面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损45例,共用组织瓣90个。其中胸三角皮瓣58个(占64%),依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果45例洞穿性缺损所用90个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者87个,成活率达97%,全部或大部分坏死的3个(占3%)。结论面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损４５例,共用组织瓣９０个。其中胸三角皮瓣５８个（占６４％）,依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果４５例洞穿性缺损所用９０个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者８７个,成活率达９７％,全部或大部分坏死的３个（占３％）。结论面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

Single stage reconstructions in head and neck surgery using deltopectoral and pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps

Even though free tissue transfers are a routine in many centres, pedicle flaps still have a huge roll to play in our country. There are many centres in the country where pedicle flaps are in use because of logistic problems. Deltopectoral and pectoralis muscle flaps are usually preferred for composite cheek defects. When both these flaps are used in combination it is a two-staged procedure. We describe a single-stage procedure to reconstruct a composite cheek defect with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for lining and single-stage deltopectoral flap for cover. In the available literature search, single-stage DP and PMMC have not been described for management of composite cheek defect.KEY WORDS: Cheek defect, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, platysma myocutaneous flap, single-stage deltopectoral flap     

多种区域组织瓣在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用分析

目的:寻找口腔颌面部缺损的理想修复方法。方法:对97例口腔颌面部缺损,根据缺损部位、性质、范围,分别采用鼻唇沟皮瓣(6例),邻位滑行皮瓣(13例),Abbe瓣(4例),胸大肌肌皮瓣(17例),颈阔肌肌皮瓣(14例),下斜方肌肌皮瓣(4例),前臂皮瓣(13例),额瓣(6例),颞肌筋膜瓣修复(6例),舌瓣(11例),腓骨肌皮瓣(3例),观察修复效果。结果:97例区域组织瓣中,胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死1例,下斜方肌肌皮瓣尖端坏死1例,另1例胸大肌皮瓣术后放疗后坏死(术后4月),其余皮瓣存活,外形基本满意。所有患者均能进食,97%能正常饮食(食饭),其余可流质饮食。舌、腭、咽、口底肿物T3以上,术后语音轻度影响。结论:采用以上多种区域组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损,建议应尽可能采用邻近带蒂皮瓣;对于较大缺损修复主要是修复组织缺损,采用不同组织修复缺损,对进食、语音影响似区别不大,日后尚需作深入研究。     

颈部高压电烧伤的修复

目的 探讨颈部高压电烧伤的修复方法. 方法 1985年以来笔者单位共收治37例颈部高压电烧伤患者,清创后采用背阔肌肌皮瓣、斜方肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣联合胸大肌肌皮瓣移植修复创面. 结果 除3例皮瓣边缘部分坏死(坏死带宽1～2 cm)外,其余皮瓣成活,移植局部外观、功能恢复满意. 结论颈部高压电烧伤后,早期彻底清创并采用带蒂肌皮瓣及联合皮瓣修复是一种安全、有效、可靠的方法.     

Treatment of radiation necrosis of skin, muscle and bone in oncology

Following the wide excision of radiation necrosis, the treatment of these lesions has been transformed by the use of the myocutaneous flap technique. The most widely used, flaps are latissimus dorsi flaps for chest wall, subclavicular defects, pectoralis major flaps for defects of the neck and lower part of the face, fascia lata flaps to treat lesions of the groin and lower abdominal wall, gracilis flaps for perineal defects, gluteus maximus flaps for the ischial and sacral region. Due to their good blood supply and their thickness, they can be used to repair large defects and they ensure very good protection against infection. Omentum can be useful when a myocutaneous flap cannot be performed or in association with this flap. Good cosmetic results can be obtained with free myocutaneous flaps for lesions located on the head or on the limbs. Such flaps require micro vascular anastomoses.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣脂肪液化的相关危险因素探讨

目的探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化的相关危险因素。方法对1998年5月至2005年12月采用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的82例中10例术后发生不同程度脂肪液化的病例,进行Logistic回归分析。结果Logistic单因素回归分析结果表明：肥胖、电刀切开皮下组织、皮岛设计低于第7肋、吸烟等因素与胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化有关;Logistic多因素回归分析结果表明：胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化与肥胖、电刀切开皮下组织、皮岛设计低于第7肋等因素有关,而与吸烟无关。结论肥胖、电刀切开皮下组织、皮岛设计低于第7肋等因素是胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化的危险因素。     

