Medpor外耳再造术皮肤覆盖方案的临床研究

目的:本文通过比较几种不同的支架外皮肤覆盖方案,探索一种手术效果稳定可靠的合成材料支架外耳再造方法。方法:48例先天性小耳畸形,应用Medpor支架行全外耳再造术,支架外软组织覆盖材料分别为单纯乳突区扩张皮肤1例、颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮25例、乳突区扩张皮瓣加颞顶筋膜瓣22例,观察比较应用不同覆盖材料耳再造后支架外露发生率、再造外耳外形轮廓、表面皮肤颜色质地。结果:临床应用48例,随访1至6年,应用单纯乳突区扩张皮瓣覆盖者1年内耳支架完全外露;应用颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮者再造耳廓外形及轮廓优良,但大部分病例再造耳廓皮瓣不同程度色素异常;应用乳突区扩张皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣联合覆盖者再造外耳形态及轮廓均优良,且表面皮瓣颜色质地与周围皮肤和对侧外耳皮肤一致,美容效果最佳。结论:应用乳突区扩张后皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣双层组织瓣的软组织覆盖方案可以满足Medpor再造外耳的外形、轮廓及皮色的需求,是一项安全稳定的手术方案,综合效果优于颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮方案,而单纯应用乳突区扩张皮瓣的方案不适用于Medpor外耳再造术。因此推荐在选用Medpor耳支架行全外耳再造治疗Ⅲ度先天性小耳畸形时,优先选用颞顶筋膜瓣联合乳突区扩张皮瓣的软组织覆盖方案。     

颞顶筋膜瓣在修复外耳再造术后支架外露的应用

目的：探讨应用颞浅血管为蒂的颞顶筋膜瓣在外耳再造术后支架外露后进行修复的效果。方法：根据软骨支架外露形状,设计颞浅血管为蒂的颞顶筋膜瓣旋转包裹外露支架,加游离移植中厚皮、抗感染治疗。结果：8例患者术后再造耳支架外露修复效果良好,再造耳外形无明显改变。结论：外耳再造术后如发生再造耳皮瓣破溃、软骨支架外露的并发症,选择颞顶筋膜瓣旋转包裹外露支架,加游离移植中厚皮、抗感染治疗的治疗方法,可获得较满意的修复效果。     

颞顶筋膜瓣与扩张皮瓣联合覆盖Medpor支架外耳再造术

目的探讨颞顶筋膜瓣与扩张皮瓣联合覆盖Medpor支架再造外耳的效果。方法手术分两期进行:一期手术在乳突区置入皮肤软组织扩张器,并定时注水扩张;第二期手术将扩张器取出并形成蒂在前的扩张皮瓣、掀起以颞浅血管为蒂的颞顶筋膜瓣,应用颞顶筋膜瓣和乳突区扩张皮瓣双重由里至外覆盖Medpor耳支架完成耳廓再造。结果临床应用22例,随访半年至2年半,无耳支架外露发生,再造的耳廓外形逼真,轮廓分明,肤色与周围正常皮肤一致。结论应用乳突区扩张皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣双层组织瓣包被Medpor耳支架,可以提高Medpor耳支架置入的安全性,避免发生外露,又不影响支架外形和轮廓的显现,再造耳表面皮肤的色泽与周围皮肤一致。     

颞浅筋膜瓣联合中厚植皮法修复外耳再造术后软骨支架外露

目的 探讨外耳再造术后出现皮瓣坏死、软骨支架外露后,应用颞浅血管为蒂的颞浅筋膜瓣联合中厚皮片植皮的方法进行修复的效果.方法 沿颞部发际内行垂直切口,以颞浅血管为蒂,沿颞肌筋膜表面剥离,形成颞浅筋膜瓣,向下旋转包裹支架外露部位,筋膜瓣表面行游离中厚皮片移植,术后给予抗感染治疗3d.结果 10例患者术后伤口均愈合良好,无支架外露、皮片坏死现象.随访3～12个月,其再造耳耳轮、对耳轮、三角窝等表面结构清晰,有明显的立体形态,不显臃肿,效果满意.结论 对外耳再造术后出现软骨支架外露,利用颞浅筋膜瓣联合游离移植中厚皮片法可获得较满意的修复效果.     

