肝豆状核变性发病机制、临床表型-基因型关系及药物治疗研究进展

肝豆状核变性又称Wilson病(WD),WD中铜与铜蓝蛋白结合受损，导致游离铜主要在肝脏、大脑和其他器官中沉积。WD的患病率为1/30 000。在临床上，大多数WD患者都是年轻人，其特征是锥体外系症状、肝硬化、角膜K-F环、血清低铜蓝蛋白水平(<50 mg/L)和24 h高尿铜排泄(>100 mg/L)。目前WD主要的治疗措施为药物治疗。在一些终末期肝病或急性肝衰竭的病例中，肝移植是提高生存率的一种选择。本综述结合国内外对WD发病机制、临床表型与基因型的关系及药物治疗进展的研究作出了概述。     

肝豆状核变性诊疗新进展

肝豆状核变性,又称Wilson病(Wilson’s disease,WD),是一种由ATP7B基因突变引起的常染色体隐性遗传疾病。中国WD的发病率高于西方国家。WD会导致患者体内铜过度储积,主要影响肝脏和大脑的基底神经节,也会影响其他器官系统。其诊断主要通过血液、尿液、肝脏病理和基因检查等明确。基因检测还可以用来筛选患者的家庭成员。WD是少数可用药物治疗的遗传病之一,方法包括使用铜螯合剂(青霉胺、曲恩汀、二巯基丙醇、二巯丁二酸和四硫代钼酸铵等)和减少胃肠道吸收铜的药物(锌剂)。目前大多数治疗方法都是根据国外专家的经验和证据制定的,有必要研究和开发适合中国WD患者的治疗方案。     

Wilson病诊断和治疗现状

1912年Wilson书写了他首篇最经典Wilsondisease(WD)临床与病理的研究著作,并推测中毒可能为其病因。Rumpel(1913)首次发现WD肝铜增高,在1948年Mandelbrote等发现尿铜排泄增高,Cumings观察到WD肝脑铜均增高,因而WD被认为是铜代谢障碍所致。直至1952年Scheinberg才发现了铜蓝蛋白的异常。青霉胺标志着近五十年本病的治疗喜人的进展,而近十余年来WD遗传基因的研究,昭示着有望本病的基因治疗这一天的到来。     

24小时尿铜用于儿童肝豆状核变性诊断的再评价

目的 评价24 h尿铜定量用于儿童肝豆状核变性(WD)的诊断价值,并探讨最佳诊断界值.方法 收集本院2005年7月-2007年6月以肝病收住院的≥3岁患儿的临床资料和24 h尿液标本,疑似WD者年龄不限.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定尿液铜浓度,计算24 h尿铜值.临床资料结合部分患儿的ATP7B基因外显子测序检测后行WD评分,根据评分结果分成WD组和非WD两组.结果采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析.对WD组和非WD组的尿铜指标行非参数检验;对所有病例的24 h尿铜值作受试者工作特征曲线,并计算曲线下面积和界值.结果 共94例患儿入选,14例患者借助基因检测准确分组,WD组和非WD组分别为26例和68例.WD组和非WD组患儿24h尿铜定量的中位数分别为98.5(18.3～1180.5)μg和25.8(1.4～357.9)μg,差异有统计学意义(Z=-6.111,P=0.000).24 h尿铜定量的受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.909(95%可信区间0.839-0.979,P=0.000).敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值,在取最佳界值52 μg时分别为84.6%、91.2%、89.4%、78.6%和93.9%,取100 μg界值时分别为50.0%、97.1%、84.0%、86.7%和83.5%.分别以24h尿铜界值52μg和100μg为诊断标准与WD评分法为金标准进行吻合度比较,52 μg界值的整体吻合度高于100 μg界点(符合度系数分别为0.760和0.541),且敏感度、准确性和阴性预测值均高于100 μg界值,而特异度和阳性预测值较接近.结论 24 h尿铜52 μg界值与100 μg界值相比,可提高诊断儿童WD的敏感度和准确性.     

