Repair of chronic peritoneal dialysis catheter.

BACKGROUND: Damage to the peritoneal dialysis catheter may be due to wear from long-term use, exposure to antibacterial agents (strong oxidants), and accidental injury from sharp objects. Repair of such catheter, if not associated with subsequent complications, would extend catheter life and reduce costs and patient inconvenience related to catheter replacement. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of seven peritoneal catheters repaired 11 times over a 15-year period by splicing the old catheter with an extension tube using the Peri-Patch Repair Kit (Quinton Instrument Co., Bothwell, WA, U.S.A.). RESULTS: The life of these seven catheters was extended by a mean of 26 months (range 1-87 months), without increasing infection rates after splicing. The peritonitis rate after catheter splicing was 0.40 per year, not higher than the overall rate (0.76 per year) in our center during the same time period. Exit-site infections occurred in 6 patients after catheter splicing. Only one infection was related to trauma during the procedure and resulted in chronic exit infection; the catheter was eventually removed. In this patient, damage to the catheter was less than 1.5 cm from the exit site. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Splicing of the damaged peritoneal catheter, if properly done, is a safe procedure and can significantly prolong catheter life. We recommend that measures to prevent catheter damage, such as avoiding the use of scissors and other sharp objects, should be emphasized during the initial patient education and training. Alcohol and iodine should not be used on silicone rubber catheters. We suggest that the patient should report catheter damage immediately and come to the clinic within a few hours for catheter splicing (if possible) and prophylactic antibiotic to prevent peritonitis. Finally, we recommend that repair of the catheter should not be attempted if the breakage is less than 2 cm from the exit site, unless done as an emergency procedure if immediate catheter replacement cannot be performed.     

腹膜透析和血液透析病人行肾移植回顾性研究

目的 通过对比分析腹膜透析病人和血液透析病人接受肾移植的术前、术后临床和血生化指标,了解对肾移植疗效的影响。方法 回顾分析本院1997年前接受肾移植并定期随访病人共452例,其中由腹透进入肾移植的病人共49例为腹透组,由血液透析进入肾移植的病人用计算机随机匹配98例为血透组,对二组病人肾移植前后生化指标、肝炎病毒感染率、术后感染等并发症、移植肾失功、医疗费用等进行评估分析。结果 移植前腹透组血浆白蛋白水平低于血透组,移植后血浆白蛋白水平二组无差异。在达到同样血红蛋白水平,腹透病人所需促红素较低;乙肝、丙肝感染率二组分别为28.57％、2.04％和35.71％、13.27％,腹透组显著低于血透组。术后肾功能恢复情况,移植肾失功率无显著差异。术后感染率腹透组为6.12％低于血透组的12.87％。结论 腹膜透析病人纠正贫血所需促红素量较低,血浆白蛋白水平较低但不影响移植效果。HBV、HCV感染率、术后并发症发生率低。移植后肾功能恢复和维持,移植肾失功率以及总医疗费用与血透病人无显著差异。     

腹膜透析置管术

在过去的30年里，持续不卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）作为一种有效的治疗手段已经广泛地应用在终末期肾衰竭的患。腹膜透析能够顺利地开始进行有赖于一个成功的腹膜透析置管术。随着在我国腹膜透析日益得到广泛的关注和应用，导管置入术也成为临床医生竞相学习和交流的重要技能。[第一段]     

Experience using presternal catheter for peritoneal dialysis in Poland: a multicenter pediatric survey.

