Material properties of trabecular bone structures

The transplantation of human allograft for restoration and filling of cortical bone defects is well known. Our aim was an experimental investigation of the mechanical stability of the often used femoral head spongiosa depending on the caliber and extent of the allograft. To evaluate the orientation of the trabecular structures of the femoral head and relate this data to its mechanical properties, morphometric studies were combined with mechanical tests of cancellous bone specimens. The mechanical examination of the allograft was done following the compression test according to DIN 50106. We examined 36 human unfixed hip joint spongiosa cylinders with a height of 11 mm and a diameter of 24 mm. We took three specimens from each femoral head. We compressed the allograft at a constant velocity of 0.017 mm/sec. We calculated the maximum compression strength, the yield point and the Young's modulus. We also examined 12 parallelepipedic specimens with (17 x 17 x 51 mm) for morphometric analysis and loading in the direction of the primary compressive group (PCG), as well as perpendicular loading and at an angle of 45 degrees. We found divergent mechanical stabilities. None of the femoral heads showed comparable compressive strength. There was no position dependency of the strength of the samples. No relation between optical appearance and strength was found. We found a value for the lower compressive strength, which can be used for calculation as a basic value for safe constructions. Furthermore we tested the well known dependence of strength on the direction of the trabecular structure. We found a strong relationship between strength and load direction on the preferred direction of the trabecular structure. The sole recommendation resulting from our investigations is to rely on the lowest compressive strength for all preoperative planning. Relying on higher compressive strength by using the theoretical predicted areas of higher strength is hazardous since we found no correlation between position of sampling and strength. The size of our samples is important, because of the fact that different sizes of the samples might cause different failure mechanisms in the samples. The preparation of the femoral head spongiosa should be done according to the primary compressive group of the trabecular structure.     

不同角度载荷下股骨头骨小梁的生物力学特性

目的探讨不同角度载荷对股骨头骨小梁形态学与力学性能的影响,为研究股骨头坏死、塌陷的生物力学机制提供理论依据。方法利用12月龄羊股骨头和人尸体股骨头分别制作羊股骨头骨小梁试件94个和人股骨头骨小梁试件43个。按照受力方向与骨小梁主压力方向之间的不同夹角,将骨小梁以10°间隔分为内翻10°、0°和外翻10°、20°、30°共计5组,模拟股骨颈骨折内固定术后不同戈登(Garden)对线指数下的复位情况。通过分别对羊股骨头骨小梁进行micro-CT扫描、计算与压缩破坏试验以及对人尸体股骨头骨小梁进行循环压缩试验,分析不同受力方向下股骨头骨小梁的骨体积分数(BV/TV)、骨表面积/骨体积(BS/BV)、骨小梁平均厚度(Tb.Th)、骨小梁数量(Tb.N)、骨小梁间距(Tb.Sp)等形态学指标以及弹性模量、极限强度、屈服强度、初始弹性模量、循环次数等力学指标。结果加载方向与骨小梁的主压力方向之间夹角为0°时,BV/TV、Tb.Th以及弹性模量、极限强度、屈服强度、初始弹性模量、循环次数均为最大,而BS/BV与Tb.N为最小,并随着夹角增大前者呈递减而后者呈递增趋势。结论 12月龄羊股骨头骨小梁BV/TV与极限强度随受力方向与骨小梁主压力方向之间夹角变化的趋势与人股骨头骨小梁一致;加载方向与主压力骨小梁之间夹角增大时,股骨头骨小梁形态学与力学性能均下降;Garden指数偏离160°越大时,股骨头内骨小梁越易发生损伤。     