妊娠期肝豆状核变性的管理

肝豆状核变性(Wilson病, WD)是一种以铜代谢障碍为特征的常染色体隐性遗传病。它是由ATP7B基因突变引起, 导致铜从胆汁排泄障碍, 进而在肝脏和脑等部位病理性沉积。早期诊断、早期治疗可以显著改善患者预后。但目前关于妊娠期WD的治疗和管理仍未达成明确共识。现对妊娠期WD的临床管理进行总结, 以供临床医生参考。     

Wilson病治疗研究现状*

Wilson病(Wilson's disease,WD)是以铜代谢异常为病变特点的常染色体隐性遗传病,可引起病变器官,主要是肝脏和大脑,的继发性损伤。目前,主要的治疗方法是应用调节体内铜负平衡的药物,如螯合剂和锌盐等,具体药物的选择需根据患者的临床表现、对药物的耐受性、医师用药经验、药物成本和可及性等进行选择。由于WD的药物治疗需终身维持,且存在副作用和依从性问题,药物治疗具有一定的局限性。肝源缺乏、费用高昂和移植后需终身免疫抑制剂治疗等因素使肝移植治疗的应用也受到限制。所以,新型治疗药物或方法,特别是安全性更好和能够永久治愈的方法,引起了越来越多的关注。本文对WD的治疗研究现状进行了系统综述。     

单次尿铜比值诊断儿童肝豆状核变性意义初探

目的探讨单次尿铜比值测定代替24h尿铜定量用于诊断肝豆状核变性(WD)的可行性。方法测定正常儿童24小时内多次尿标本的铜肌酐(Cu/Cr)、铜/锌(Cu/Zn)比值,了解其稳定性;收集15例肝病患儿(其中2例WD)的晨尿和24h尿,研究单次尿Cu/Cr、Cu/Zn值与24h尿铜相关性;测定9例初发WD患儿和22例其它肝病患儿的单次尿铜比值和24h尿铜,研究其诊断儿童肝病中的WD的敏感度和特异度。结果2例正常儿童24h内尿Cu/Cr值和Cu/Zn值的变异系数分别为12.5%、9.3%。单次尿Cu/Cr值和Cu/Zn值与24h尿铜的相关系数分别0.767和0.891(P<0.001)。24h尿铜定量诊断WD的敏感度55.5%、特异度77.3%;晨尿Cu/Zn值的敏感度77.8%、特异度86.4%。结论单次尿铜比值1d内波动小,尿Cu/Zn值与24h尿铜定量相关性好,诊断WD的敏感度和特异度较高,可望代替24h尿铜定量用于WD诊断。     

遗传代谢性肝病

近年来 ,随着对Wilson病 (WD)和血色病基因的鉴定与克隆、遗传学试验商品化试剂盒的引入以及对疾病基因产物正常生理学和病理生理学有了新的理解 ,人们对WD和遗传性血色病 (HH)若干方面的认识有了极大的拓展。一、Wilson病WD的临床表型改变以及WD蛋白在铜代谢中的作用为当前研究的热点 ,对ATP7B以及“金属伴随”内部活性蛋白的研究加深了铜代谢的生理和病理的了解 ,但这些变异对WD蛋白的功能以及对疾病表型的影响鲜见报道。最近有研究表明 ,印度儿童WD患者早年 (11.5± 2 .5岁 )就出现神经系统表现 ,仅比肝脏表现平均晚3年 ,并且这…     