OBJECTIVES: Permanent and adequate access to the peritoneal cavity is the key to successful chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). A variety of catheter designs and implantation techniques have been developed to achieve optimal peritoneal access. One such new and modified PD catheter is the presternal catheter [swan neck presternal catheter (SNPC)], with the exit site located on the chest wall. DESIGN: A multicenter survey was undertaken to summarize 10 years of experience with the presternal catheter in children in Poland. SETTING: Four pediatric institutions using the SNPC in children: (1) Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw; (2) Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw; (3) District Children's Hospital, Szczecin; (4) University of Medical Sciences, Poznan. PATIENTS: During the past 10 years, 20 presternal catheters were implanted in 19 children, aged 0.2-17.7 years (mean 8 +/- 5.8 years), with end-stage renal failure.The main indications for the SNPC include urinary diversion (ureterocutaneostomy or vesicostomy), use of diapers, young age, obesity, abdominal wall weakness, and recurrent exit-site infections (ESI) with previous abdominal PD catheters. INTERVENTION: In all children the presternal catheter was implanted surgically under general anesthesia by one surgeon. Uniform operative technique and uniform perioperative management were used. RESULTS:The mean observation time for the 20 presternal catheters was 24.8 +/- 25 months (range 1-83 months). The ESI rate was 1/70.9 patient-months (0.17 episodes per year), tunnel infection rate was 1/248 patient-months (0.05 episodes per year), and the overall peritonitis rate was 1/26.6 patient-months (0.51 episodes per year). Non-infectious complications associated with the SNPC included disconnection of both sections (2 children) and trauma to the exit site located on the chest wall (4 children). Mean survival time of the presternal catheter, as calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, was 57.5 +/- 8.5 months; 50% catheter survival reached 72 months. CONCLUSIONS: The good outcome in patients with a SNPC validates the rationale for the presternal catheter design and should encourage its more widespread use. The SNPC seems to be suitable for any patient on PD; however, this catheter is particularly useful in patients with specific indications (ie., higher tendency to ESI). The SNPC allows safe and long-term chronic PD in very young children using diapers and in patients with urinary diversion.     

腹膜透析导管徒手薅除术与手术切开拔管术的疗效对比

目的比较腹膜透析导管徒手薅除术与手术切开拔管术的疗效,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011-2020年在江苏大学附属医院行腹膜透析导管拔除术患者88例。徒手薅除术39例,手术切开术49例。比较两组术中及术后并发症,对徒手薅除的腹膜透析导管进行拉力测试,探讨导管耐受拉力情况。结果徒手薅除术组手术时间、术中疼痛评分、出血量较多(>10 ml)患者数均小于外科切开组(P<0.05)。两组感染发生率相似。导管断裂时所承受的拉力随导管寿命延长而下降。结论腹膜透析导管徒手薅除术便捷、安全,值得推广。     

Bleeding complications associated with peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence of bleeding complications associated with peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion. DESIGN: Retrospective review at a tertiary-care center of all double-cuffed Tenckhoff catheters placed surgically from 1 January 1992 to 1 October 2003 to identify the incidence of major bleeding complications occurring with catheter insertion. Major bleeding episodes were defined as > or = 3% decline in hematocrit, or the need for surgical intervention or blood transfusion within 2 weeks of insertion. RESULTS: 292 catheters had been inserted in 263 patients. Six patients satisfied the criteria for a major bleeding event, for a major bleeding complication rate of 2%. Bleeding was associated with perioperative anticoagulation in 3 patients, uremia and thrombocytopenia in 1 patient, aspirin use and thrombocytopenia in 1 patient, and 1 patient experienced intraoperative bleeding. Coagulation parameters were not obtained prior to the procedure in 2 of the 6 patients. CONCLUSION: The rate of serious bleeding complications related to catheter insertion is low and usually associated with anticoagulation. Holding anticoagulation therapy for a minimum of 24 hours during the postoperative period should eliminate much of the risk. Coagulation parameters should also be obtained and corrected preoperatively.     

Treatment of refractory pseudomonas aeruginosa exit-site infection by simultaneous removal and reinsertion of peritoneal dialysis catheter.

