中国汉人HLADQAl基因对系统性红斑狼疮的遗传易感性研究

利用ＨＬＡ基因的ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ核苷酸分型技术，以等位基因特异性的限制性内切酶（ＡｐａｌⅠ、ＢｓａｊⅠ、ＨｐｈⅠ、ＦｏｋⅠ、ＭｂｏⅡ、ＭｎｌⅡ）消化ＤＱＡｌ座位特异的ＰＣＲ扩增产物，研究了上海及其附近地区中国汉人ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡｌ基因与系统红斑狼疮的遗传关联。发现系统红斑狼疮ＤＱＡｌ＊０１０２（３６．５％，ＲＲ＝２．２５，Ｐ＜０．０５，ＥＦ＝０．２０）及＊０４０１（１５．４％，ＲＲ＝１２．４２，Ｐ＜０．００５，ＥＦ＝０．１４）显著增加，而ＤＱＡｌ＊０５０１（１１．５％，ＲＲ＝０．２１，Ｐ＜０．００５，ＰＦ＝０．３１）和＊０．０６０１（３．９％，ＲＲ＝０．２７，Ｐ＜０．０５，ＰＦ＝０．０９）显著下降。排除ＤＱＡｌ＊０４０１的影响后，＊０１０２频率的升高表现得更加明显（ＲＲ＝２．８４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。上述发现显示：ＤＱＡｌ＊０１０２及＊０４０１对ＳＬＥ有遗传易感作用，而ＤＱＡｌ＊０５０１和＊０６０１有遗传抵抗作用，并提出了有关可能的单体型。     

中国汉人HLA—DQA1基因对类风湿关节炎的遗传易感性研究

用ＰＣＲ－ＰＡＧＥ方法，结合高灵敏的银染色作ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１等位基因分型，研究ＤＱＡ１基因对类风湿关节炎（ＲＡ）的遗传易感性。选择无亲缘关系的广东籍汉族健康者１０６例和５０例ＲＡ患者。发现该方法测的６种ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１等位基因中，ＲＡ组ＤＱＡ１＊０１０１（２７％，ＲＲ＝２．３３４，Ｐ＜０．００５，ＥＦ＝０．１５４）等位基因明显增高；而ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２（１％，ＲＲ＝０．０６８，Ｐ＜０．０１，ＰＦ＝０．５７７）明显下降；ＤＱＡ１的２种纯合子基因型（０１０１／０１０１和０３０１／０３０１）在ＲＡ组明显增高（Ｐ值分别小于０．０２５和０．００５）。上述结果显示：ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１＊０１０１对ＲＡ有遗传易感作用，ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２等位基因有遗传抵抗作用；ＤＱＡ１基因型的检测对预测ＲＡ易感者和判断预后及疗效可能提供理论依据。     

上海地区多发性硬化症与HLAⅡ类基因和抗原处理相？…

探讨上海人群中ＨＬＡⅡ类基因和抗原处理相关基因与多发性硬化症的相关性。方法,用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ和ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＯ技术对２１名上海地区无血缘关系的ＭＳ患者和８９名正常人作ＨＬＡⅡ类（ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１,－ＤＱＡ１和－ＤＱＢ１）和抗原处理相关基因（ＴＡＰ１,ＴＡＰ２和ＬＭＰ２）分型。结果患者组ＤＲＢ１＊０４０５、Ｔ 克＊０５０２（Ｐ＝０．００２５）等位基因ＤＲＢ１＊０４０５－ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１－ＤＱＢ１＊     

广东汉族类风湿关节炎某些易感基因研究

为了探讨类风湿关节炎（ＲＡ）的遗传易感基因，用多聚酶链反应－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＣＲ－ＰＡＧＥ）和银染色作ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１基因分型，对１０６例健康人和５０例ＲＡ患者进行检测。结果显示：广东汉族共检出６种ＤＱＡ１等位基因，ＲＡ患者组ＤＱＡ１＊０１０１等位基因显著增高（ＲＲ＝２．３３４、Ｐ＜０．００５、ＥＦ＝０．１５４）；ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２明显减少（ＲＲ＝０．０６８、Ｐ＜０．０１、ＰＦ＝０．５７７）；对ＲＡ组中的３１例ＤＲ４阳性患者的ＤＱＡ１基因分析显示，ＤＲ４与ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１连锁的频率显著高于健康人组（Ｐ＜０．００５）。提示ＤＱＡ１＊０１０１对ＲＡ有易感作用，而ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２有遗传抵抗作用；ＤＱＡ１和ＤＲ４基因型检测可能为预测ＲＡ易感者和估计预后提供理论依据。     

