人脑投射纤维弥散张量纤维束成像的初步研究

目的 利用弥散张量纤维束成像显示人脑内部分投射纤维的三维结构，探讨其与解剖学描述的一致性。资料与方法 对1名正常志愿者进行单次激发回波平面弥散张量成像，利用纤维束成像软件包显示人脑部分投射纤维的三维结构，观察重建的投射纤维与解剖学描述的一致性。结果 通过选择恰当的感兴趣区，设置不同的部分各向异性阈值、角度阈值、步长和体素长度内采样数目等参数，弥散张量纤维束成像可以清楚地显示皮质脊髓束、视放射、内侧丘系、小脑上脚、中脚和下脚等投射纤维的三维结构，显示结果与解剖学描述具有较好的一致性。结论 投射纤维纤维束成像的结果与解剖学描述具有较好的一致性，该方法是一种较可靠的研究人脑纤维连接的方法。     

大脑胶质瘤DTT初步研究

目的:评价磁共振弥散张量纤维束成像技术在大脑胶质瘤所导致的大脑白质纤维异常改变中的价值。方法:分别对15例大脑胶质瘤患者进行弥散张量成像,对所获得的数据进行弥散张量纤维束成像,获得FA图、DEC图和DTT图,观察不同病变所引起的白质纤维束的改变情况。结果:15个病变累及的白质纤维束有弓状纤维、上纵束、内囊、上额枕束和胼胝体。白质纤维束的异常改变有2个类型:破坏 浸润5例、破坏 移位10例。结论:弥散张量纤维束成像可以显示颅内肿瘤所造成的白质纤维的异常改变,立体显示肿瘤与白质纤维束之间的关系,有利于肿瘤手术方案的制定和病人预后的预测。     

颈髓白质纤维束磁共振扩散张量成像的初步研究

目的:利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)研究正常成人颈髓的各向异性程度,探讨颈髓白质纤维束成像的可能性和应用价值。方法:使用单次激发自旋回波平面回波(SE-EPI)序列对14例MR检查正常的健康志愿者行颈髓弥散张量成像检查。重建FA图,在颈髓各节段分别测量FA值。利用日本东京大学Masutani开发的DTVⅡ和VolumeOne纤维束示踪成像软件进行白质纤维束成像。结果:颈髓平均FA值0.6583±0.0737,所有FA图上颈髓显示清晰,没有明显图像失真。白质纤维束成像三维显示颈髓大部分主要的纤维束。结论:DTI有效地显示颈髓白质纤维的各向异性特征及白质纤维束的分布和走向,对颈髓疾病的研究提供了新的方法。     

正常成人大脑胼胝体弥散张量纤维束成像研究

目的 :利用磁共振弥散张量纤维束成像技术 ,研究正常成人大脑胼胝体的形状和结构。方法 :分别对 1 0名正常志愿者 (男 5例 ,女 5例。年龄为 2 4～ 6 5岁 ,平均年龄 4 0 .9岁 )进行弥散张量成像 ,将所得数据输入个人计算机 ,应用日本东京大学附属医院放射科影像计算和分析实验室所研制的软件 :Volume one1 .5 6和diffusionTENSORVisualizer 1 .5 (dTV)进行大脑胼胝体纤维束成像。结果 :本研究成功的在活体显示大脑胼胝体的形状和结构 ,在彩色FA图矢状面上胼胝体呈半月形 ,在弥散张量纤维束图横断面上呈蜈蚣状。结论 :弥散张量纤维束成像可以显示正常人大脑胼胝体 ,为大脑白质纤维束的研究开辟了一新的广阔领域。     

纤维束弥散张量成像:3T和1.5T磁共振成像对比

目的:有报道提出3T弥散张量成像(DTI)比1.5T的成像质量更好,因为它具有更高的信噪比。但是目前还没有任何报道对3T和1.5T纤维束弥散张量成像进行比较。现对此进行研究评价二者的不同。方法:13名健康志愿者(男7名,女6名,年龄23～43岁,平均31岁)同时接受3T和1.5T脑纤维束弥散张量     