不同角度载荷下股骨头骨小梁的生物力学特性

目的 探讨不同角度载荷对股骨头骨小梁形态学与力学性能的影响,为研究股骨头坏死、塌陷的生物力学机制提供理论依据。方法 利用12月龄羊股骨头和人尸体股骨头分别制作羊股骨头骨小梁试件94个和人股骨头骨小梁试件43个。按照受力方向与骨小梁主压力方向之间的不同夹角,将骨小梁以10°间隔分为内翻10°、0°和外翻10°、20°、30°共计5组,模拟股骨颈骨折内固定术后不同戈登（Garden）对线指数下的复位情况。通过分别对羊股骨头骨小梁进行micro-CT扫描、计算与压缩破坏试验以及对人尸体股骨头骨小梁进行循环压缩试验,分析不同受力方向下股骨头骨小梁的骨体积分数（BV/TV）、骨表面积/骨体积（BS/BV）、骨小梁平均厚度（Tb.Th）、骨小梁数量（Tb.N）、骨小梁间距（Tb.Sp）等形态学指标以及弹性模量、极限强度、屈服强度、初始弹性模量、循环次数等力学指标。结果 加载方向与骨小梁的主压力方向之间夹角为0°时,BV/TV、Tb.Th以及弹性模量、极限强度、屈服强度、初始弹性模量、循环次数均为最大,而BS/BV与Tb.N为最小,并随着夹角增大前者呈递减而后者呈递增趋势。结论 12月龄羊股骨头骨小梁BV/TV与极限强度随受力方向与骨小梁主压力方向之间夹角变化的趋势与人股骨头骨小梁一致;加载方向与主压力骨小梁之间夹角增大时,股骨头骨小梁形态学与力学性能均下降;Garden指数偏离160°越大时,股骨头内骨小梁越易发生损伤。     

不同角度载荷下股骨头骨小梁的生物力学特性

目的 探讨不同角度载荷对股骨头骨小梁形态学与力学性能的影响,为研究股骨头坏死、塌陷的生物力学机制提供理论依据。方法 利用12月龄羊股骨头和人尸体股骨头分别制作羊股骨头骨小梁试件94个和人股骨头骨小梁试件43个。按照受力方向与骨小梁主压力方向之间的不同夹角,将骨小梁以10°间隔分为内翻10°、0°和外翻10°、20°、30°共计5组,模拟股骨颈骨折内固定术后不同戈登（Garden）对线指数下的复位情况。通过分别对羊股骨头骨小梁进行micro-CT扫描、计算与压缩破坏试验以及对人尸体股骨头骨小梁进行循环压缩试验,分析不同受力方向下股骨头骨小梁的骨体积分数（BV/TV）、骨表面积/骨体积（BS/BV）、骨小梁平均厚度（Tb.Th）、骨小梁数量（Tb.N）、骨小梁间距（Tb.Sp）等形态学指标以及弹性模量、极限强度、屈服强度、初始弹性模量、循环次数等力学指标。结果 加载方向与骨小梁的主压力方向之间夹角为0°时,BV/TV、Tb.Th以及弹性模量、极限强度、屈服强度、初始弹性模量、循环次数均为最大,而BS/BV与Tb.N为最小,并随着夹角增大前者呈递减而后者呈递增趋势。结论 12月龄羊股骨头骨小梁BV/TV与极限强度随受力方向与骨小梁主压力方向之间夹角变化的趋势与人股骨头骨小梁一致;加载方向与主压力骨小梁之间夹角增大时,股骨头骨小梁形态学与力学性能均下降;Garden指数偏离160°越大时,股骨头内骨小梁越易发生损伤。     

股骨近端主张力骨小梁生物力学特性

目的 研究股骨近端主张力骨小梁的生物力学性能,为解释股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的发生原因提供实验依据.方法 取8个正常国人(45 ～60岁)尸体股骨,排除畸形、骨折等病变.将近端主张力骨小梁系统从外侧到内侧分成3个区,在每个区内沿主张力小梁方向及与其垂直方向切取骨小梁试件,并分别在EnduraTEC ELF3200生物力学...     