HLA－DRB1等位基因与中国湖北汉族人SLE关联的研究

在国内首次借助ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＰ技术对５２例湖北汉族人ＳＬＥ患者进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１基因型别分析。结果发现，实验组ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊０３０１基因频率为２４％，表型频率为４４．２％，ＲＲ＝４．７６，χ２＝２１．２，Ｐ＜０．０１；其它等位基因频率在实验组与对照组间差异无显著性。该结果提示ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊０３０１基因与ＳＬＥ有关联     

HLA—DRB1等位基因与中国湖北汉族人SLE关联的研究

在国内首次借助ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＰ技术对５２例湖北汉族人ＳＬＥ患者进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１基因型别分析。结果发现，实验组ＨＬＡＷ－ＤＲＢ１＊０３０１基因频率为２４％，表型频率为４４．２％，ＲＲ＝４．７６，ｘ＾２＝２１．２，Ｐ〈０．０１；其它等位基因频率在实验组与对照组间差异无显著性。该结果显示ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊０３０１基因与ＳＬＥ有关联。     

抗磷脂抗体阳性SLE患者HLA DRB1、DQA1、DQB1基因单倍型研究

本文采用ＰＣＲ ＲＦＬＰ技术对抗磷脂抗体阳性（ＡＰＡ＋）ＳＬＥ患者ＨＬＡ ＤＲＢ１、ＤＱＡ１ 和ＤＱＢ１ 基因进行分型研究, 同时以上海地区汉族随机人群作对照, 发现这类病人的ＤＲＢ１＊ ０８０３ ＤＱＡ１＊ ０１０３ ＤＱＢ１ ＊０６０１ 单倍型频率显著增高（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 相对危险率为４－４５, 说明该疾病与此单倍型存在着很强的关联。     

HLA-DQA1、DQB1、DRB1 02,07,09等位基因及单倍型在华东地区汉族人群的分布

应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＯ方法，对华东地区汉族人群进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１、－ＤＱＢ１和ＤＲＢ１＊０２，０７，０９基因分型。ＤＱＡ１中以ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１基因频率最高（０．３８４４），其次为＊０５０１（０．１４０６）和０１０２（０．１２１９），＊０４０１最低（０．０２８１）；ＤＱＢ１中以ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３基因频率最高（０．２３４２），其次为＊０３０１（０．１８９９）、＊０６０１（０．１２０３）和＊０２０１（０．１１０８），＊０５０１、＊０６０４和＊０６０５最低（均为０．０１２７）；ＤＲ９基因频率较高（０．２３１０），ＤＲ２中ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１占７３％，基因频率为０．０８５４，未见＊１６０１。ＤＱＡ１、ＤＱＢ１及ＤＲＢ１等位基因之间存在显著的连锁不平衡。ＤＲＢ１＊０９０１－ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１－ＤＱＢ１＊０３０３、ＤＱＡ１＊０１０３－ＤＱＢ１＊０６０１等为常见单倍型。本资料与我国其他汉族人群资料有可比性，也存在一定差异。     

HLA—DR,DQ基因多态性与系统性红斑狼疮相关性的研究

应用聚合酶链反应结合顺序特异的寡核苷酸探针杂交（ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＯＰＨ）方法对江苏籍汉族ＳＬＥ患者和健康对照组ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１、ＤＱＡ１：ＤＱＢ１基因作寡核苷酸分型。结果发现患者组中ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１、ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２等位基因频率及ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１、－ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２、－ＤＱＢ１＊０６０２单倍型频率均明显高于正常对照组；相反，ＤＲＢ１＊０４（ＤＲ４）、ＤＱＡ１＊０６０１频率则明显低于正常对照组。所有ＤＱＢ１等位基因频率在两组间无显著差异，而ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２仅存在于ＤＲ２阳性的个体之中，推测汉族ＳＬＥ的易感基因可能靠近ＤＲ位点，且与单倍型ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊１５０１、－ＤＱＡ１＊０１０２、－ＤＱＢ１＊０６０２紧密连锁，该单倍型可作为汉族ＳＬＥ易感的遗传标记。相反ＤＲ４，ＤＱＡ１＊０６０１则对ＳＬＥ发病可能有一定的保护性。     