弥散张量成像对颅脑肿瘤与相邻脑白质纤维束解剖关系的评价

目的:评价弥散张量成像技术显示颅脑肿瘤与相邻脑白质纤维束解剖关系的价值。材料和方法:对5例正常志愿者及29例幕上星形细胞瘤及脑膜瘤进行弥散张量成像,在弥散各向异性图、彩色张量图及脑白质纤维束图上分析肿瘤与相邻脑白质纤维束的解剖关系,并对患者术前、术后的临床症状进行评价。结果:(1)9例脑膜瘤及11例Ⅰ-Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤推移相邻脑白质纤维束,患者术后临床症状明显改善。(2)6例Ⅲ-Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤及3例Ⅰ-Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤浸润、破坏相邻脑白质纤维束,患者术后的临床症状未明显改善。结论:弥散张量成像技术在显示颅脑肿瘤与相邻脑内主要白质纤维束的解剖关系方面具有重要价值,对神经外科术前治疗方案的确定具有重要指导作用。     

脊髓弥散加权成像的研究及应用现状

弥散加权成像技术运用于神经系统,已经取得了一定的进展,如脑的弥散张量成像,神经纤维束成像等,给临床及科研带来了丰富的信息.由于脊髓的横断面积相对较小和复杂的周围结构如脑脊液、脂肪及骨组织,脊髓的弥散加权成像的研究及临床应用尚有一定的困难.目前通过选择合适的成像参数及脉冲序列,表观弥散系数(ADC)及弥散张量成像参数值的定量测量已经成为可能.     

DTI在涉及皮质脊髓束缺血性脑梗塞中的应用

目的:探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)在涉及皮质脊髓束的缺血性脑梗塞的应用价值。方法:应用西门子1.5TMR成像系统,对30例累及内囊后肢或放射冠的脑梗塞患者进行检查,均行DTI序列(b值=0,500s/mm2)及颅脑MRI扫描,在Siemens Leonardo工作站应用纤维束跟踪软件(Siemens Standar 12 dirs)进行后处理。结果:梗塞灶FA值较对侧相应部位明显降低,ADC值较对侧相应部位明显升高,皮质脊髓束穿过梗塞灶的患者运动功能恢复较差,皮质脊髓束未穿过梗塞灶的患者运动功能恢复较好。结论:DTI白质纤维束成像可以无创性显示皮质脊髓束与缺血性梗塞灶的空间关系,帮助判断运动功能受损情况与预测预后。     

视放射区纤维束MRI弥散张量成像及梗死后改变

目的：利用弥散张量成像不同成像参数探索正常视觉通路的显示情况和枕颞叶视放射区脑梗死纤维束的变化。方法对20例正常志愿者和45例枕颞叶视放射区脑梗死患者,分别行常规磁共振检查、弥散加权成像及弥散张量成像,显示枕颞叶视放射区的纤维束走行,并测量梗死侧及对侧视放射区的各向异性值、表观扩散系数值、体积相对各向异性值及指数各向异性值。结果在正常对照组不同区域设置感兴趣区,可以较好地显示视神经、视束、视放射的走行。枕颞叶视放射梗死区弥散加权成像及弥散扩散张量成像各参数值的变化,FA值在超急性期略升高,其余各期有不同程度的减低,ADC值在超急性期、急性期和亚急性期不同程度升高,慢性期减低;VRA与FA呈正相关关系（ r ＝0．789）, EA与ADC呈负相关关系（ r ＝-0．743）。结论弥散加权成像及弥散扩散张量成像可以较好显示视觉通路和枕颞叶视放射区纤维束的走行及梗死后的改变,有利于梗死预后的判断。     

弥散张量成像鉴别高级别胶质瘤与单发转移瘤的价值

目的：探讨弥散张量成像鉴别脑内原发高级别胶质瘤与单发转移瘤的价值。材料和方法：测量行DTI检查的13例幕上高级别胶质瘤、8例单发转移瘤的肿瘤实质、瘤周水肿区及在大脑脚层面双侧皮质脊髓束的ADC值、FA值，并计算患侧／对侧FA相对值，行统计学分析。结果：单发转移瘤瘤周水肿区ADC值明显高于高级别胶质瘤瘤周水肿区ADC值；两者大脑脚层面患侧皮质脊髓束FA值轻度降低，ADC值无明显差异；相对FA值高级别胶质瘤较低。结论：瘤周水肿区ADC值对高级别胶质瘤与单发转移瘤的鉴别有意义；弥散张量成像提供更多瘤周受累纤维束病理改变的信息。     

Theory of diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography analysis

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques have been increasingly applied to the study of molecular displacement (diffusion) in biologic tissue. The magnetic resonance measurement of an effective diffusion tensor of water in tissues can provide unique biologically and clinically relevant information that is not available from other imaging modalities. For this purpose Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is applied. DTI is an MRI variation that may significantly improve our understanding of brain structure and neural connectivity. DTI measures are thought to be representative of brain tissue microstructure and are particularly useful for examining organized brain regions, such as white matter tract areas. DTI measures the water diffusion tensor using diffusion weighted pulse sequences sensitive to microscopic random water motion. The resultant images display and allow for quantification of how water diffuses along axes or diffusion encoding directions. This can help measure and quantify a tissue's orientation and structure, making it an ideal tool for examining cerebral white matter and neural fiber tracts. In this article we discuss the theory on which DTI depends on, how can be used in mapping fiber tracts. Also the fiber tracking algorithms are presented.     