骨质疏松患者股骨头不同区域骨结构与生物力学分析

目的探讨老年股骨颈骨折病人的股骨头样本各个区域的结构和生物力学性能差异,研究不同区域显微结构和生物力学特征及其对内固定物的影响。方法收集20个老年股骨颈骨折病人关节置换术后股骨头标本,以股骨头表面解剖标志点为参照,将股骨头按平分方法分为外侧、内侧、中间三部分。确定环钻的位置和钻取方向,用环钻于不同区域钻取直径10 mm、高10 mm圆柱形松质骨柱。通过Micro-CT系统扫描分析,分析不同区域内松质骨柱数据,包括骨体积分数(BVF)、骨小梁间隙(Tb.Sp)、骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)、骨小梁数目(Tb.N)、骨表面积体积比(BS/BV)、结构模型指数(SMI)。应用微有限元计算不同区域骨组织的力学差异。结果老年股骨头颈内骨质含量下降,显微结构和生物力学性能区域变化明显,中间区域的骨结构和力学性能明显优于内侧和外侧。结论股骨头中间部位骨骼结构和力学强度明显优于内侧和外侧,在临床治疗骨质疏松股骨颈骨折的时候需要充分考虑内固定的部位。     

密质骨各向异性性质的力学实验及细观分析

目的研究牛股骨密质骨的微观结构特征与其力学行为间的关系。方法对牛股骨密质骨纵向和横向试样分别进行压缩实验;对破坏后的纵向和横向试样进行断裂路径、断裂表面微结构特征观察;基于复合材料细观力学的理论,分析密质骨中骨单元方向对骨纵向和横向弹性模量及断裂极限强度的影响。结果纵向试样的压缩弹性模量和断裂极限强度均明显大于横向试样的压缩弹性模量和断裂极限强度;纵向试样的断裂路径与加载方向近似为0°,且比较平直,而横向试样的断裂路径与加载方向近似为45°,且比较曲折;纵向试样断面中存在许多与加载方向平行的条状结构,断面较为光滑,而横向试样断面存在许多圆弧形凹坑或凸起,断面较为粗糙。结论牛股骨密质骨具有各向异性的力学性质,其各向异性力学性质与骨单元方向密切相关。     

Changes in bone architecture in the femoral head and neck in osteoarthritis

This study analyses changes in the bony architecture of the femoral head and neck in osteoarthritis. Five osteoarthritic hips were obtained from female patients undergoing total hip replacement and were compared to non-arthritic control specimens from the dissecting room. Analysis was carried out on a coronal bony slice of the femoral head and on a transverse section of the upper femoral neck. The results indicated that in the region of the compressive trabeculae the intertrabecular areas were generally smaller in the osteoarthritic specimens and that the inferior part of the cortex of the femoral neck had thickened. Our data thus quantified changes consistent with the thickening of compressive trabeculae reported by others and with thickening of the region of the femoral neck on which they converge. We found less trabecular bone in non-weight-bearing regions of the lower femoral head and in the medulla of the upper neck in the osteoarthritic specimens consistent with loss of tensile trabeculae. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that bone resorption activity was higher in the subchondral and non-weight-bearing regions of the osteoarthritic femoral heads than in the controls.     

股骨头坏死松质骨生物力学特征的空间分布规律

目的 探究股骨头坏死松质骨微观结构参数和力学性能的空间分布规律,为临床诊断中科学评估病灶对病情的影响提供理论依据。方法 结合影像学测量和数值模拟方法,定量分析不同区域松质骨的微观结构参数和力学性能,分别从冠状面、矢状面和水平面投影方向上探究松质骨生物力学特征的空间分布特点。结果 在股骨头冠状面和矢状面投影方向上,松质骨的微观结构特征与力学性能大致呈Y型分布,Y形区域内松质骨的力学性能高于其他区域,该分布特点与股骨头内的主压应力束的位置相吻合。结论 位于股骨头Y形区域内的坏死灶对股骨头内应力分布的影响程度会更大,更有可能导致病情恶化。临床诊断中应充分考虑坏死灶和Y形区域的位置关系。     