BACKGROUND: Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exit-site infection (ESI) refractory to antibiotic treatment often require replacement of their peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC). The optimal interval between removal and reinsertion of the PDC is not known. There are relatively few data on the feasibility of simultaneous removal and reinsertion of dialysis catheters for the treatment of P. aeruginosa ESI. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the short- and long-term outcomes of all CAPD patients who had undergone simultaneous removal and reinsertion of their PDC for the treatment of refractory P. aeruginosa ESI in our hospital between January 1994 and December 2003. During the operation, the old catheter was removed first and a new catheter was inserted into the opposite side of the abdomen. All patients received 7 days of antibiotic therapy postoperatively. CAPD was resumed after 2 weeks of intermittent peritoneal dialysis. RESULTS: Over a 10-year period, 37 CAPD patients underwent the operation. Mean age of the patients was 59.5 +/- 10.9 years. The interval between the diagnosis of ESI and the operation was 16.7 +/- 6.9 weeks. The patients received 7.6 +/- 2.5 weeks of antibiotic treatment before the procedure. Early postoperative complications were uncommon. None of the patients developed ESI within 4 weeks after the operation. At 1 year after the operation, 3 patients (8%) had developed recurrence of P. aeruginosa ESI 24 - 40 weeks postoperatively. Peritonitis due to P. aeruginosa was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that simultaneous removal and reinsertion of the PDC is feasible in eradicating refractory ESI due to P. aeruginosa. This procedure alleviates the need for temporary hemodialysis and allows continuation of peritoneal dialysis.     

腹膜透析导管植入术患者围手术期的护理

探讨腹膜透析导管植入术患者围手术期的护理.选取本科收治的慢性肾功能不全尿毒症期患者23例,对其进行术前、术后护理及健康指导.23例植管成功、透析管路通畅者出院后行家庭腹透.1例4～5 d后出入液不畅,腹平片示腹透管移位,行体外复位后管路通畅.术前的心理疏导、术后的精心护理及健康教育是腹膜透析成功的重要保证.     

肾移植前后未透析与透析效果及血液透析与腹膜透析的对比分析

背景:透析与肾移植都是治疗尿毒症的主要手段,由于肾源的不足,大部分尿毒症患者必须经过一段透析治疗来维持,等待接受移植肾源,虽然在透析期间患者能够得到较好状态,但近年来的未透析肾移植研究结果表明,移植前透析会对肾移植的效果有影响。目的:利用CNKI数据库文献检索和深度分析功能,对肾移植和透析研究的文献资料趋势进行多层次探讨分析。设计:文献计量学分析。资料提取:以电子检索方式对CNKI数据库2002-01/2011-12有关肾移植和透析研究的文献进行分析,采用检索词为"肾移植(Renal transplantation);透析(Dialysis)",对检索的相关文献运用数据库中自带的分析功能和Excel软件绘制图表的功能进行分析,通过文字和图表的形式将统计和计量数据分析,描述其分布特征。入选标准:纳入标准:①与肾移植相关的基础和临床研究论文。②与血液透析相关的基础和临床研究论文。③与腹膜透析相关的基础和临床研究论文。排除标准:①与文章目的无关的文献。②重复研究的文献。③刊社信息。④未发表的文献。⑤需电话追踪和手工检索逐一分析的文献。⑥年鉴。⑦护理内容的文献。主要数据判定指标:以CNKI数据库学术期刊文献出版时间、文献数量、学科类别、研究机构、来源期刊、文献被引频次、文献下载频次、关联文献、作者分布、基金资助情况和主要关键词进行相关分析。并对肾移植前后未透析与透析研究进行对比分析,以及血液透析与腹膜透析的研究进行对比分析。结果:在CNKI数据库学术期刊收录2002/2011的文献中,共检索到57篇与肾移植和透析研究相关的文献。文献数量产出趋于平稳状态,2004年和2008年文献产出数量最多;《中国组织工程研究与临床康复》杂志发表文献量为15篇,占全部文献的26.3%;透析研究以血液透析和腹膜透析的研究为主,还包括尿毒症患者生活质量的研究。选择肾移植还是透析治疗,需要综合考虑患者基本情况来选择最适合的肾替代治疗模式。结论:通过文献计量学方法对CNKI数据库学术期刊关于肾移植和透析研究的文献进行分析,可为中国从事肾移植和透析基础研究和临床实施的医务工作者进一步确定科研思路提供有价值的参考。