多层螺旋CT冠脉造影的标准体位

目的:探讨建立多层螺旋CT冠脉造影标准体位.材料和方法:对120例临床怀疑冠心病患者进行16层螺旋CT心电门控平扫及增强扫描.所有患者用舒张期增强扫描重建像行最大密度投影(MIP)重建及容积漫游技术(VRT)重建,其中30例与常规冠状动脉造影对照.总结16层螺旋CT心脏冠状动脉造影不同体位的显示情况,得出CT冠状动脉造影统一体位.结果:分别定义了6个MIP重建体位和9个VRT重建体位.结论:多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影是一种无创、简便、优良的冠状动脉造影方法,建立起标准造影体位有利于对冠脉病变进行更全面评价.     

冠心病的16层螺旋CT冠脉成像

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像技术不断发展使得其临床应用更加可靠而广泛.本文重点介绍16层螺旋CT在冠状动脉钙化积分、狭窄、粥样硬化斑块、支架、桥血管等评价中的应用.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像技术现状

多层螺旋CT技术的迅速发展使无创冠状动脉成像成为了可能.随着技术的不断提升和更新软件的开发,多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉疾病的诊断和疗效评估随访中将发挥更加重要的作用.就多层CT冠状动脉成像的原理、方法、应用价值及技术现状作一介绍.     

多层螺旋CT评价冠状动脉狭窄和钙化的应用价值

目的 研究多层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉狭窄的准确性以及冠状动脉狭窄与钙化的关系.方法 对52例临床可疑冠心病患者(男34例,年龄61岁±12岁)进行多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影和常规冠状动脉造影.用CT平扫图像计算冠状动脉钙化积分.用CT增强扫描图像评价冠状动脉超过50%的狭窄,将结果 与常规冠状动脉造影作对照.分析冠状动脉狭窄和钙化的相关关系.结果 常规冠状动脉造影发现208个冠状动脉分支中61个超过50%狭窄.CT血管造影诊断冠状动脉超过50%狭窄的敏感性为93.4%,特异性为91.8%.冠状动脉狭窄严重程度与钙化程度的spearman相关系数为r=0.783,P<0.01.结论 多层螺旋CT对诊断冠状动脉狭窄有较高的敏感性和特异性.冠状动脉狭窄与钙化有显著相关关系.     

64层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉不同程度狭窄的临床价值

目的 用传统的冠状动脉造影作对照,评价64层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉不同程度狭窄的准确性与一致性.方法 78例患者临床怀疑冠心病并同期接受64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像及常规冠状动脉造影,计算64层螺旋CT检测冠状动脉严重狭窄(管腔狭窄＞75%)、中等度狭窄(管腔狭窄＞50%)和轻度狭窄(管腔狭窄≤50%)的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值.按图像质量(4分法)对冠状动脉节段进行分组,探讨图像质量对64层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉狭窄的影响.定性与定量比较64层螺旋CT与QCA诊断冠状动脉狭窄的一致性.结果 64层螺旋CT检测冠状动脉狭窄总体敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为:93.4%、97.9%、88.3%、98.9%.诊断严重、中等度及轻度冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性为81%、59%、75%,特异性为98%.64层螺旋CT能够显示的冠状动脉节段有999段,图像质量为4分的有17段.64层螺旋CT与QCA诊断冠状动脉狭窄一致性的Kappa值=0.7856,P<0.01,两者一致性有统计学意义.相关系数r=0.661,P<0.01,具有正相关关系.结论 64层螺旋CT是一种有效的无创性的检测冠状动脉狭窄的工具.其与QCA诊断冠状动脉不同程度狭窄具有正相关关系.     