肝脏Wilson病的临床病理特征

目的:探讨肝脏Wilson病(Wilson disease,W D)的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗方法和预后,以提高对WD的认识,尽早明确诊断.方法:对5例WD的肝脏穿刺活检组织进行HE、免疫组织化学、网纤/Masson、PAS、罗丹宁铜染色及透射电镜超微结构观察,并结合文献进行复习.结果:5例WD患者中,男性2例,女性3例,首诊年龄24-47岁,中位年龄38岁.临床主要表现黄疸、肝功能异常、眼底检查示角膜色素环(Kayser-Fleischer环,K-F环)等,所有病例血清铜蓝蛋白均89.3 mg/L.光镜:中-重度慢性肝炎伴肝纤维化或肝硬化3例,轻度慢性肝炎1例,肝组织轻微病变1例;罗丹宁铜染色示肝细胞内多少不等的不均匀颗粒样物质沉积,部分病例以汇管区周围Ⅰ区带的肝细胞多见.电镜:肝细胞胞浆内可见高电子密度特征性Wilson颗粒,并见大小泡脂滴及色素颗粒小体.结论:WD的常规实验室检查、临床表现、光镜组织学改变均不具有特异性,电镜超微结构特征性Wilson颗粒是WD明确诊断的重要依据,故肝脏穿刺活检有助于WD的诊断.     

肝豆状核变性的中医治疗进展

肝豆状核变性,又称Wilson病(WD),是一种以铜代谢障碍为特征的常染色体隐性遗传病。目前研究表明其铜代谢异常主要表现为胆汁排铜减少和铜蓝蛋白合成障碍。前者与大分子量铜结合蛋白缺乏或金属巯基蛋白异常有关,后者由铜蓝蛋白的基因转录水平降低等原因所致。WD致病基因造成上     

Early cell transplantation in LEC rats modeling Wilson's disease eliminates hepatic copper with reversal of liver disease

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat is an excellent model of Wilson's disease with impaired copper excretion, hypoceruloplasminemia, and copper toxicosis. We hypothesized that early hepatocyte transplantation would improve copper excretion and liver disease in Wilson's disease. METHODS: Normal syngeneic Long-Evans Agouti rat hepatocytes were transplanted intrasplenically into 2-week-old LEC rats. Untreated LEC pups were controls. Liver repopulation was shown by changes in serum ceruloplasmin, hepatic atp7b messenger RNA, and bile and liver copper levels. Histologic analysis of the liver was performed. RESULTS: Significant copper accumulation and liver disease were observed in 5-month-old LEC rats, with occasional treated rats showing increased bile copper excretion. The liver was repopulated extensively in 10 of 14 treated LEC rats (71%) 20 months after cell transplantation. In these 10 rats, hepatic copper content was virtually normal in 6 rats (53 +/- 12 microg/g liver) and substantially less in 4 others (270 +/- 35 microg/g) compared with elevated liver copper levels in untreated LEC rats (1090 +/- 253 microg/g) (P < 0.001). Changes in serum ceruloplasmin levels, bile copper excretion capacity, and liver histology were in concordance with decreases in liver copper levels. CONCLUSIONS: Transplanted cells proliferated subsequent to the onset of liver injury, and the liver was repopulated over an extended period. Cell transplantation eventually restored copper homeostasis and reversed liver disease without hepatic preconditioning in LEC rats.     

Hepatocyte transplantation: new horizons and challenges

Hepatocyte transplantation represents an alternative strategy for treating liver disease. Liver repopulation following acute liver failure could, potentially, eliminate the requirement for orthotopic liver transplantation. Similarly, the ability to repopulate the liver with disease-resistant hepatocytes offers new opportunities for correcting genetic disorders and treating patients with chronic liver disease. Recent advances concerning the fate of transplanted cells in the recipient liver, the efficacy of cell therapy in outstanding animal models of human disease, and the isolation of progenitor liver cells capable of differentiating into mature hepatocytes have renewed optimism in regard to treating people with hepatocyte transplantation. Recruitment of an increasing number of investigators to the field and the success of recent pilot studies indicate that hepatocyte transplantation will become routine clinical practice in the near future.     

