％,早餐营养质量较差的占79.4％;51.9％的学生不喜欢学校午餐,主要原因是色香味欠佳;经常摄入零食和饮料的比例分别为97.6％和95.4％;每天喝牛奶的学生比例仅45.9％;过去1个月食用西式快餐和过去1周食用中式快餐的学生比例分别为62.7％和45.5％;偏食率为33.2％.多因素logistic回归分析显示,母亲文化程度和家长营养认知与每天食用早餐、早餐营养质量较好、每天喝牛奶行为相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);家庭经济状况与每天喝牛奶和食用西式快餐行为相关(P＜0.01);学龄段与每天食用早餐、每天喝牛奶、偏食及食用西式快餐行为相关(P＜0.01);性别与每天喝牛奶、食用西式快餐和中式快餐行为相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05). [结论]中、小学生早餐食用率和早餐营养质量现状令人堪忧,午餐营养质量较差,不健康饮食行为较普遍,应引起学校、家庭和社会的重视.家庭的经济因素是影响中、小学生饮食行为的主要因素.     

青春期早期学生营养状况调查分析

目的调查了解青春期早期学生超重肥胖及营养不良检出状况,为天津市东丽区开展中小学生健康保健提供科学依据。方法按照标准操作方法测量学生身高、体重数据,计算出身体质量指数(BMI)并作出营养状况评价,应用统计学软件进行分析并进行男女生超重肥胖及营养不良检出率的比较。结果学生总体"超重+肥胖"检出率为36.2%,男生超重、肥胖检出率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。学生总体"营养不良(轻度营养不良+中重度营养不良)"检出率为3.1%。男女生差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论青春期早期学生"超重+肥胖"流行较严重且男生检出率高于女生,应提高重视,加强干预,帮助儿童青少年养成合理的膳食习惯和生活方式,科学合理控制青少年肥胖的发生。     

Snacking behavior among elementary and junior high school students and its relationship to stress-coping

The aim of the present study was to investigate current problems of snacking behavior and their relationship to stress coping among 1,486 fourth through ninth grade students from 10 elementary schools and six junior high schools. An anonymous self-completed questionnaire was utilized which included items about 1) selection of snack foods, which were classified into healthy, popular, complementary and western-style snacks, 2) problems of snacking behavior, which included external and emotional eating scores, and 3) stress coping scale. The stress coping scale contained two sub-scales; problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. The results were as follows: 1) Students who frequently went without breakfast did not select healthy foods, i.e., fruits and dairy products, but popular snacks, i.e., potato chips, pop corn and sweet beverage. 2) Both external and emotional eating scores increased by age in girls but was not apparent in boys. 3) Students who preferred either western-style or popular snacks showed higher score of external and emotional eating. 4) The score of problem-focused coping was positively correlated with preference for health snacks, but emotion-focused coping was positively correlated with external and emotional eating scores. The close relationship between snack food selection and problematic aspects of eating behavior suggests that modification of eating behavior is necessary to develop healthy snack habits in early adolescents. Also, it is interesting that snacking behavior is closely related to stress coping, which suggested the behavioral intervention for healthy eating habit should be included in development of stress-coping skills against various kinds of demands in life.     

Nutrient intakes and snacking frequency in female students

Background: Snacking can have the negative image of being detrimental to the diet, because snack foods are commonly thought of as providing only 'empty calories'—high in energy but low in micronutrients. This observational study looked at the nutrient density of snacks and meals, and at the effect of eating frequency on mean daily nutrient intakes in 44 female students (aged 17–26 years). Methods: Baseline dietary data from an existing intervention study were re-analysed. Eating occasions, taken from 7-day weighed food diaries, were classified as meals or snacks by time of day, and the composition of meals and snacks compared. Subjects were divided into tertiles by eating frequency and their nutrient intakes compared. Results: As eating frequency increased, the number of snacks and the number of different snack items in the diet increased, while the number of meals remained constant. Snacks, overall, were significantly lower in percentage non-alcohol energy from fat and higher in percentage non-alcohol energy from carbohydrate. Snacks had lower nutrient densities than meals for non-starch polysaccharide (NSP), minerals and vitamins except vitamin C. However, there were no significant differences between the top and bottom tertiles of snacking frequency for overall percentage energy from fat, protein or carbohydrate, or intakes of micro-nutrients. The top tertile tended to be leaner and have higher energy intakes than infrequent eaters (not significant). There was a significant negative correlation between eating frequency and body mass index (BMI). Conclusions: It is concluded that snacking per se did not compromise diet quality in this group, and that those with a high snacking frequency were eating more in general and choosing a wider variety of foods, resulting in a balanced intake of nutrients.     

Appalachian adolescents' eating patterns and nutrient intakes

Meal and snack patterns of 114 male and 111 female adolescents in a southern Appalachian state were examined from 24-hour food records kept on a school day. Breakfast was skipped by 34% of the respondents, and 27% either skipped lunch or ate a snack-type lunch. The evening meal and snacks, each of which contributed about one-third of the daily energy intake, were eaten by 94% and 89%, respectively. Girls' mean intakes of vitamin A, calcium, and iron were low at all eating occasions throughout the day. Boys' mean intakes of iron were low at breakfast, lunch, and snacks; their vitamin A intakes were low at lunch and snacks. Adolescents who prepared their own breakfasts consumed less energy, protein, fat, and niacin at that meal than did adolescents who ate breakfasts prepared by their mothers. However, adolescent-prepared breakfasts were higher in nutrient density for calcium, riboflavin, and thiamin. Evening meals prepared by adolescents were similar in total nutrient content to meals prepared by their mothers but lower in nutrient density for iron and thiamin. Evening meals prepared by adolescents were more likely to include a sandwich and less likely to include a vegetable than were meals prepared by mothers.     