图像相关法测试股骨近端骨小梁压缩特性

目的改善传统方法做压缩测试的不足,更准确地反映骨小梁的压缩弹性模量,探究股骨近端骨小梁的压缩生物力学特性,为临床诊疗提供实验室依据。方法运用微材料力学测试系统,对正常国人(45～60岁)尸体股骨近端骨小梁沿主压力方向及与其垂直方向的压缩性能进行实验研究。结果测得了股骨近端骨小梁在主压力方向压缩弹性模量为(335.26±183.85)MPa,与其垂直方向的压缩弹性模量为(59.27±23.88)MPa,骨小梁在主压力方向上的生物力学性能要明显高于主张力方向;记录了载荷下的骨小梁的位移及应变分布图,负载时骨小梁的位移及应变分布是不均匀的。结论应用微材料力学测试系统测试股骨近端骨小梁压缩弹性模量以更准确地反映其力学性能的方法是可行的,股骨近端骨小梁的压缩性能具有各向异性和不均匀性。     

Peri-implant bone microstructure determines dynamic implant cut-out

Dynamic implant cut-out is a frequent complication associated with surgical fracture fixation. In this in vitro study, we investigated the influence of the local trabecular bone microstructure on the rate and path of implant migration. Dynamic hip screws were implanted into six human femoral head specimens with a wide range of bone volume fractions. The specimens were subjected to image-guided failure assessment using physiological dynamic hip loading. Mechanical testing was used intermittently with high-resolution computed tomography scanning. A high correlation was found between the bone volume fraction and implant migration (R² = 0.95). Profiles of the bone-implant interface were computed based on the positions of the screw and the femoral head. With a larger interface, the implant migration rate was smaller. The bone-implant interface was significantly smaller on the approximated screw migration path than if it had been on a straight line in loading direction. We thus hypothesize that implants migrate on a path of least resistance. This would indicate a relevant mechanism for targeted surgical intervention.     

Trabecular architecture of the great ape and human femoral head

Studies of femoral trabecular structure have shown that the orientation and volume of bone are associated with variation in loading and could be informative about individual joint positioning during locomotion. In this study, we analyse for the first time trabecular bone patterns throughout the femoral head using a whole‐epiphysis approach to investigate how potential trabecular variation in humans and great apes relates to differences in locomotor modes. Trabecular architecture was analysed using microCT scans of Pan troglodytes (n = 20), Gorilla gorilla (n = 14), Pongo sp. (n = 5) and Homo sapiens (n = 12) in medtool 4.1. Our results revealed differences in bone volume fraction (BV/TV) distribution patterns, as well as overall trabecular parameters of the femoral head between great apes and humans. Pan and Gorilla showed two regions of high BV/TV in the femoral head, consistent with hip posture and loading during two discrete locomotor modes: knuckle‐walking and climbing. Most Pongo specimens also displayed two regions of high BV/TV, but these regions were less discrete and there was more variability across the sample. In contrast, Homo showed only one main region of high BV/TV in the femoral head and had the lowest BV/TV, as well as the most anisotropic trabeculae. The Homo trabecular structure is consistent with stereotypical loading with a more extended hip compared with great apes, which is characteristic of modern human bipedalism. Our results suggest that holistic evaluations of femoral head trabecular architecture can reveal previously undetected patterns linked to locomotor behaviour in extant apes and can provide further insight into hip joint loading in fossil hominins and other primates.     

A study on the mechanical properties of beagle femoral head using the digital speckle correlation method

The mechanical properties of the femoral head are known to play an important role in the athletic performance of animals. In this paper, the full-field displacement and strain distributions of beagle femoral head samples in the U and V fields under loading were measured using the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM), and some deformation characteristics were analyzed. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were calculated to demonstrate the notable axial anisotropy of the femoral head. The axial compressive Young's modulus varies from 361 MPa to 583 MPa, and the transverse one is 213 MPa. The Poisson's ratio in the axial–transverse direction ranges from 0.14 to 0.29, and the one in the transverse–axial direction is 0.07. Experimental results validated the accuracy of this measurement, providing a potential reference for investigating the deformation performance of the femoral head.     