Long-term results of liver transplantation for Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease is a hereditary defect in hepatic copper metabolism, causing hepatic, neurological and/or psychiatric manifestations. For patients with severe disease, liver transplantation is the treatment of choice. The aim of this study was to report the long-term outcome of patients who underwent liver transplantation for Wilson's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with Wilson's disease, transplanted in Lyon France between January 1987 and May 2006, were including in this study: eight women and five men, aged eight to 53 years (median 20 years, seven children and six adults). The diagnosis of Wilson's disease was established before liver transplantation. RESULTS: The indication for liver transplantation was chronic (69%) or fulminant liver failure (31%). The median follow-up after liver transplantation was 10 years with 100% patient survival. Copper metabolism returned to normal in all patients. None of the patients with exclusive liver disease required chelation treatment after liver transplantation and none developed neurological symptoms of Wilson's disease. CONCLUSION: Liver transplantation totally reverses the abnormalities of copper metabolism and subsequent hepatic failure, but the course of neurological symptoms remains unpredictable. Long-term patient survival can be excellent without occurrence of neurological complications.     

以非结合胆红素增高为主要表现的Wilson病（附1例报告）

Wilson病是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性铜代谢障碍性疾病。临床症状复杂多样,常见的有肝损害及神经系统病变,而以非结合胆红素增高为主要表现的罕见。诊断上需综合考虑临床表现、角膜Kayser—Fleischer环、铜蓝蛋白检测及肝脏组织学。治疗上常用药物驱铜和肝移植。     

Copper metabolism after living donor liver transplantation for hepatic failure of Wilson's disease from a gene mutated donor.

There is a genetic problem in living donor liver transplantation, involving Wilson's disease, because the majority of donors have a kinship relationship. Recently, it was reported that the serum ceruloplasmin level is insufficient in some persons with one allele mutation. The recipient was a 13-year-old male child, and the donor was a 22-year-old woman, who was his sister by a different father. The gene analysis for Wilson's disease (ATP7B gene) was preoperatively carried out by the amplification refractory mutation system-PCR. Homozygous and heterozygous deletion of 2871 cytosine (C) were detected in the recipient and donor, respectively, in the ATP7B gene. Serum ceruloplasmin level was sufficient in the donor. The right hepatic lobe graft was transplanted to the recipient. Immediately after the liver transplantation, the copper metabolism improved to increase the serum ceruloplasmin levels up to the normal range, and decrease the urinary copper excretion. However, the serum ceruloplasmin levels gradually decreased below the normal base line, although the urine copper levels continued to be low without any clinical symptoms. We should perform gene analyses and confirm the serum ceruloplasmin levels in donors before living donor liver transplantation for Wilson's disease, to screen for their impairment of copper metabolism. After living donor liver transplantation for Wilson's disease, we should carefully follow-up the transition of serum ceruloplasmin levels in the recipient.     

Albumin dialysis: effective removal of copper in a patient with fulminant Wilson disease and successful bridging to liver transplantation: a new possibility for the elimination of protein-bound toxins

BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure may be the first manifestation of Wilson disease. If copper elimination fails, liver transplantation is the only remaining therapeutic option. Albumin dialysis, a new method for the removal of protein-bound toxins, was performed in a patient with fulminant Wilson disease. METHODS: An 18-year-old man with Wilson disease presented with hyperacute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy III, oligo-anuric renal failure, haemolytic anaemia, rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis and thrombocytopenia. He was treated with albumin dialysis using a 44 g/l albumin-containing dialysate and a slow dialysate flow rate (1-2 l/h). The other details of the technique used are similar to routine continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration. RESULTS: One hundred and five milligrams of copper were removed by albumin dialysis within the first six treatments, resulting in normalisation of blood-copper levels. Successful treatment of the multiorgan failure was achieved. Hepatic encephalopathy improved within 2 days. The patient initially refused liver transplantation. Therefore 35 additional albumin dialysis treatments were performed. Forty-three grams of bilirubin (an indicator of detoxified substances in the liver) and 196 mg of copper were removed. Multiorgan failure, in particular hepatic encephalopathy, did not recur during 59 days of treatment. Eventually, the patient agreed to liver transplantation and that was successful. CONCLUSION: Albumin dialysis is a new method for the effective treatment of fulminant Wilson disease, resulting in the removal of protein-bound toxins copper and bilirubin. It may serve as a new treatment option in hyperacute liver failure of other origin, acting as an extracorporeal detoxifier.     