Clinical applications of diffusion tensor tractography of the spinal cord

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can visualize the white matter tracts in vivo. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical utility of DTI in patients with diseases of the spinal cord. Fourteen subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the spine at 1.5 T. Preliminary diagnosis of the patients suggested traumatic, tumorous, ischemic or inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord. In addition to T2-weighted images, DTI was performed with the gradients in 30 orthogonal directions. Maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient and of fractional anisotropy were reconstructed. Diffusion tensor imaging showed a clear displacement and deformation of the white matter tracts at the level of the pathological lesions in the spinal cord. This capability of diffusion tensor imaging to reliably display secondary alterations to the white matter tracts caused by the primary lesion has the potential to be of great utility for treatment planning and follow-up.     

磁共振弥散张量成像对正常大脑白质纤维束构象的初步研究

目的利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)研究正常成人脑内各部位各向异性程度及正常白质纤维束构象特征.方法对25名正常志愿者进行常规MR及DTI序列检查,重建FA图及三维彩色编码张量图.分别在半卵圆中心、基底节区和大脑脚层面测量主要白质束的FA值.结果DTI显示灰质与白质区各向异性存在显著差异,不同部位的白质纤维束各向异性程度亦不相同,且左右两侧基本对称,重建FA图和三维彩色编码张量图可显示白质内大部分主要的白质纤维束.结论DTI可清晰显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布,为了解脑功能与白质通路间关系提供了有力研究手段.     

正常成人脑结构的弥散张量成像参数测定及分析

目的　运用弥散张量成像 (DTI)方法来探讨脑内不同组织及解剖部位的弥散各向异性特点。资料与方法　采用单次激发自旋回波EPI成像序列 ,将弥散敏感梯度依次施加在六个不同 (P、M、S、MP、PS、MS)的方向进行DTI,获得正常成人脑的弥散张量图及各向异性指数图 ,在脑内不同解剖部位进行各向异性指数、张量的轨迹及平均弥散率测定并进行统计学分析。结果　脑内不同组织及解剖部位的弥散各向异性程度不同 ,脑白质的弥散各向异性远大于丘脑与脑灰质 (P <0 .0 1) ;在脑白质的不同解剖部位 ,其各向异性特点也不相同 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,脑白质连合纤维 (胼胝体 )的各向异性程度最高 ,其次为脑白质的投射纤维 (内囊 ) ,再次为联合纤维 (半卵圆中心 )。张量的轨迹及平均弥散率在脑内的不同部位具有一致性。结论　DTI可准确测定脑内不同组织弥散的各向异性特点 ,并且可清晰显示脑内神经纤维束的方向及走行 ,可为临床脑白质病的研究提供新的功能测定方法     

扩散张量成像在孤独症谱系障碍中的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）是一类以社交、情感互动障碍,以及兴趣狭隘、行为刻板为基本特征的神经发育障碍性疾病。扩散张量成像（DTI）技术能够定量评价脑白质纤维束结构,可用于评价ASD病人全脑或特定白质纤维束结构的异常,也可用于分析ASD病人脑白质纤维束异常与临床症状、年龄及性别的相关性等。就DTI成像原理及其在ASD中的应用进展进行综述。     

扩散张量的三维纤维束成像在多发性硬化中的应用

目的 应用三维纤维束成像技术,研究多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)脱髓鞘斑块引起的白质纤维束的改变. 资料与方法 应用3 T 磁共振对34例MS患者和25名非MS健康志愿者行常规头颅MRI和扩散张量成像(DTI),观察MS病灶处和正常表现脑白质的纤维束变化. 结果 三维纤维束成像可以清楚显示脑内白质纤维束的方向、形态和结构.在MS斑块处可见纤维束中断、病灶远端纤维束缺失或稀少.病灶周围的纤维束表现为受压、推移改变.与相同年龄段的正常人对照,MS患者的正常表现胼胝体内纤维束稀少. 结论 基于DTI技术的纤维束成像能够直观地显示脑内白质纤维束,反映病变对纤维造成的影响.     