乳突区超量扩张皮瓣与颞浅筋膜瓣联合包裹多孔高密度聚乙烯支架全耳廓成形术

目的 探讨应用乳突区超量扩张皮瓣联合颞浅筋膜瓣包裹多孔高密度聚乙烯( Medpor)支架行全耳廓成形术的效果.方法 手术分三期进行:第Ⅰ期在乳突区置入皮肤软组织扩张器,并超量注水扩张;第Ⅱ期将扩张器取出并形成蒂在前的扩张皮瓣、掀起以颞浅血管为蒂的颞浅筋膜瓣,应用乳突区超量扩张皮瓣与颞浅筋膜瓣联合由里至外包裹Medpor耳支架完成全耳廓成形术,第Ⅲ期为残耳处理及耳垂再造.结果 临床应用12例,随访3个月至1年,耳支架外露发生1例,形成的耳廓外形逼真,轮廓分明,肤色与周围正常皮肤一致.结论 应用乳突区超量扩张皮瓣与颞浅筋膜瓣双层组织瓣联合包裹Medpor耳支架,可以获得更多的皮肤面积并提高Medpor耳支架置入的安全性,避免发生外露,又不影响支架外形和轮廓的显现,制作的耳廓表面皮肤的色泽与周围皮肤一致.     

耳后联合双层筋膜瓣Medpor支架全耳再造的临床研究

目的:探讨采用颞顶筋膜瓣与耳后筋膜皮瓣(简称:耳后联合双层筋膜瓣),Medpor支架行先天性小耳畸形全耳再造术的方法和效果。方法:采用颞顶支为血管蒂的岛状筋膜瓣移转至残耳乳突区耳后,与耳后乳突区筋膜皮瓣同期同步进行扩张,然后将扩张的耳后联合双层筋膜皮瓣包裹Medpor支架行全耳廓再造。结果:本组患者中经3个月~3年的随访,再造耳皮肤颜色与耳周缘面部相接近,微细结构清晰,颅耳角与健耳对称,形态结构好。结论:耳后联合双层筋膜瓣+Medpor支架行全耳廓再造,既能有效避免支架外露和传统手术供区胸壁畸形,又能避免切取自体肋软骨增加的创伤及痛苦。再造耳皮肤颜色与正常肤色相似,形态满意,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

扩张颞顶筋膜瓣覆盖多孔高密度聚乙烯支架全耳廓再造术

目的 探讨采用预制颞顶筋膜瓣置入于残耳乳突区皮下进行扩张,观察以扩张的筋膜瓣覆盖多孔高密度聚乙烯(porous high density polyethylene,Medpor)支架做全耳廓再造术的方法 和效果.方法 30例先天性小耳畸形,手术分两期:Ⅰ期,设计带有颞浅动静脉顶支为血管蒂的预制岛状颞浅筋膜瓣,植入残耳侧乳突区皮下腔穴,然后置入皮肤扩张器进行同期同步扩张;Ⅱ期,将扩张的耳后筋膜皮瓣连带颞浅筋膜瓣掀起,覆盖于Medpor支架上,耳后创面中厚植皮,进行全耳廓再造术.结果 经6个月至3年的随访观察,再造耳廓外形逼真,皮色红润,与周围皮肤颜色无异,其大小、形状、位置与面部协调,与健耳对称,微细结构显示清晰.结论 选用Medpor支架,只要熟悉此材料的生物特性,选择合适的手术操作步骤要点,然后采用预制扩张的耳后筋膜皮瓣连带颞浅筋膜瓣覆盖支架,可将手术并发症减少到最低限度,具有创伤小、操作简单、疗程短、术后效果满意、可避免耳廓外形臃肿或支架外露等优点.耳后筋膜皮瓣与颞浅筋膜瓣两者结合,是目前较为理想的全耳廓再造的一种方法 .     