16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的临床应用

目的 探讨16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影的临床应用价值及影响成像质量的因素.方法 对31例临床怀疑冠心病患者行16层螺旋CT扫描,利用回顾性心电门控技术,行普通扫描(层厚3 mm)和冠状动脉成像扫描(层厚1 mm),并进行多平面重建(MPR)、最大密度投影重建(MIP) 、容积重建(VRT),评价16层螺旋CT对各支冠状动脉的显示能力、病变的检出率,总结部分影响冠状动脉成像的因素.结果 16层螺旋CT对RCA1、RCA2、LAD1、LAD2、LM、LCX1的显示良好.心律、呼吸运动、管壁大量钙化等因素均可影响成像质量.结论 16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在冠状动脉疾病的筛选及诊断中具有一定的应用价值.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分的研究进展

冠状动脉钙化积分对于冠心病的预测有重要的临床价值,随着CT技术发展,多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉钙化检测方面的价值逐渐成为临床研究的热点。本文叙述了多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉钙化积分方面的研究进展。     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影评价冠状动脉支架再狭窄

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉支架再狭窄评价的准确性.方法 采用西门子SOMATOM SENSATION CARDIAC 64层螺旋CT对59例冠脉支架植入后患者(共计112枚支架)行CT冠状动脉造影,以冠状动脉造影结果为金标准,分析检测的灵敏度、特异度等指标.结果 64层螺旋CT显示植入的112枚支架中109枚支架内腔得到清晰显示,总显示率97.3%(109/112).12处中、重度狭窄,多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影诊断正确10处;15处轻度狭窄,多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影正确5处,误诊10处,无漏诊.再狭窄诊断的灵敏度83.3%(10/12),特异度99%(99/100),阳性预测值90.9%(16/24),阴性预测值98%(99/101),准确率97.3%(109/112).结论 64层螺旋CT对冠状动脉支架再狭窄诊断有较高的准确性,可作为一种无创性检查用于支架术后的随访.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分的临床应用价值探讨

目的 :评价多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分在冠心病诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 :138例受试者均行多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分。将冠心病组和无症状组的冠状动脉钙化积分结果对照分析 ,并对其中 2 5例冠心病患者的钙化积分结果与选择性冠脉造影结果对照 ,分析总结多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分的临床应用价值。结果 :冠心病组的平均钙化积分为 36 0 .5± 5 1.7,无症状组为 87.2 5± 2 7.2 ,两组间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;2 5例行选择性冠状动脉造影(SCA)的结果与多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分结果对照 ,以积分大于 30 0为阳性 ,小于 30 0为阴性 ,两者之间的差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分与冠状动脉狭窄的程度呈正相关 ,定量分析对预测冠状动脉狭窄有较高的敏感性和特异性 ,可作为预测冠状动脉狭窄的无创性筛查手段。     

16层螺旋CT冠状动脉病变的诊断价值

目的评价16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉病变的诊断价值。方法对80例冠心病(76例拟冠心病患者,4例冠状动脉支架及搭桥术后患者)行多层螺旋CT(MSCT)增强扫描及后处理。结果80例中共显示斑块204处,其中硬斑块128处,软斑块96处,尤以左前降支为最多;冠状动脉狭窄共60例,其中轻度狭窄36例,中度狭窄16例,重度狭窄8例,仍以左前降支为多。心脏肿瘤3例,中纵隔囊肿1例,主动脉夹层3例,真性动脉瘤1例,大血管畸形3例。结论16层螺旋CT对冠状动脉狭窄程度,斑块性质的评价,具有较高的应用价值,是安全、准确、可靠的冠心病诊断方法。     

MDCT coronary angiography for diagnosis of anomalous origin right coronary artery: a case report

This is a case report of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery, which arises from the left sinus of Valsalva depicted with multi-detector row tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography performed in emergency. In symptomatic patient, this anomalous origin is considered a malignant anomaly and needs urgent surgical treatment. Some studies demonstrated that MDCT is a reliable non-invasive technique to identify and define anomalous coronary arteries (ACAs) and their course.     

