ICU导管相关性感染及危险因素分析

目的 探讨ICU住院患者导管相关性感染(CRI)的病原学特征以及可能的影响因素.方法 对2008年1月-2009年6月医院综合ICU住院的268例患者进行观察,统计和分析这时期ICU患者的CRI发生率、病原学特征以及可能相关危险因素.结果 共收集深静脉留置管,气管插管、导尿管、胸腔引流管、腹腔引流管等556根,导管检出病原菌阳性率为38.12%,CRI发生率为34.70%,每日每1000根导管发生CRI 19.3次;CRI主要病原菌依次为革兰阳性球菌(50.50%)、革兰阴性杆菌(30.30%)和真菌(19.20%);非条件Logistic回归分析提示,重复置管、股静脉置管、使用多腔导管、长期留置导管和长期使用抗菌药物为CRI独立危险因素.结论 ICU住院患者CRI的主要病原菌为革兰阳性球菌;应加强控制CRI危险因素,预防医院感染的发生.     

肿瘤患者PICC导管相关性感染的危险因素及预防对策

目的探讨肿瘤患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)的导管相关性感染(CRI)危险因素及预防对策。方法回顾性分析340例PICC患者临床资料,比较CRI组与无CRI感染组患者在性别、年龄、病程、应用化疗、高营养药物、激素、基础疾病、操作人员经验、插管部位、导管留置时间等方面的差异。结果 CRI发生率为11.76%,单因素检验8个变量与CRI相关,logistic回归分析筛选出独立危险因素,依次为操作经验少、高营养、化疗药物应用、导管留置时间长、高龄。结论 PICC合并CRI的发生率较高,通过提高穿刺技巧和成功率、应用高营养、化疗药物需严格无菌操作及时冲管、缩短导管留置时间、提高机体免疫力,减少CRI发生。     

重症监护室中心静脉导管相关性感染分析

目的了解某院综合重症监护室（ICU）患者中心静脉导管相关性感染（CRI）发生情况,分析其感染特点,为预防感染提供对策。方法对该院综合ICU 2008年10月-2011年10月留置中心静脉导管的209例患者病历资料进行回顾性调查。结果209例患者共留置中心静脉导管256例次,发生CRI 60例次(23.44%),其中导管相关血流感染率为18.75%（48例次）,导管出口部位感染率为4.69%（12例次）。发生CRI的中位时间为8.9（2～49）d。置管时间≤2周、＞2周的CRI 发生率分别为16.09%、39.02%,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.334,P=0.000）;股静脉、颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉3种置管方式CRI发生率分别为40.00%、21.53%、18.06%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.570,P=0.023）。血及导管尖端培养病原菌48株,以革兰阴性杆菌为主（47.92%）,其次为革兰阳性球菌(37.50%)和真菌(14.58%)。结论置管部位和导管留置时间是发生CRI的危险因素,应针对相关危险因素,采取有效措施,防范CRI的发生。     

NICU患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素分析

目的 控制神经重症监护病房(NICU)患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素.方法 收集自2007-2011年入住NICU并进行中心静脉导管置管的患者资料,按照是否发生中心静脉导管感染进行分组,使用logistic回归分析方法明确NICU患者发生中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素.结果 自2007-2011年NICU进行中心静脉置管778例次,发生中心静脉导管感染175例次,发生率为22.4％,发生中心静脉导管相关性感染的平均时间9.1d;送检导管中病原菌检出阳性率为40.2％,导管血送检病原菌检出率为42.5％;logistic回归分析结果显示,糖尿病史及置入三腔导管进入最终的回归模型,OR值分别为3.777、9.094和7.342.结论 NICU患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的发病率高,中重度昏迷、糖尿病史及置入三腔导管是发生中心导管相关性感染的危险因素,建议临床对该类患者进行重点防护.     

危重病患者导管相关性感染的回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析危重病患者发生导管相关性感染(CRI)的因素。方法对近3年来ICU中351个留置深静脉导管病例的导管相关性感染发生率,插管时间、插管部位、导管腔数与感染发生率的相关性以及病原学等进行回顾性分析。结果锁骨下静脉CRI发生率13.68%>颈内静脉的5.32%,差异无统计学意义;以2周为周期分界点,股静脉、锁骨下静脉及颈内静脉CRI的各自前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);单腔和双腔的CRI分别为10.30%和5.08%,差异无统计学意义。结论导管相关性感染的发生率与留置时间密切相关,留置2周后其发生率显著增加;但与年龄、性别、插管部位及导管腔数无关。     