扩张颞顶筋膜瓣覆盖多孔高密度聚乙烯支架全耳廓再造术

目的 探讨采用预制颞顶筋膜瓣置入于残耳乳突区皮下进行扩张,观察以扩张的筋膜瓣覆盖多孔高密度聚乙烯(porous high density polyethylene,Medpor)支架做全耳廓再造术的方法 和效果.方法 30例先天性小耳畸形,手术分两期:Ⅰ期,设计带有颞浅动静脉顶支为血管蒂的预制岛状颞浅筋膜瓣,植入残耳侧乳突区皮下腔穴,然后置入皮肤扩张器进行同期同步扩张;Ⅱ期,将扩张的耳后筋膜皮瓣连带颞浅筋膜瓣掀起,覆盖于Medpor支架上,耳后创面中厚植皮,进行全耳廓再造术.结果 经6个月至3年的随访观察,再造耳廓外形逼真,皮色红润,与周围皮肤颜色无异,其大小、形状、位置与面部协调,与健耳对称,微细结构显示清晰.结论 选用Medpor支架,只要熟悉此材料的生物特性,选择合适的手术操作步骤要点,然后采用预制扩张的耳后筋膜皮瓣连带颞浅筋膜瓣覆盖支架,可将手术并发症减少到最低限度,具有创伤小、操作简单、疗程短、术后效果满意、可避免耳廓外形臃肿或支架外露等优点.耳后筋膜皮瓣与颞浅筋膜瓣两者结合,是目前较为理想的全耳廓再造的一种方法 .     

烧伤后全耳缺损Ⅰ期再造术

目的 探讨颞浅筋膜瓣翻转覆盖Medpor耳支架Ⅰ期全耳再造术在烧伤后全耳缺损修复中的应用效果和操作要点。方法 以Medpor为耳廓支架，掀起颞浅筋膜瓣，翻转包裹Medpor耳支架，筋膜表面游离植皮行Ⅰ期全耳再造术，共修复15例烧伤后全耳廓缺损患者。结果 15例患者再造耳廓外形满意。结论 颞浅筋膜瓣翻转包裹Medpor支架Ⅰ期全耳再造，具有手术时间短，操作步骤少，患者损伤小以及术后耳廓形态满意等优点，是一种适合于修复烧伤后全耳廓缺损畸形的手术方法。     

预制扩张耳后乳突区复合筋膜皮瓣在全耳再造中的应用研究

目的：研究采用预制扩张耳后乳突区复合筋膜皮瓣行全耳廓再造的方法和效果。方法：手术分二期完成。I期手术：设计带有颞浅动静脉蒂的颞顶筋膜瓣,移植入残耳乳突区皮下腔穴,然后置入皮肤扩张器,与耳后皮瓣进行同时同步扩张I;I期手术：将预制扩张的耳后乳突区复合筋膜皮瓣掀起,覆盖于Medpor支架上,进行全耳廓再造术。结果：36例患者经6个月～3年的随访,再造耳廓外形逼真,立体感强,与周围皮肤颜色相同,微细结构清晰。结论：采用预制扩张的耳后乳突区复合筋膜皮瓣＋Medpor支架行全耳再造,具有创伤小,操作方便,效果满意。既可避免支架外露,又可避免取自体肋软骨增加的创伤和痛苦或肤色差异等优点,是目前全耳廓再造术较为理想的选择方法。     

One-Stage Reconstruction of an Upper Part Defect of the Auricle

A one-stage procedure for the reconstruction of a defect of the upper auricle is described. The anterior surface of a carved costal cartilage graft was covered with an anterosuperiorly based skin flap, and the posterior surface was covered by the superficial mastoid fascial flap and a skin graft. This method can be performed easily, without leaving any scar in the hair-bearing area or visible postauricular region, and can be applied to cases in which the condition of the margin scar of an auricular defect is poor.     