Reconstruction of the chin using an expanded deltopectoral flap following multiple recurrences of oral cancer

An important alternative to free tissue transfer in patients requiring correction of soft tissue chin defects are local and regional flaps, such as the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and deltopectoral flap. With predictable vascular supply, potential for large size, and good aesthetic match for facial and cervical skin, the deltopectoral flap can offer the reconstructive surgeon additional options in patients who lack vessels suitable for free tissue transfer. The use of an expanded deltopectoral flap for a staged reconstruction of the chin in a patient with cancer recurrences, concomitant resections, radiation and multiple reconstructions is reported.     

颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损

目的介绍4种颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损的方法。方法1982年1月~2003年12月,172例口腔颌面部肿瘤,其中口腔黏膜鳞癌165例,唾液腺癌7例。I期21例,Ⅱ期116例,Ⅲ期35例。病变主要部位:舌59例、颊黏膜55例、下颌牙龈26例、口底25例、腮腺4例及口咽区3例。肿瘤切除术与颈淋巴结清扫术后,应用颈阔肌皮瓣修复45例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复59例,舌骨下肌皮瓣修复60例,颏下岛状瓣修复8例;切取肌皮瓣皮岛范围2.5 cm×5.0 cm~5.0 cm×8.0 cm。结果术后153例皮瓣全部成活,其中舌骨下肌皮瓣55例,颈阔肌皮瓣40例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣52例,颏下岛状瓣6例;完全坏死11例,部分(皮岛1/4~1/2)坏死8例。4种皮瓣成功率分别为91.67%、88.89%、88.14%和75%。101例获随访3~11年,平均5.7年,原位复发18例,颈部复发4例,远处转移2例;3年生存84例,占83.17%。结论颈部带蒂组织瓣适用于修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后中小型软组织缺损。     

Complications following laryngectomy

The complications following 100 consecutive laryngectomies performed at our hospital during a recent 18-month period are reviewed. The complication rates for total laryngectomy (63 patients) and extended laryngectomy (37 patients) were 19% and 49%, respectively, while the fistula rates were 8% and 27%, respectively. These rates were influenced primarily by the extent of surgery and the type of reconstruction, which during this interval included primary closure, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, or gastric transposition. In comparison to our previous study, when the deltopectoral flap was used for patching the pharynx, the fistula rate for extended laryngectomy has decreased as a result of our use of myocutaneous flaps and greater experience with gastric transposition. Currently, we use the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for pharyngeal repair if the mucosa would otherwise be closed under tension. All circumferential defects are repaired with a gastric transposition.     

Closure of large orbital-maxillary defects with free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps

The treatment of advanced cancer of the maxillary sinus often requires extensive ablation and orbital exenteration that results in large full-thickness defects of the upper cheek and orbital regions. Reconstruction of such defects with local flaps is usually difficult because of the need for a large flap. Several regional flaps such as the deltopectoral flap, the temporal flap, and the shoulder flap may be used, but these techniques frequently require surgery in stages and result in severe deformity of the donor site. The island pedicled, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap may be rotated up to the orbital region; however, the uncertain blood supply to the skin in the distal area of the pectoralis may cause unexpected marginal necrosis of the flap. Reconstruction of large orbital-maxillary defects can readily be accomplished in one stage using microsurgical free transfer of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps. The thoracodorsal artery and vein that form the nutrient pedicle of the flap approaches 2 mm in external diameter and up to 10 cm in length, allowing greater versatility in head and neck reconstruction. The muscle may be used to fill the orbital and maxillary cavities and will accept a skin graft on its deep surface. The donor defect is closed primarily and the resulting scar is well concealed beneath the arm. If necessary, extremely large flaps may be transferred by harvesting the entire latissimus dorsi muscle and the overlying skin based on the thoracodorsal system.     

The pectoralis major muscle in head and neck reconstruction

From June 1980 to June 1985 51 pectoralis major muscle flaps have been used for one-stage reconstruction of extensive defects in the head and neck following cancer surgery. The pectoralis major muscle was used as a myocutaneous flap on 28 occasions, as a muscle covered with split thickness skin on 17 occasions, and as a muscle-only flap six times. The muscle, in its various forms, was used for reconstruction of the pharyngooesophageal segment, the tongue, floor of the mouth and oropharynx, to replace the skin of the face and neck, and to provide a well vascularized recipient bed for a split-rib graft, used to replace a defect of the anterior arch of the mandible. Many of the problems associated with the use of a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap can be avoided by the judicious use of a muscle flap on its own or covered by a split thickness skin graft.     