ICU患者导管相关感染的影响因素分析及预防

目的探讨分析ICU患者导管相关感染(CRI)的影响因素及预防对策。方法回顾性分析2014年2月-2015年8月于医院ICU中心行静脉置管的726例患者,分析CRI的发生情况;采集CRI患者的痰液、血液、脓性分泌物等进行细菌培养鉴定,统计患者的性别、年龄、有无使用呼吸机、有无静脉高营养等临床资料,分析CRI发生的相关影响因素。结果于ICU中心行静脉置管的726例患者中有58例患者发生CRI,CRI发生率为7.99%;58例CRI患者中共分离出病原菌72株,其中革兰阴性菌32株占44.44%、革兰阳性菌38株占52.78%、真菌2株占2.78%;Logistic分析结果显示,年龄65岁、导管留置时间7d、ICU类别为ICU患者发生CRI的影响因素。结论 ICU患者发生CRI的影响因素较多,缩短置管时间、严格的无菌操作、合理应用抗菌药物,对防止ICU患者发生CRI具有积极的临床意义。     

肿瘤患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的影响因素分析

目的调查肿瘤患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)的导管相关性感染(CRI)影响因素分析及预防对策,以控制感染的发生。方法对临床150例肿瘤患者的PICC导管进行临床观察以及患者出院后的定期跟踪。结果 150例肿瘤患者留置导管发生12例CRI,感染率8.0%,感染因素包括患者身体状态、药物使用、护士操作、导管置留时间以及无菌环境等。结论 PICC导管的相关性感染率较高,与多种因素有关,应针对相关危险因素进行有效干预,以降低CRI的发生。     

急性白血病患者PICC导管感染的病原学特点及影响因素研究

目的分析经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)在急性白血病患者发生导管相关感染(catheter-related infection,CRI)的病原学特点及危险因素,为进一步改善急性白血病患者的CRI提供理论依据。方法回顾性选择2015年1月-2017年11月进行PICC置管的169例急性白血病患者的临床资料,统计患者发生CRI发生率,统计分析患者的性别、年龄、病程时长、PICC置管时间、PICC穿刺次数、化疗次数、是否发生导管相关感染、感染培养及药敏结果等资料,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析CRI发生的影响因素。结果 169例急性白血病患者置管后有27例发生CRI,感染率为15.98%。共分离培养出57株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌37株占64.91%,革兰阳性菌18株占31.58%;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁、置管时间≥8个月、化疗次数≥7次、PICC穿刺≥3次是导致急性白血病患者进行PICC置管发生CRI的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论急性白血病患者进行PICC置管后发生CRI主要是以感染革兰阴性菌为主,发生CRI的影响因素较多,可以通过针对性预防措施降低医院感染的发生率,对提高临床效果及医疗质量等具有重要意义。     

老年危重症患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响老年危重症患者中心静脉导管相关性感染发生的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析医院160例老年危重症患者的临床资料,对可能影响中心静脉导管相关性感染发生的因素进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析.结果 160例老年危重症患者中,发生中心静脉导管相关性感染57例,发生率35.6％;老年危重症患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的发生与年龄、APACHEⅡ评分、导管留置部位、导管腔数、是否有静脉营养操作、导管留置时间及是否存在其他部位感染有密切关系(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);logistic回归结果发现APACHⅡ评分、有静脉营养操作、导管留置时间、存在其他部位感染是影响老年危重症患者中心静脉导管相关性感染发生的独立危险因素.结论 针对老年危重症患者中心静脉导管相关性感染发生的独立危险因素,及时制定预防方案,积极处理,减少感染的发生,以改善患者的预后.     

导管相关感染的病原学及相关危险因素

目的研究导管相关感染(catheter-related infections,CRI)的病原学及相关危险因素.方法对234例导管培养阳性病例,针对插管时间、拔管时间、插管部位、插管次数、临床表现、病原学及相关危险因素进行分析.结果66例患者确诊为CRI,其中真菌、表皮葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌在临床确诊病例中分别为22.7%、20.0%、16.7%;表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、酿脓链球菌在临床未确诊病例中分别为60.7%、14.3%、7.1%;与未确诊病例相比,CRI与患者的年龄、性别无关(P＞0.05),与导管留置时间、插管次数、插管部位有相关性(P＜0.05).结论CRI的主要病原菌为真菌、表皮葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌;长时间放置导管、反复插管及经颈内静脉置管可增加CRI的危险性.     