Elevation of a constructed auricle using the anteriorly based mastoid fascial flap.

Two-stage methods for reconstruction of congenital microtia have been widely utilised. To obtain a desirable auriculocephalic angle and provide a nutrient support to the constructed auricle, elevation of reconstructed ears using a costal cartilage graft, the anteriorly based mastoid fascial flap transfer and a skin graft was performed as the second operation for nine microtia patients. In this procedure, the mastoid fascial flap was used instead of the temporoparietal fascial flap. Following the elevation of the reconstructed ear the anteriorly based mastoid fascial flap was harvested. A carved costal cartilage was grafted at the posterior wall of the concha and covered with the mastoid fascial flap, followed by a full-thickness skin graft from the inguinal region. The skin grafts took well and the appropriate auriculocephalic angle was preserved in all cases. This method was easy to perform and did not leave any scar in the temporal hair-bearing area.     

扩张颞顶筋膜瓣覆盖多孔高密度聚乙烯支架全耳廓再造术

目的 探讨采用预制颞顶筋膜瓣置入于残耳乳突区皮下进行扩张,观察以扩张的筋膜瓣覆盖多孔高密度聚乙烯（porous high density polyethylene,Medpor）支架做全耳廓再造术的方法 和效果.方法 30例先天性小耳畸形,手术分两期：Ⅰ期,设计带有颞浅动静脉顶支为血管蒂的预制岛状颞浅筋膜瓣,植入残耳侧乳突区皮下腔穴,然后置入皮肤扩张器进行同期同步扩张;Ⅱ期,将扩张的耳后筋膜皮瓣连带颞浅筋膜瓣掀起,覆盖于Medpor支架上,耳后创面中厚植皮,进行全耳廓再造术.结果 经6个月至3年的随访观察,再造耳廓外形逼真,皮色红润,与周围皮肤颜色无异,其大小、形状、位置与面部协调,与健耳对称,微细结构显示清晰.结论 选用Medpor支架,只要熟悉此材料的生物特性,选择合适的手术操作步骤要点,然后采用预制扩张的耳后筋膜皮瓣连带颞浅筋膜瓣覆盖支架,可将手术并发症减少到最低限度,具有创伤小、操作简单、疗程短、术后效果满意、可避免耳廓外形臃肿或支架外露等优点.耳后筋膜皮瓣与颞浅筋膜瓣两者结合,是目前较为理想的全耳廓再造的一种方法 .     

Reconstruction of the retroauricular fold: a personal technique.

In auricular reconstruction emphasis is placed on carving the rib-cartilage framework. The three-dimensional frame is very important in obtaining a good anatomical shape but often a good shape is not complemented by a good projection of the auricle. In order to avoid obliteration of the retroauricular fold we use a cartilage wedge covered by a local fascial flap. We have treated 17 ears in 16 patients with this technique and have obtained satisfactory results in all cases, achieving a mean projection of 1.7cm between the mastoid plane and the helical rim.     

Firm elevation of the auricle in reconstruction of microtia with a retroauricular fascial flap wrapping an autogenous cartilage wedge.

During conventional reconstruction of the auricle in patients with microtia, simply separating the auricle from the mastoid region with a full-thickness skin graft usually fails to create firm elevation and sufficient projection. To achieve frontal symmetry is difficult, and sometimes the normal auricle needs to be set back. We reconstructed the auricle in patients with microtia in two major stages using a modified Nagata's method. Using a wide W-incision skin flap, the first stage includes implantation of a cartilage framework and transposition of the ear lobule. Our modification lies in the second stage. Instead of using the superficial temporoparietal fascial flap, we elevated a retroauricular fascial flap from the mastoid region, turning it over to wrap an autogenous costal-cartilage wedge, and covered it with a full-thickness skin graft. Between June 1996 and May 1999, eight patients underwent this operation. All the fascial flaps and overlying full-thickness skin grafts survived well. The advantages of our technique include firm elevation, good frontal projection and a natural appearance of the posterior aspect of the ear. Additionally, by using this fast and practical procedure, we avoid creating additional scars on the scalp and preserve the superficial temporoparietal fascia and superficial temporal vessels.     