Enfermedad de Wilson: espectro clínico de la enfermedad hepática

Wilson's disease is a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism,characterized by copper accumulation in the liver and brain. This rare entity, which has a broad clinical spectrum, is often difficult to diagnose and should therefore always be suspected in patients with liver disease of unclear cause. We describe two types of manifestation of liver disease in two patients; the first developed fulminant hepatic failure requiring urgent liver transplantation and the second showed advanced chronic liver disease and received standard medical treatment. The objective of this clinical observation is to analyze the diagnosis of Wilson's disease in two patients with distinct onset, illustrating the broad clinical spectrum of the disease, and its treatment.     

Lebertransplantationen bei autoimmunen Lebererkrankungen

Cirrhosis due to autoimmune liver disease is an indication for liver transplantation. In Eurotransplant countries, the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was introduced in December 2006. The lab-MELD is based on creatinine, bilirubin, and prothrombin time expressed as the international normalized ratio (INR). If patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis develop complications, such as biliary sepsis, standard exceptional criteria (match-MELD) might be added to increase the priority of organ allocation. Because of excellent short-term outcomes after liver transplantation, attention has shifted to improving long-term survival and particularly to treating recurrent disease. Diagnosis of disease relapse in autoimmune and cholestatic liver disease is more challenging than in the non-transplant setting. However, despite limited therapeutic options for recurrent autoimmune liver disease after transplantation, affected patients exhibit excellent long-term survival.     

Hemolytic anemia disclosing Wilson's disease. Report of 2 cases

INTRODUCTION: The liver and central nervous system are the usual targets of Wilson's disease, an inherited disorder of copper metabolism. Severe hemolytic anemia is an unusual complication of Wilson's disease. EXEGESIS: We report two cases of Wilson's disease revealed by acute intravascular hemolytic anemia associated with liver failure. Blood smear analysis showed stippled red cells in one case; hemolytic anemia improved within a few weeks in both patients but progressive liver failure required transplantation in the other. Hemolysis probably results from the toxic effect of free serum copper on erythrocyte membrane. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of Wilson's disease must be considered in case of acute hemolytic anemia associated with liver failure in young adults.     

Wilson disease: pathogenesis and clinical considerations in diagnosis and treatment

Nearly a century after Dr. Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson composed his doctoral thesis on the pathologic findings of "lenticular degeneration" in the brain associated with cirrhosis of the liver we know that the underlying molecular basis for this autosomal recessive inherited disorder that now bears his name is mutation of a copper transporting ATPase, ATP7B, an intracellular copper transporter mainly expressed in hepatocytes. Loss of ATP7B function is the basis for reduced hepatic biliary copper excretion and reduced incorporation of copper into ceruloplasmin. During the intervening years, there was recognition of the clinical signs, histologic, biochemical features, and mutation analysis of ATP7B that characterize and enable diagnosis of this disorder. These include the presence of signs of liver or neurologic disease and detection of Kayser-Fleischer rings, low ceruloplasmin, elevated urine and hepatic copper, and associated histologic changes in the liver. Medical therapies and liver transplantation can effectively treat patients with this once uniformly fatal disorder. The earlier detection of the disease led to the initiation of treatment to prevent disease progression and reverse pathologic findings if present, and family screening to detect the disorder in first-degree relatives is warranted. Gene therapy and hepatocyte cell transplantation for Wilson disease has only been tested in animal models but represent future areas for study. Despite all the advances we still have to consider the diagnosis of Wilson disease to test patients for this disorder and properly establish the diagnosis before committing to life-long treatment.