EICU中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素分析及护理对策

目的探讨急诊重症监护病房(EICU)患者深静脉置管后,中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素及护理对策。方法采用表单式记录方法,记录置管前手消毒、置管时机、置管部位、置管频次、置管时间、穿刺点护理、输液接头、敷料选择等内容。结果通过对64例置管患者的干预,其导管相关性感染的发生率为7.8%,其危险因素主要与置管技术、无菌原则、插管部位、使用时间、导管维护等有关。结论中心静脉导管在临床使用中由于多种因素的影响感染的发生难以避免,针对其危险因素,采用表单式的护理方法,可以提醒操作者及维护者在置管前的准备、置管中的配合及置管后的护理方法,从而降低感染的发生率。     

Clinical experience with the multiple lumen central venous catheter

One hundred four multiple lumen central venous catheters (MLC) were evaluated in 74 seriously ill patients. Eighty percent of the catheters were placed in an intensive care unit. Each MLC served as access for a mean of 4.5 different functions, including infusions, central venous monitoring and phlebotomy. Complications occurred with 16 MLC (15.4%), including two aberrant placements, 10 mechanical problems, and four septic catheters (3.8%). Simultaneous administration of TPN and other infusions through MLC did not affect the rate of catheter sepsis. MLC are well tolerated and cost effective. They increase the comfort of patients who require complex venous access or who lack peripheral veins. They allow safe concurrent administration of TPN, medications, and central venous monitoring.     

Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections using non-technologic strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of nosocomial bacteremias related to the use of non-impregnated central venous catheters (CVCs) when only non-technologic strategies were used to prevent them. DESIGN: This was a prospective study of infectious complications of CVCs placed in intensive care unit (ICU) patients from April 1997 to December 2001. SETTING: The medical-surgical ICU of a tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospital in Argentina. METHODS: We studied all patients admitted to the ICU using non-impregnated CVCs. Maximal sterile barrier precautions (ie, use of cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves, and large sterile drape), strict handwashing, preparation of the patients' skin with antiseptic solutions, insertion and management of catheters by trained personnel, and continuing quality improvement programs aimed at appropriate insertion and maintenance of catheters were employed. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,525 patients were admitted to the ICU. Eight hundred sixty-eight patients had 1,037 CVCs inserted. The number of CVC-related bloodstream infections (BSIs), acquired in the ICU, was 2.7 per 1,000 CVC-days (13 nosocomial CVC-related BSIs during 4,770 days of CVC use). Microorganisms isolated included methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (n = 6), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (n = 2), coagulase-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (n = 2), Escherichia coli (n = 1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1), and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: A low rate of catheter-related BSI was achieved without antimicrobial-impregnated catheters. The incidence of CVC-associated bacteremias corresponded to the 10th to 20th percentile range of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System hospitals for the same type of ICU.     

Inappropriate intravascular device use: a prospective study

Despite the clinical significance of complications due to intravascular catheters, the inappropriate use of intravascular catheters in hospitalised patients has not been adequately characterised. The objective of this prospective observational study was to develop definitions for appropriate intravascular device use, to estimate the frequency of inappropriate use of intravascular devices, and to examine risk factors and outcomes associated with inappropriate use in hospitalised patients. Among 436 patients admitted between October and December 2007, a total of 2909 hospitalisation days and use of 876 intravascular devices was observed. Of the 3806 total catheter-days recorded, 1179 (31%) were found to be inappropriate based on the study criteria. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age, total number of catheters used and total duration of catheterisation were risk factors for inappropriate device use (P<0.05). Inappropriate usage was strongly associated with increased intensive care unit admission (P<0.05) and length of hospital stay (4.9±4.3 days for appropriate vs 8.5±12.6 days for inappropriate; P<0.05). Use of central venous catheters was not a predictor for inappropriate device use. Inappropriate intravascular device use is a very common phenomenon in hospitalised patients and is strongly linked to adverse device-related outcomes. These results may be used to develop strategies to systematically reduce excessive intravascular device use which would be expected to reduce adverse events associated with morbidity, mortality, and excess healthcare costs.     

谷氨酰胺强化的肠外营养对肠瘘病人腔静脉导管感染的影响

目的:观察谷氨酰胺(Gln)强化的肠外营养(PN)对肠瘘病人腔静脉导管感染(CRI)的发生率及细菌谱的影响.方法:对2002年10月至2003年12月该院收治的使用腔静脉导管进行PN的肠瘘病人进行前瞻、随机研究.对照组接受常规全肠外营养(TPN),Gln组在常规TPN中加入力肽100ml.结果:117例肠瘘病人,共进行139次腔静脉置管.对照组71例病人共进行84次腔静脉置管,细菌定植的发生率为26.2%,导管相关性血行感染(CRBSI)的发生率为6.0%.Gln组46例病人共进行55次腔静脉置管,细菌定植的发生率为12.7%,CR-BSI为1.8%.Gln组和对照组病人革兰阴性细菌感染的发生率分别为3.6%与16.7%,二者有显著性差异(P=0.037).结论:Gln强化的PN可以减少肠瘘病人CRI的发生,尤其是来源于肠道的革兰阴性菌的感染.     