北方汉族过敏性紫癜与HLA相关性研究

为了研究过敏性紫癜（ＡＰ）的发病机理中是否有免疫遗传因素参与，采用国际通用的ＮＩＨ标准微量淋巴细胞毒试验方法检测４０例ＡＰ患者的ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ类抗原，并与１００例北方汉族正常人ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ类抗原频率进行比较。利用聚合酶链反应－序列特异性引物技术（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ）对其中３０例ＡＰ患者进行ＨＬＡ－Ⅱ类基因分型，并与１０４例北方汉族正常人的ＨＬＡ－Ⅱ类基因频率进行了比较。发现ＡＰ患者ＨＬＡ－Ａ３０＋３１、Ｂ１３、Ｂ３５、Ｂ４０抗原频率较对照组明显增高（Ａ３０＋３１：Ｐｃ＜０．０１，ＲＲ＝７．９７；Ｂ１３∶ＰＣ＜０．０１，ＲＲ＝６．００，Ｂ３５∶Ｐｃ＜１０－５，ＲＲ＝１０．４０；Ｂ４０∶Ｐｃ＜０．０５，ＲＲ＝３．８５）。ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ１０基因频率在ＡＰ患者较正常对照组明显增高（ＤＲ１０∶Ｐｃ＜１０－５，ＲＲ＝２１．８８），而ＨＬＡ－ＤＱ３、ＤＱ６基因频率较正常对照组明显降低（ＤＱ３∶Ｐｃ＜１０－５，ＲＲ＝０．１３；ＤＱ６∶Ｐｃ＜０．０５，ＲＲ＝０．２３）。提示ＡＰ与ＨＬＡ－Ａ３０＋３１、Ｂ１３、Ｂ３５、Ｂ４０、ＤＲ１０正相关，与ＨＬＡ－ＤＱ３ＤＱ６负相关。     

系统性红斑狼疮临床表现与HLA Ⅱ类单倍型关联的研究

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）易感基因致病的模式。方法 利用多聚酶链反应／特异寡核控针杂交（ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＯＰＨ）方法检测１１３例确诊ＳＬＥ病人的ＨＬＡⅡ基因型并进行单倍型分析。结果 ＳＬＦ病人的单倍型具有特定的结构特征,即以２个或３个重型ＳＬＥ相关基因共同组成１个单倍型;反之,２个或３个轻型ＳＬＥ相关基因组成另１个单倍型;重型基因和轻型基因之间很少有强连锁不平衡。ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１－ＤＱＢ１＊     

HLA-A*11 and novel associations in Malays and Chinese with systemic lupus erythematosus

We investigated the association of the HLA genes in Malaysian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and their associations with the clinical manifestations in 160 SLE patients (99 Chinese and 61 Malays) and 107 healthy control individuals (58 Chinese and 49 Malays) were studied. Sequence specific primer amplification (PCR-SSP) phototyping techniques were used to analyse 25 HLA-A allele groups, 31 HLA-DR allele groups and 9 HLA-DQ allele groups. Appreciable increases in allele frequencies of HLA-A*11, DRB1*0701, DRB1*1601-1606, DRB5*01-02 and DQB1*05, and decrease in HLA-DRB1*1101-1121, 1411, DRB1*1201-3, DRB1*1301-22, DRB3*0101, 0201, 0202, 0203, 0301 and DQB1*0301, 1304 in SLE patients compared with healthy control individuals. However, after Bonferroni correction (p(c)<0.05) only HLA-A*1101, 1102, DRB5*01-02, DQB1*05, DRB1*1201-3, DRB3*0101, 0201, 0202, 0203, 0301 and DQB1*0301, 0304 remained significant. Allele frequencies of DRB1*0701 and DRB4*0101101, 0102, 0103, DQB1*05, DRB1*1301-22, DRB3*0101, 0201, 0202, 0203, 0301 and DQB1*0301, 0304 were significantly increased in Malay SLE patients compared with healthy control individuals. In contrast, Chinese SLE patients had increased allele frequencies of DRB1*1601-1606, DQB1*05, DRB1*1201-3, DRB3*0101, 0201, 0202, 0203, 0301, DRB3*0101, 0201, 0202, 0203, 0301 and DQB1*0301, 0304 compared with healthy control individuals. HLA-A*6801-02 and DRB1*1601-1606 frequencies appeared elevated in a subset of patients with serositis and DRB1* 0401-1122 frequency was elevated in those displaying neurologic disorder. However, unequivocal evidence of these associations would require investigation of substantially larger cohorts. On the whole, our findings suggest that HLA allele associations with SLE are race specific in Malays and Chinese.     