北京市丰台区小学生零食知信行现状调查

目的了解北京市丰台区小学生零食消费行为现状,为风险评估、干预并制定学生营养与食品安全改善措施提供依据。方法 2017年3月—2018年10月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法选取北京市丰台区6所小学共1 171名学生及其家长作为调查对象,研究小学生消费零食行为影响因素。结果调查的1 171名学生中,有922人自报食用零食,占78.7%。小学生常吃零食种类前3位为新鲜果蔬、谷类和坚果。小学生零食知识知晓率为45.4%。在睡前30 min和正餐前后吃零食的学生比例为16.1%和21.3%,小学生选购零食或饮料的前3位原因是味道好、解渴/解饿和方便。86.3%的家长参与决定小学生的零食和饮料。结论北京市丰台区小学生零食消费结构优化,但仍较注重口味,存在不良零食消费习惯;家长一定程度上影响小学生零食行为。加强合理膳食、健康饮食知识的宣传对改善小学生健康零食消费十分必要。     

2000～2004年泉州市洛江区部分中小学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解泉州市洛江区中小学生营养状况,为科学地指导学生保健工作提供依据。[方法]对2000~2004年6所中小学部分学生检测身高、体重,用身高标准体重法评价营养状况。[结果]调查18 318名中小学生,营养不良率为41.16%,肥胖率为2.49%;男生营养不良率低于女生,肥胖率高于女生;营养不良率高中生>初中生>小学生,肥胖率为小学生>初中生>高中生。[结论]泉州市洛江区中小学生营养问题较严重,营养不良率较高。     

Comparison of energy and nutrient intakes among meals and snacks of adolescent males

BACKGROUND: Eating behaviors developed during adolescence can have immediate health implications and influence future chronic disease risk. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the distribution of energy and nutrient intakes among meals and snacks, and relate eating occasion frequency to body mass index (BMI) of adolescent males. METHODS: Healthy adolescent males (n = 180) completed 3-day food records. Following analysis for energy and nutrient intakes, 3-day averages and frequencies were computed for all meals and snacks. RESULTS: Dinner was the largest contributor of energy, macronutrients, cholesterol, dietary fiber, and sodium, whereas both dinner and breakfast were the largest contributors of calcium and iron. On average, subjects consumed 1.63 snacks/day, with 77% consuming > or = 1 snack/day. BMI was significantly greater and energy intake was significantly lower in subjects having < or = 3 eating occasions/day relative to 4 or > or = 6 eating occasions/day. The 26% of subjects classified as inconsistent breakfast consumers had significantly higher BMIs and lower iron intakes relative to consistent breakfast consumers. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable information regarding eating occasion frequency and contribution of meals and snacks to energy and nutrient intakes in adolescent males. Such information could be used to improve nutrition education programs for adolescents aimed at chronic disease prevention.     

Eating habits and total and abdominal fat in Spanish adolescents: influence of physical activity. The AVENA study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between specific dietary habits and body fatness in Spanish adolescents, and to analyze the role of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in this association.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 1,978 adolescents (1,017 girls) aged 13.0–18.5 years from the AVENA (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional en Adolescentes) study were included. Particular dietary habits (breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner, and nighttime snack, as well as time spent eating, number of meals, consumption of soft drinks, and ready-to-eat foods) and LTPA were self-reported and analyzed as dichotomic variables (yes/no). The sum of six skinfold thicknesses and waist circumference (WC) values were the main body fatness variables.ResultSkinfolds and WC values were lower in adolescents who reported consumption of mid-morning snack, afternoon snack, more than four meals per day, and an adequate speed of eating, independently of participation in LTPA. Moreover, a beneficial influence of breakfast consumption on skinfolds and WC values was observed in those adolescent boys who did not participate in LTPA (p for interactions = .044 and .040, respectively).ConclusionsIn Spanish adolescents, certain healthy dietary habits (i.e., mid-morning snack, afternoon snack, > 4 meals per day, adequate eating speed) are associated with lower body fatness, independently of engaging in LTPA. In addition, among boys with non-LTPA, those who skipped breakfast showed the highest body fatness values, indicating a beneficial influence of daily breakfast on body fat in this particular group.     

2010年许昌市市直初中学生饮食行为调查

[目的]了解初中学生日常饮食相关行为状况,为卫生、教育行政部门和学校制定促进中学生健康成长相关政策与干预措施提供依据。[方法]2010年6月,对许昌市市直4所初中的学生进行问卷调查。[结果]调查1 106名学生,调查前1周内,每天吃早餐的占67.63%,每天喝牛奶的占29.66%,每天吃蔬菜的占72.51%,每天吃水果的占43.22%;没在地摊吃过东西的占53.89%,没吃油炸食物的占26.13%,没喝碳酸饮料的占40.05%,不吃甜点心的占11.03%。[结论]许昌市市直初中学生每天都吃早餐、进食健康食物者所占比例较低,进食非健康食物者所占比例较高。     

上海市长宁区中小学生饮食习惯的调查

目的 了解肥胖和营养不良中小学生饮食行为，为制定干预措施提供依据。方法 随机分层整群抽样，采用自行设计的调查问卷。结果 肥胖中小学生不良饮食行为有：吃饭速度快，睡前吃零食，多吃西式快餐，喜欢甜饮等；营养不良中小学生的不良饮食习惯有：不吃早餐，吃饭量少，彭欢吃零食，偏食挑食等。结论 肥胖和营养不良中小学生均存在不良的饮食行为，应采取不同的教育方式来纠正，以促进健康。