Calcium phosphate cement composites in revision hip arthroplasty

Loosening of the femoral component in a total hip arthroplasty with concomitant bone loss can pose a problem for revision surgery due to inadequate structure in the remaining femur. While impaction allografting has shown promise, it has also shown serious complications, especially with moderate to severe bone loss. It may be possible to stabilize the graft layer with a bioresorbable cement to improve clinical results. This study examines the mechanical properties of a potential morsellized bone-bioresorbable composite. Morsellized bone was mixed with a commercially available bioresorbable cement (alpha-BSM, Etex Corp.) in compositions of 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% bone. Unconfined compression and diametral tensile and confined compression tests were performed to determine the composite mechanical properties. The composition containing 50% bone tended to exhibit the highest uniaxial strengths, as well as the highest confined compression modulus. The uniaxial compressive strength and stiffness of this composition was in the range of cancellous bone. Uniaxial compressive modulus decreased with increasing bone fraction whereas elongation exhibited the opposite trend. Bone fraction had a significant effect on compressive strength (p < 0.0001), compressive modulus (p < 0.0001), elongation (p < 0.01), tensile strength (p < 0.0001) and confined compressive modulus (p = 0.04). The addition of a bioresorbable cement to the allograft layer may improve the properties of the layer, preventing early subsidence seen in some clinical studies of impaction allografting, and therefore improving the clinical results. Further testing is required to evaluate the in vitro mechanical performance, as well as in vivo remodelling characteristics.     

股骨头坏死中松质骨微观力学特性的演变规律

目的采用结合显微CT和显微有限元分析方法,即基于显微CT图像建立三维有限元模型并进行数值模拟仿真分析,无创研究不同分期的坏死股骨头松质骨的微结构和微观力学性能,以期了解在股骨头坏死的发展过程中,松质骨微结构和微观力学特性的变化规律,为临床预测股骨头坏死提供理论基础。方法采集10例股骨头坏死患者的股骨头标本的显微CT图像,按照国际骨循环研究学会分期标准分为Ⅱ期样本3例,Ⅲ期3例,Ⅳ期4例。将图像中骨组织进行阈值分割,分区域建立坏死区、侧向区、硬化区和远端区的松质骨块三维有限元模型(边长8 mm),并根据CT值赋予非均匀材料属性。利用ImageJ软件中的BoneJ插件通过识别显微CT组图像,计算测量各区域松质骨的微结构参数,包括骨体积分数、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁间隙、结构模型指数。对松质骨块施加表观应变为1%的压缩载荷,计算骨组织应力和松质骨表观刚度等参数,对比分析各分期、各分区结果。结果在松质骨微结构方面,Ⅳ期较Ⅱ期的股骨头内部硬化区和坏死区的变化最为明显,硬化区的骨体积分数不断上升,骨小梁间隙下降,结构模型指数减小,而坏死区域与之相反;在骨组织微观受力方面,Ⅱ期到Ⅲ期坏死区域的应力并没有明显变化,而硬化区域随着分期增加应力不断上升,侧向区的应力不断下降。表观刚度变化与应力变化一致。结论随着股骨头坏死程度的加剧,硬化区的松质骨微结构和力学性能变化最大,应作为临床早期诊断中重点关注的区域。此外,微结构参数并不能准确体现松质骨的力学行为,而股骨头塌陷最终取决于其力学特性,因此结合有限元分析方法可更加全面了解股骨头坏死的微观力学演变规律。     

股骨头松质骨力学性质实验研究

目的 研究股骨头松质骨力学性质，为临床提供生物力学参数。方法 对正常国人新鲜尸体股骨头松质骨的拉伸、压缩、扭转、剪切、弯曲、冲击力学性能进行实验研究。结果 得出了股骨头松质骨的拉伸、压缩破坏载荷、强度极限、弹性模量，扭转破坏扭矩、扭转剪切强度极限，弯曲破坏载荷、弯曲强度极限、剪切破坏载荷、剪切强度极限，冲击功、冲击韧性等测试指标的实验结果。结论 股骨头松质骨抗压强度大于抗拉强度，压缩弹性模量大于拉伸弹性模量，扭转强度大于剪切强度，抗弯强度与抗压强度接近。     