Distribution of HLA class II alleles among Scandinavian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): An increased risk of SLE among non[DRB1*03,DQA1*0501,DQB1*0201] Class II homozygotes?

HLA-DRB1, -DRB3, -DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles were determined by DNA typing in 51 Scandinavian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 129 controls. DRB1*03,DRB3*0101,DQA1*0501,DQB1*0201 were significantly increased in the patient group, with relative risks (RR) of 2.80, 3.07, 3.55 and 2.12, respectively. These alleles are in strong linkage disequilibrium, and their possible relative contributions in predisposition to SLE are difficult to distinguish. The strongest association was found for DQA1*0501, which is in linkage disequilibrium with DRB1*03 as well as DRB1*11,12 (DR5). An increased frequency of DRB1*11,12 was observed (RR = 1.89, ns). No association with DRB1*15,16 (DR2) was found. The patients had a higher frequency of HLA class II homozygosity than the controls (RR = 5.05, p = 0.0005). When compared to the low-risk group (nonDRB1*03 class II heterozygotes), the cases homozygous for DRB1*03,DQA1*0501,DQB1*0201, known to be in linkage disequilibrium with the complement allele C4A*Q0, had the highest relative risk of developing SLE (RR = 16.39, p = 0.0002). However non[DRB1*03,DQA1*0501,DQB1*0201] class II homozygotes had a higher relative risk (RR = 4.68, p = 0.0147) than DRB1*03,DQA1*0501,DQB1*0201 heterozygotes, known to carry the C4A*Q0 allele (RR = 2.72, p = 0.0088). This may suggest that HLA class II molecules are directly involved in susceptibility to SLE.     

HLA-DP antigen and Takayasu arteritis

Sixty-four patients with Takayasu arteritis and 317 healthy individuals in the Japanese population were examined for HLA-A, -B and -C alleles by serological typing and for HLA-DR, DQ and DP alleles by DNA typing using PCR/SSOP analysis. The frequencies of HLA-Bw52, DRB1*1502, DRB5*0102, DQA1*0103, DQB1*0601 and DPB1*0901 alleles were significantly increased and the frequencies of HLA-Bw54, DRB1*0405, DRB4*0101, DQA1*0301, DQB1*0401 alleles were significantly decreased. Strong linkage disequilibria among the increased alleles and among the decreased alleles were evident in the Japanese population. Therefore, the combination or haplotype of HLA-Bw52-DRB1*1502-DRB5*0102-DQA1*0103-DQB1*0601 -DPA1*02-DPB1*0901 may confer susceptibility to Takayasu arteritis while another combination or haplotype of HLA-Bw54-DRB1*0405-DRB4*0101-DQA1*0301-DQB1++ +*0401 may confer resistance to the disease. Because this is the first evidence for the association between an HLA-DP allele and Takayasu arteritis, we examined the nucleotide sequences of the DPB1*0901 allele from a patient and her healthy relatives and found no difference. The disease is therefore not caused by a mutated DPB1 gene.     

A variant of childhood-onset myasthenia gravis: HLA typing and clinical characteristics in Japan

To investigate the correlation between clinical features and HLA DR/DQ genetic variability in myasthenia gravis (MG), we evaluated HLA DR/DQ allele frequencies in 87 Japanese patients with childhood-onset disease. HLA genotypes DRB1*1302/DQA1*0102/DQB1*0604 and DRB1*0901/DQA1*0301/DQB1*0303 were significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (P(c) < 0.0001, RR = 5.5; P(c) < 0.0001, RR = 8.5, for two genotypes, respectively). Patients who had a significantly higher likelihood of the HLA types DRB1*1302/DQA1*0102/DQB1*0604 or DRB1*0901/DQA1*0301/DQB1*0303 belonged to the latent general type (LG) of MG; this is clinically ocular type, but shows myasthenic electromyographic findings in extremity muscles. The LG type of MG was observed in 78% of patients exhibiting the clinically ocular type; this group comprised approximately 75% of patients with childhood-onset MG. These date suggest that LG type of MG may present a particular subset of childhood-onset MG, which is associated with the specific HLA subtypes DRB1*1302/DQA1*0102/DQB1*0604 and DRB1*0901/DQA1*0301/DQB1*0303.     