带肋胸膜的肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣修复晚期舌癌根治术后缺损

目的探讨应用带肋胸膜的肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣联合修复晚期舌癌根治术后软硬组织大型缺损的临床效果和安全性。方法对6例累及同侧口底和下颌骨并越过中线的晚期舌癌患者实施舌颌颈联合根治术,开胸切取以胸肩峰动静脉为血管蒂的带肋胸膜的肋骨（第5肋）．胸大肌复合瓣即刻修复根治术导致的全舌、口底和下颌骨大型复合组织缺损,其中胸大肌肌皮瓣用以重建全舌和口底,肋骨瓣则用以修复患侧下颌骨。结果6例患者术后恢复良好。肋骨．胸大肌复合瓣全部成活,术后口腔、颈部和胸部创面均一期愈合。重建全舌、口底和面下部形态良好,上下颌咬合关系正常,下颌骨无偏斜,语言和吞咽功能基本恢复正常。结论带肋胸膜的肋骨．胸大肌复合瓣修复口腔颌面大型软硬组织缺损安全可靠,开胸切取肋胸膜不会导致患者术后胸廓运动和呼吸功能异常及其他胸肺部并发症,而且制备简便,带肋胸膜确保了肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣中肋骨的血运。     

口腔颌面部缺损的修复重建--1 973例临床分析

目的 口腔颌面部缺损游离组织瓣修复方式的对比研究。方法 2001年1月～2004年6月，收集修复重建患者共1973例，分别对其年龄、性别、病种、缺损部位和修复类型的分布情况，游离组织瓣危象的发生率及成功率进行分类统计。采用SAS6．12医用统计软件包进行数据分析。结果 中年（〉45～≤60岁）患者764例，占38.72％；老年（〉60岁）527例，占26．71％；青壮年（〉28～≤45岁）450例，占22．81％；青年（〉14≤28岁）187例，占9．48％，儿童（≤14岁）45例，占2．28％。男1193例，女780例，男、女之比为1．5：1。良、恶性病变之比为1：1．94。缺损部位依次为舌20．63％、下颌骨17．38％、腮腺13．74％、颊12．72％、上颌骨8．16％、口咽7．60％、口底5.68％、其他占14．09％。血管化游离组织瓣修复904例，占45．82％；带蒂组织瓣753例，占38．17％；随意（皮）瓣201例，占10．19％；非血管化骨移植30例，占1．52％；其它方法85例，占4．30％。其中游离前臂皮瓣594例，腓骨肌（皮）瓣143例，带蒂胸大肌（皮）瓣369例，3种组织瓣共1106例，占修复重建总例数的56．06％。游离组织瓣共940个，发生术后危象47个（5．20％），抢救成功30个（63．83％），游离组织瓣总成功率为98．19％。结论 口腔颌面部缺损修复重建患者以中老年、男性、恶性肿瘤为主；舌的缺损修复约占1／5；游离组织瓣的成功率高，是主要的修复方式；前臂皮瓣、腓骨肌（皮）瓣、带蒂胸大肌（皮）瓣成为口腔颌面部缺损修复的常用组织瓣。     

皮瓣和肌皮瓣在食管外科中的应用

食管切除后常用胃或结肠来进行重建,但对于一些病变位置过高、合并胃或结肠病变、胃或结肠已做过手术、局限性严重食管狭窄患者,可选择其他方法重建或修复。能用于修复及重建食管皮瓣、肌皮瓣有十余种,根据血供来源分为游离皮瓣及带蒂肌皮瓣。游离皮瓣需血管吻合,一旦出现血管阻塞,易发生皮瓣坏死,以选择带蒂肌皮瓣修复及重建食管为宜。胸大肌皮瓣及背阔肌皮瓣尽管血运丰富,但肌皮瓣臃肿,且难以形成管状重建全周食管。颈阔肌皮瓣面积大,多源性血液供应,单侧可用于修复颈段食管缺损,双侧能重建全周颈段食管,手术操作简便,疗效可靠,长期随访皮瓣无溃疡及毛发生长,且能耐受放疗,值得推广应用。     

Some observations on 112 pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps

Our results of 112 pectoralis major flaps used alone or in combination have been reviewed. Also, other anatomic studies have been described which led to the development of a true island flap with a more mobile, less bulky pedicle. The use of the flap in full-thickness reconstruction by modification of the flap or bilateral flaps has been discussed. The place of the flap when used in combination with the deltopectoral and forehead flaps in the repair of major postexcisional defects has been illustrated.     