Acoustic emission and mechanical properties of trabecular bone

The mechanical properties of trabecular bone and a simple plug prosthetic system have been determined over a range of displacement from 0.1 to 5 mm/min. Acoustic emission, a technique which is capable of detecting dynamic processes within a material, was used to monitor the compression tests on the prosthetic system. It was found that the stiffness and strength of trabecular bone and the prosthetic system increased with increasing strain rate of testing. The acoustic emission results demonstrated that the improvement in mechanical behaviour at the fast strain rates was accompanied by a decrease in the extent of the failure of the trabeculae. The technique of activation analysis has been applied to the results in order to identify the rate controlling fracture mechanism. Finally, the strength of the prosthetic system was correlated with the shear and compressive strengths of trabecular bone.     

Mechanical evaluation of bone samples following alendronate therapy in healthy male dogs

Alendronate and other bisphosphonates are clinically efficacious in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease and hypercalcemia associated with malignancy. Because bisphosphonates are being considered for use in younger patients with joint replacements to prevent osteolysis, and for stress fracture prophylaxis in military recruits, it is important to know how bisphosphonate therapy affects healthy bone. We sought to determine whether bones from healthy male dogs exhibit alterations in structural or mechanical properties following alendronate treatment for 23 weeks. We tested trabecular tissue samples in compression and determined tissue ash density. We tested whole long bones in bending and torsion. For trabecular samples, we evaluated trabecular modulus, strength, and density. For whole bone specimens, we compared structural stiffness and ultimate load. We found no significant differences in any measure, between canines treated with alendronate for 23 weeks and controls, although we found consistent trends toward higher properties in the treated group. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between stiffness and strength measures for each mechanical test. Our results indicate bisphosphonate treatment in healthy canines does not weaken the properties of bone. The trends indicate a slight positive overall effect of alendronate treatment on the mechanical properties of healthy canine bone.     

个性化3D打印钛合金短柄股骨假体的生物力学评价

目的 评估个性化3D钛合金打印短柄股骨假体的生物力学性能。方法 采用4种不同的短柄股骨假体：3D打印1组(假体A)、3D打印2组(假体B)、BE组(假体C)、SMF组(假体D),分别对12根成人尸体股骨标本实行人工股骨头置换。在万能材料力学试验机上通过初始稳定性测试和静力压缩测试,对比分析4组假体模型变形量、最大压缩载荷、最大压缩位移和抗压缩刚度。结果 初始稳定性测试结果显示,3D打印2组假体变形量略低于3D打印1组,而明显低于SMF组和BE组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3D打印2组假体最大压缩载荷、抗压缩刚度均大于其余3组,最大压缩位移小于其余3组,差异仍无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 个性化3D打印钛合金短柄股骨假体力学性能与目前临床常用的股骨SMF、BE 1假体相当,力学稳定性较好。     

Adaptations of Trabecular Bone to Low Magnitude Vibrations Result in More Uniform Stress and Strain Under Load

Extremely low magnitude mechanical stimuli (<10 microstrain) induced at high frequencies are anabolic to trabecular bone. Here, we used finite element (FE) modeling to investigate the mechanical implications of a one year mechanical intervention. Adult female sheep stood with their hindlimbs either on a vibrating plate (30 Hz, 0.3 g) for 20 min/d, 5 d/wk or on an inactive plate. Microcomputed tomography data of 1 cm bone cubes extracted from the medial femoral condyles were transformed into FE meshes. Simulated compressive loads applied to the trabecular meshes in the three orthogonal directions indicated that the low level mechanical intervention significantly increased the apparent trabecular tissue stiffness of the femoral condyle in the longitudinal (+17%, p < 0.02), anterior–posterior (+29%, p < 0.01), and medial-lateral (+37%, p < 0.01) direction, thus reducing apparent strain magnitudes for a given applied load. For a given apparent input strain (or stress), the resultant stresses and strains within trabeculae were more uniformly distributed in the off-axis loading directions in cubes of mechanically loaded sheep. These data suggest that trabecular bone responds to low level mechanical loads with intricate adaptations beyond a simple reduction in apparent strain magnitude, producing a structure that is stiffer and less prone to fracture for a given load. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society.