Polymorphism of DQA1 promoter in Italian population

We have investigated polymorphism in the 5′-URR of the DQA1 gene by PCR-SSO method in a group of 55 Italian healthy individuals olygotyped for DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 genes and in 20 10th IHWS cell lines as controls. We used primers and oligos (X and Y box) supplied by 12th IHWS and a DIG-11-ddUTP/AMPPD method. We have detected eight QAP variants (1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,2.1,3.1,4.1,4.2) in our samples. As far as the association of DR/DQ haplotype and QAP sequences, we observed cases of one to one relationship (DQA1^*0201 and QAP2.1, DQA1^*0301 and QAP3.1, DQA1^*0401 and QAP4.2, DQA1^*0501 and QAP4.1); cases in which the same QAP allele was present in different DQA1-DRB1 haplotypes (QAP1.2 with DQA1^*0102 in DRB1^*15-DQB1^*0602 and DRB1^*16-DQB1^*0502 haplotypes or with DQA1^*0103 in the DRB1^*15-DQB1^*0601 haplotypes; QAP1.3 linked to DQA1^*0102, DQA1^*0103 or DQA1^*0104 in different haplotypes; QAP4.1 linked to DQA1^*0501 in DRB1^*11-DQB1^*0301, DRB1^*0301-DQB1^*0201, DRB1^*1303-DQB1^*0301 haplotypes or to DQA1^*0601 in DRB1^*0803-DQB1^*0301); cases where the same DQA1 allele is associated with different QAP sequences according to the DRB1 specificity (DQA1^*0102 allele with QAP1.2 or QAP1.4 in DRB1^*1302). Besides, we have observed that the QAP1.3, previously reported associated with DQA1^*0101-DRB1^*1401 haplotype, is really linked to DQA1^*0104-DRB1^*1401 haplotype. An intriguing data is that sometimes the same QAP is linked to different DQA1 alleles but to the same generic DRB1 allele: DRB1^*02 haplotype includes always the QAP1.2 variant but can bring different DQA1 alleles (^*0102 or ^*0103) and DRB1^*08 haplotype has always the QAP4.2 variant with different DQA1 alleles (^*0401 or ^*0601). The variability of linkage QAP-DQA1 can give further informations about HLA susceptibility in autoimmune diseases and in regulation of immune response in transplantation and oncology.     

Motif analysis of HLA class II molecules that determine the HPV associated risk of cervical carcinogenesis

In previous studies, the HLA class II haplotype HLA DRB1*0401-DQB1*0301 was shown to correlate with susceptibility to HPV infection, CIN and cervical cancer while DRB1*0101-DQB1*0501 indicated protection. The present study was designed to identify naturally processed peptide sequences bound to the susceptibility and protective HLA DR-DQ molecules, and use this for T-helper epitope prediction from HPV 16. The HLA class II molecules were obtained by immuno-affinity purification of Epstein-Barr virus B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BCL) homozygous for HLA DQA1*0301-DQB1*0301 and HLA DQA1*0101-DQB1*0501. Peptide pools eluted from the HLA molecules were sequenced by Edman degradation. On the basis of the peptide sequence data obtained, the E6, E7, L1 and L2 proteins of HPV 16 were examined to identify sequences which are likely to bind to HLA DQB1*0301 and DQB1*0501. In addition, motif prediction as well as the binding affinity of predicted peptide motifs for HLA DRB1*0401 and DRB1*0101, the DR alleles associated with susceptibility and protection respectively, was accomplished using published data and a prediction algorithm for the naturally processed peptide sequences bound to these molecules. The HLA DQB1*0501 peptide ligand sequence showed that proline gives an outstanding signal at position 2, Asn/Arg at P1, aliphatic/aromatic amino acids in the central portion, a hydrophobic cluster at P5 with a small contribution by small polar residues and another cluster of aromatic residues towards the C-terminus. The HLA DQB1*0301 sequence also showed that proline gives an outstanding signal at position 2, Thr/Arg at P1, aliphatic/aromatic amino acids in the central portion and an aliphatic cluster with a small contribution by small polar residues at P5. There were no differences in the number of HPV peptides that were predicted as being capable of binding to HLA DQB1*0301 and HLA DQB1*0501, but more HPV peptide motifs were predicted to bind with high affinity to HLA DRB1*0101 than DRB1*0401. The results suggest that HPV 16 peptide epitopes bind with higher affinity to the protective than to susceptible HLA DR-DQ molecules which may lead to a more effective immune response.