Reconstruction of complex thoracic defects with myocutaneous and muscle flaps. Applications of new flap refinements

This report describes reconstructions of complex thoracic defects with myocutaneous and muscle flaps that were modified by several recent refinements of flap design. These refinements comprise a second generation of myocutaneous and muscle flaps, which have substantially increased versatility and extended applications, as compared with the originally described flaps. These refinements include the following: (1) segmentally split latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major flaps, which transfer only one muscle segment as the flap and leave other segments of the same muscle in situ to preserve motor function; (2) pectoralis major fasciocutaneous flaps, which are extended by abdominal skin and fascia to provide longer, larger flaps; (3) reversed pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi flaps, which are supplied by secondary, distal vascular pedicles that permit flap use when the primary vascular supply is interrupted; and (4) island vascular pedicle muscle flaps, which allow intercostal passage for reconstruction of intrathoracic defects and cavities. The anatomic bases for these flap refinements are described, and the advantages provided are discussed.     

改良胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨一种保留胸大肌功能的改良胸大肌肌皮瓣的制作方法。方法根据胸大肌肌皮瓣的解剖学特点设计皮岛，将胸大肌肌皮瓣的血管蒂完全解剖出来而不携带肌肉，使肌皮瓣成为名副其实的岛状瓣，从而完整保留了胸大肌的锁骨部分以及胸大肌外侧大部分肌纤维。结果2002至2005年采用该方法制做改良胸大肌肌皮瓣29例，其中20例修复口内缺损，4例修复颈部缺损。3例修复腮腺区缺损，2例修复下咽部缺损。术后皮瓣全部成活，随访6个月至2年，所有患者术后进食、吞咽功能良好，语言功能大多恢复良好。结论改良胸大肌肌皮瓣应用于头颈外科克服了传统的胸大肌肌皮瓣的缺点，提高了肌皮瓣血供的可靠性，最大程度地保留了胸大肌的功能和胸部的外形。     

Free flaps for type III complex pharyngoesophageal defects after enlarged ablative surgery for advanced cancer of larynx and hypopharynx

Free tissue transfer has become a useful technique for reconstruction of type III complex pharyngoesophageal defects after enlarged laryngectomy and partial or total pharyngoesophageal resection. We present a retrospective analysis of our experience with 36 patients who received free flaps for reconstruction of complex pharyngoesophageal defects associated with skin and soft-tissue defects. Free fasciocutaneous flaps and jejunum combined with a deltopectoral flap and musculocutaneous pectoralis major flap, gastro-omental flap, and combined latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous and cutaneous scapular flaps were used for reconstruction. Adjuvant therapy included preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy. Free flap failure occurred in 2 of 36 patients. Twenty-eight patients had good swallowing function. Better results with fewer complications in reconstruction of type III complex pharyngoesophageal defects were obtained with the use of a combined latissimus dorsi and scapular flap.     

胸锁乳突肌单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织缺陷畸形的初步报告

目的探讨胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织缺损畸形的方法及效果。方法2004年5月-2006年9月,应用胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织瘢痕及缺损5例,均为男性,年龄23-34岁。分别为胎儿时母亲宫腔内注射药物、婴幼儿期面颊部感染、电击伤后遗留瘢痕或凹陷畸形。需要修复范围为5cm×3cm-9cm×6cm。结果术后5例移位胸骨头肌皮瓣均成活,但因静脉回流障碍均发生小面积的表皮坏死,2-3周自行愈合,皮瓣周围有少许瘢痕形成。1例术后患侧发生肩部上抬无力,6个月后基本恢复。术后均获随访1-6个月,修复后的颌面1例蒂部略显臃肿;1例瘢痕明显,但患者满意;余3例外观满意。结论胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣较全胸锁乳突肌皮瓣设计更灵活,且能提供足够的组织量,是修复颌面部皮肤软组织缺损的一种理想材料。