Improved white matter fiber tracking using stochastic labeling.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) promises a robust means of visualizing in vivo white matter fibers in individual subjects, and of inferring direct connectivity between distant points in the brain. By following the primary eigenvector of the diffusion tensor, trajectories may be defined that trace the path of the underlying fiber tract. However, fiber tracking is prone to cumulative error from acquisition noise and partial volume, which limits the repeatability of such techniques. An image-processing method based on stochastic labeling, by which the noisy primary eigenvectors may be reconfigured according to anatomically reasonable assumptions, is described. The method's potential to improve fiber tracking is first demonstrated on numerical test data. It is then applied to real data acquired from healthy volunteers. Trajectories defined within the corpus callosum and the pyramidal tracts are rendered using 3D graphic imaging software, and the results are compared before and after processing. Fiber tracking was shown to produce anatomically plausible results, and typical errors were largely resolved by the method. Further, the sensitivity of trajectories to their start point was greatly reduced after processing. The use of stochastic labeling may therefore improve the reliability of experiments using white matter fiber tracking.     

MR tractography with diffusion tensor imaging in clinical routine

Using MRI, we demonstrated that the depiction of the cerebral white matter fiber tracts has become a routine procedure. Diffusion tensor (DT) sequences may be analyzed with combined volume analysis and tractography extraction software, giving indirect visualization of white matter connections. We obtained DT data from 20 subjects with normal MR imaging and five patients presenting cerebral diseases such as brain tumors, multiple sclerosis and stroke, with five patients explored on two different MR scanners. Data were transferred to dedicated workstations for anatomical realignment, determination of voxel eigenvectors and calculation of fiber tract orientations in a region of interest. In all subjects, axonal directions underlying the main neuronal pathways could be delineated. Comparisons between diseased regions and contralateral areas demonstrated changes in voxel anisotropy in injured regions, revealing possible preferential fiber orientations within diffuse T2 hyperintensities. Rapid data processing allows imaging of the normal and diseased fiber pathways as part of the routine MRI examination. Therefore, it appears that whenever white matter disease is suspected a tractography can be performed with this fast and simple method that we proved to be reliable and reproducible     

Anatomical parcellation of the brainstem and cerebellar white matter: a preliminary probabilistic tractography study at 3 T

Introduction The aims of this study were: (1) to test whether higher spatial resolution diffusion tensor images and a higher field strength (3 T) enable a more accurate delineation of the anatomical tract within the brainstem, and, in particular, (2) to try to distinguish the different components of the corticopontocerebellar paths in terms of their cortical origins. Methods The main tracts of the brainstem of four volunteers were studied at 3 T using a probabilistic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) axonal tracking. The resulting tractograms enabled anatomical well-delineated structures to be identified on the diffusion tensor coloured images. Results We tracked corticopontine, corticospinal, central tegmental, inferior and superior cerebellopeduncular, transverse, medial lemniscal and, possibly, longitudinal medial fibres. Moreover, DTI tracking allowed a broad delineation of the corticopontocerebellar paths. Conclusion Diffusion tensor coloured images allow a rapid and reliable access to the white matter broad parcellation of the brainstem and of the cerebellum, which can be completed by fibre tracking. However, a more accurate and exhaustive depiction of the anatomical connectivity within the brainstem requires the application of more sophisticated techniques and tractography algorithms, such as diffusion spectrum imaging.     

婴幼儿发育迟缓的脑磁共振扩散张量成像研究

目的应用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)研究发育迟缓婴幼儿脑白质的各向异性(FA)值,探讨其与正常婴幼儿脑白质有无差异。资料与方法对40例发育迟缓和40例正常婴幼儿进行了常规MRI及DTI扫描,并以常规MRI表现将发育迟缓组分为常规MRI表现正常和常规MRI表现脑白质发育迟缓。分别测量5个深部脑白质与4个浅部脑白质的FA值,并对结果进行统计学比较。结果发育迟缓组各测量部位FA值低于对照组,除内囊后肢外差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。发育迟缓常规MRI表现正常患儿深部脑白质FA值低于正常组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);浅部脑白质FA值低于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);发育迟缓常规MRI表现发育迟缓脑白质FA值均低于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用DTI FA值的测量能定量诊断婴幼儿脑白质发育迟缓,尤其常规MRI正常的发育迟缓患儿浅部脑白质FA值低于对照组,可明确诊断发育迟缓。