中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素调查分析

目的通过对中心静脉导管相关性感染的调查分析,探讨中心静脉导管相关性感染的防治。方法分析2007年1月-2008年12月临床31例中心静脉导管感染病例。结果 31例置管感染患者置管时间最短7 d,最长58 d,平均置管时间23.38 d;感染发生>7 d者29例,占93.55%,其中>2周的22例,占70.97%;20例感染前全身性使用抗菌药物,占64.52%;感染与导管留置时间、置管部位等相关,危重、老年患者是导管相关性感染的易感人群。结论减少导管留置时间,长期留置导管患者需加强导管的监测与管理。     

Effectiveness of surveillance of central catheter-related bloodstream infection in an ICU in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether surveillance and infection control interventions decrease the incidence of catheter-related (CR) bloodstream infections (BSIs) in Korea. SETTING: A medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital in Korea. DESIGN: The CR infection rate of the intervention period was compared to that of historical controls for a 4-month period. PATIENTS: All patients with a central venous catheter in the intensive care unit (ICU) from October 1998 to January 1999. METHODS: Active infection control programs were initiated during the intervention period. Data collected included patient characteristics, risk factors of CR infection, and the microbiology laboratory results. Laboratory-proven CR infection rates were compared between the intervention group and control group. RESULTS: 304 catheters were inserted into 248 patients. The intervention group and the control group showed similar characteristics, but more patients in the intervention group received steroid therapy, and subclavian insertion was more common in the intervention group. CR BSI occurred in 1.3 per 1,000 catheter-days in the intervention group and 4.2 in the control group (binomial test, P=.14). CR infections were associated with the duration of ICU admission by multivariate logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested that an active infection surveillance and control program could reduce the rate of CR     

Bloodstream infection related to catheter connections: a prospective trial of two connection systems

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) related to central venous catheters (CVCs) and arterial catheters (ACs) are an increasing problem in the management of critically ill patients. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of a needle-free valve connection system (SmartSite), Alaris Medical Systems, San Diego, CA, USA) in the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI). Patients admitted to an intensive care unit were prospectively assigned to have a CVC and AC connected with either a needle-free valve connection system (NFVCS) or a three-way stopcock connection (3WSC). The characteristics of the patients were similar in the two groups. Before manipulation, the NFVCS was disinfected with chlorhexidine digluconate 0.5% alcoholic solution. The 3WSC was not disinfected between use but it was covered with a protection cap. A total of 799 patients requiring the insertion of a multilumen CVC or AC for >48h from 1 April 2002 to 31 December 2003 were included. CR-BSI rates were 4.61 per 1000 days of catheter use in the disinfected NFVCS group and 4.11 per 1000 days of catheter use in the 3WSC group (P=0.59). When CVC-BSIs and AC-BSIs were analysed separately, the rate of CVC-BSI was 4.26 per 1000 days of catheter use in the NFVCS group, compared with 5.27 in the 3WSC group (P=0.4). The incidence rate of AC-BSI was 5.00 per 1000 days of catheter use in the NFVCS group, compared with 2.83 in the 3WSC group (P=0.08). The use of NFVCS does not reduce the incidence of catheter-related bacteraemia. The arterial catheter (AC) is a significant source of infection in critically ill patients.     

Hemodynamic monitoring in the intensive care unit

Patients in the intensive care unit are often critically ill with inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. This inadequate delivery of substrates at the cellular level is a common definition of shock. Hemodynamic monitoring is the observation of cardiovascular physiology. The purpose of hemodynamic monitoring is to identify abnormal physiology and intervene before complications, including organ failure and death, occur. The most common types of invasive hemodynamic monitors are central venous catheters, pulmonary artery catheters, and arterial pulse-wave analysis. Ultrasonography is a noninvasive alternative being used in intensive care units for hemodynamic measurements and assessments.     

ICU老年外科患者获得性肺部感染及其相关性独立危险因素的研究

目的研究ＳＩＣＵ患者ＮＰ相关的独立危险因素与年龄（老年组和非老年组）、ＮＰ发生率的关系。方法调查外科监护病房（ＳＩＣＵ）获得性肺部感染（ＮＰ）相关的独立危险因素,包括：基础疾病、休克、意识改变、慢性肺部疾病、机械通气的使用和持续时间、误吸、Ｈ２受体阻断剂的使用等在老年组患者（年龄≥６０岁）和非老年组患者（年龄＜６０岁）中分布情况及其ＮＰ发生率。结果４５２例ＳＩＣＵ患者中,老年组１９６例患者ＮＰ发生率２１．４％,非老年组２５６例患者ＮＰ发生率为１１．４％,老年患者ＮＰ发生率明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。老年组患者平均机械通气使用时间长,ＮＰ的发生率高于非老年组患者（Ｐ＜０．０５）,合并慢性肺部疾病的比例及ＮＰ发生率明显高于非老年组患者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论机械通气使用时间长、误吸多、合并慢性肺部疾病的比例高是本研究中老年患者ＮＰ发生率明显高于非老年患者的重要原因