Conchal flap with a superior pedicle to reconstruct the middle or upper third of the auricle

The middle or upper third of the auricle can be reconstructed with a composite chondro-cutaneous peninsular flap of the conchal part of the auricle. This peninsular flap is based on the anastomotic network between the posterior auricular and the superficial temporal artery. The authors report their experience about 24 clinical cases. Most of the cases were partial auricular amputations for squamous cell carcinoma. The surgical procedure allows a hidden cartilaginous donor site, the concha, allowing in a single operation a color- and texture-matched reconstruction. This flap represents an alternative to more complex surgical procedures, and can easily be realised under local anaesthesia.     

Peninsular Conchal Axial Flap to Reconstruct the Upper or Middle Third of the Auricle

BACKGROUND: The reconstruction of partial amputations of the auricle is a continuous subject of publications, in particular, the techniques of ear reconstruction with postauricular flaps. OBJECTIVE: To present in detail the surgical procedure of a new peninsular conchal transposition flap. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This new conchal transposition flap has been used since 1998 to reconstruct seven partial amputations of the upper or middle third of the auricle. If we compare the flap to a tennis racket, the head corresponds to a skin-cartilage-skin flap harvested from the concha and the shaft to a post- and supra-auricular cutaneous and subcutaneous pedicle based around the posterior auricular artery and the superior auricular branch of the superficial temporal artery. The blood supply is reliable because the superior branch of the posterior auricular artery anastomoses with the superior auricular branch of the superficial temporal artery. RESULTS: There have been no significant complications, except one case of partial rim necrosis, which responded well to wound healing by secondary intention. CONCLUSION: Our peninsular flap could be an alternative to more complex procedures involving costal cartilage harvesting, provided that auricle amputations are confined to the upper or middle third of the peripheral structures and spare the concha.     

Further application of the bilobed flap: the split bilobed flap for reconstruction of composite posterior auricular and mastoid defects.

In this article a modified bilobed flap from mastoid and lateral neck skin for reconstruction of complex defects of the posteromedial surface of the auricle and mastoid skin, with the preservation of the retroauricular sulcus, is described. Reconstruction of the postero-medial auricular surface has almost never been a concern for reconstructive surgeons. It is in fact a shaded area with little aesthetic relevance and direct closure, skin grafting and even secondary healing are used for skin cancer defects repair. Also mastoid skin defects can be repaired with simple techniques such as skin grafts or transposition flaps from the remaining mastoid skin or from the neck. On the other hand, cancers involving the postero-medial auricular surface, the retroauricular sulcus and the mastoid skin require wide and deep resections that involve the posterior auricular muscles and reach the perichondral and periosteal surfaces. Direct closure with undermining, if feasible, will obliterate the retroauricular sulcus causing asymmetry with the contralateral ear and, if defects are cephalad will impair the possibility of wearing spectacles, thus leaving functional and aesthetic impairment. Transposition flaps from the remaining mastoid skin, due to the lack of skin laxity, are not feasible because the donor site cannot be closed. Two patients, both affected by basal cell carcinoma involving the posteromedial auricular surface and the mastoid skin have been treated with this flap. In both cases the use of the modified bilobed flap described in this article allowed preservation of the retroauricular sulcus and closure of the donor site. Scars were hidden along minimal tension lines and the possibility of wearing spectacles along with sensitivity all over the reconstructed area were maintained.