Detection,visualization and evaluation of anomalous coronary anatomy on 16-slice multidetector-row CT

Early identification and evaluation of relatively frequent anomalous coronary anatomy is quite relevant because of the occurrence of sudden cardiac death or related symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Selective coronary angiography (CAG) is invasive, expensive and cannot always provide the required information adequately. Recently, non-invasive imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) have been shown to provide a good anatomical view of the coronary artery tree. This study aims to demonstrate the value of 16-MDCT for evaluation of anomalous coronary anatomy. In 13 patients scanned using 16-MDCT, six different coronary anomalies were diagnosed [two absent left main, one single vessel left coronary artery (LCA), three LCA originating from the right (two with interarterial course), six right coronary artery originating from the left, one double left anterior descending (LAD)]. Mean diagnostic quality, recorded by two observers using a 5-point scale (1= non-diagnostic to 5= excellent diagnostic quality), resulted in a mean score of 3.73 (SD 1.19) without any non-diagnostic result. MDCT offers an accurate diagnostic modality to visualize the origin and course of anomalous coronary arteries by a three-dimensional display of anatomy. Shortcomings in CAG can be overcome by the use of contrast-enhanced MDCT.     

Coronary artery anomalies

Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon findings but can be of significant clinical importance in a small number of individuals. Clinical presentation depends on the specific anomaly. Most coronary artery anomalies are benign and clinically insignificant, however, some anomalies are potentially significant and can lead to heart failure and even death. Noninvasive imaging has emerged as the preferred way to image coronary anomalies. Both electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are useful for the diagnosis of anomalous coronary arteries. Recently, MDCT has also proven to be very useful in the detection and characterization of anomalous coronary arteries. This chapter will review the appearance of the most commonly encountered coronary anomalies on MDCT.     

Congenital anomalies of coronary arteries: Diagnosis with 64 slice multidetector CT

Objective

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are generally incidental, uncommon and asymptomatic. Some can cause severe potentially life threatening symptoms. The common mode of studying the coronary arteries is Conventional Coronary Angiogram. ECG-gated-multidetector CT is a non invasive modality. The objective of our study was to identify rare congenital coronary artery anomalies and discuss their clinical significance.

Material and methods

A total number of 900 MDCT coronary angiograms were carried out at our institution between the period of April 2006 and October 2010. Patients with coronary artery anomaly constituted the subject of study.

Results

The incidence of anomalous anatomical origin and course of the coronary arteries in our study was 1.55%. Hemodynamical significance was seen in five patients. 3 cases of single coronary artery originating from right coronary sinus were seen. 1 case of anomalous left coronary artery arising from main pulmonary artery was seen. 4 cases of anomalous RCA arising from left aortic cusp, 6 cases of absent LMCA with separate origin of LAD and LCX were seen.

Conclusion

Multidetector row CT is a noninvasive modality in cardiac imaging. It provides superior resolution of coronary tree and its variant. No projectional vascular overlap is seen. Various postprocessing techniques outclass catheter angiography imaging. Definition of ostia and proximal course of the coronary arteries by Multidetector CT is better than catheter angiography.     

Unexpected sudden death resulting from anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva: a case report involving identical twins

An anomalous origin of the coronary arteries had been implicated as a cause of sudden cardiac death in a case involving a 16-year-old student who suddenly collapsed while running track at school. An autopsy revealed that the right coronary artery arose from the aorta in the left sinus of Valsalva. In order to determine whether the same anomaly was inherent in his brother--an identical twin--a complete cardiac medical examination was conducted. Multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography showed no anomaly at the sinus of Valsalva, which indicates that the anomaly, in this case, was not hereditary. This case exemplifies instances where forensic medicine may intervene to prevent sudden deaths in surviving family members.     

Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries: imaging with contrast-enhanced, multidetector computed tomography

The objective of this study is to evaluate multidetector CT (MDCT) in detecting and characterizing anomalous coronary arteries. Forty-four patients with anomalies of the coronaries were selected from a total of 1758 individuals examined with ECG-gated 4- and 16-row MDCT including thinMIP, MPR and VRT post-processing. Twenty-eight patients showed origin and course anomalies of the central coronary segments, and in this subgroup 13 were judged as malignant because of interarterial courses between the aortic root and the pulmonary trunk, either of the right coronary artery (n=11) or the left coronary artery (n=2). Twelve non-hemodynamic anomalies were found, affecting the coronary origins only (n=10) or the peripheral vessels courses (n=2). Four arteriovenous fistulas were present, all of them with complex arterial feeders. Regardless of vessel anatomy, coronary opacification was always possible by means of the systemic contrast agent, and the aberrant coronary arteries were visualized synoptically in direct relation to the great mediastinal vessels. In contrast to MDCT, selective cannulation and final diagnosis was possible in only 11 of the 20 catheter angiograms performed (accuracy of 55.0%). In conclusion, its non-invasiveness and precise visualization makes MDCT the standard of reference for evaluating anomalous coronary arteries.     

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk: report of an adult case with long-term follow-up after surgery

An anomalous origin of the left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery is a congenital malformation rarely described in adults. We report the case of a 65-year-old patient with this anomaly. Clinical presentation, imaging identification (coronary angiogram, MRI and electron-beam CT), surgical treatment and angiographic long-term follow-up are described. Received: 18 May 1998; Revised: 27 December 1998; Accepted: 15 February 1999     

成人冠状动脉起源异常的分类及其发生率

 目的 探讨成人冠状动脉起源异常(AOCA)类型及其发生率.方法 对2000年10月～2006年10月在我院行冠状动脉造影(1 520例)检出的26例存在AOCA患者资料,以及国内2006年10月以前发表的有关成人AOCA研究的8篇文献资料进行综合分析.结果 9组资料冠状动脉造影总例数48 158例,检出AOCA439例,检出率0.91%.右冠状动脉起源异常发生率0.55%(267例),明显高于左冠状动脉0.36%(174例),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).右冠状动脉起源于左冠窦为最常见类型,占41.5%(182例);其次为前降支和回旋支独立开口,占26.0%(114例).结论 我国成人AOCA多见于右冠状动脉,其中具有潜在临床危险的右冠状动脉起源于左冠窦为最常见类型,提示加强国人AOCA研究具有重要临床意义.     

256层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影在心肌桥检测中的应用

目的:利用256层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像探讨心肌桥的出现率、好发部位.方法:连续收集临床诊断为冠心病且行256层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的病例251例,回顾性地在线分析冠脉CT血管造影上心肌桥的出现率及其部位.结果:52例患者检出了心肌桥(52/251,20.7%),其中男性20例,女性22例,年龄60.27±11.36岁,共66段心肌桥.其中38例为单一壁冠状动脉,14例为两段受累,分别发生在前降支中段和钝缘支、前降支中段和右侧冠状动脉中段.心肌桥最常见于左前降支中段(48段,72.7%).结论:心肌桥常见,最常出现于左前降支,特别是左前降支中段,256层螺旋CT有效、无创且清晰地显示了心肌桥.     

Malignant right coronary artery anomaly simulated by motion artifacts on MDCT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of anomalous right coronary artery imitation due to motion artifacts in MDCT. Routine chest MDCT for reasons other than cardiac or vascular imaging is usually performed using breath-hold technique but without retrospective ECG gating and consequently yields pulsating motion artifacts. A possible artifact in front of the aortic root imitates an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left posterior sinus. This course of the right coronary artery is considered a malignant variant and raises the question of far-reaching consequences such as a bypass operation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective study involving 355 patients undergoing routine chest CT examinations. To determine the prevalence of anomalous right coronary artery imitation caused by this motion artifact, all images were evaluated prospectively by an experienced radiologist. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (5.9%) were suspected of having a malignant variant of the right coronary artery. However, in all patients prior chest CT or additional coronary MR angiography showed a normal origin of the right coronary artery. CONCLUSION: Routine chest MDCT without retrospective ECG gating may produce artifacts around the aorta simulating a malignant variant of the right coronary artery. Considering the low incidence of this malignant interarterial variant, the need for routine chest CT examinations combined with ECG gating and further workup can be disputed from an economic point of view. This artifact should be known to avoid unnecessary further examinations.