巨细胞病毒DNA动态监测在预防肾移植术后巨细胞病毒性肺炎中的应用价值

目的 探讨荧光定量PCR动态监测在预防肾移植术后人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)肺炎中的临床应用价值.方法 同种异体肾移植患者242例.男144例,女98例,平均年龄42(17～71)岁.随机分为2组:实验组127例,对照组115例.实验组患者移植术后采用荧光定量PCR方法动态检测患者血、尿标本HCMV-DNA,其中任何一项HCMV-DNA拷贝数>1×103拷贝/ml者,连续静脉滴注更昔洛韦4周,按照肌酐清除率计算剂量(肾功能正常者剂量为5 mg/kg 2次/d;肾功能减退者,肌酐清除率50～69 ml/min时2.5 mg/kg,2次/d;肌酐清除率25～49 ml/min时2.5 mg/kg,2次/d;肌酐清除率10～24 ml/min时1.25 mg/kg,1次/d;肌酐清除率<10 ml/min时每周3次每次1.25 mg/kg,于血液透析后给予).对照组不进行定期检测及更昔洛韦预防用药,比较2组患者HC-MV肺炎发病、治疗情况及移植肾1年存活率. 结果实验组术后HCMV肺炎发生率6.3%(8/127);肺炎发生中位时间84(46～167)d;住院治疗中位时间36(30～57)d;病死率12.5%(1/8);呼吸机使用率12.5%(1/8),合并其他病原体感染率25.0%(2/8);移植肾1年存活率98.4%(125/127),其中1例为移植肾带功能死亡,1例为移植肾急性排斥失功.对照组术后HCMV肺炎发生率14.8%(17/115);肺炎发生中位时间51(34～138)d;住院中位时间40(21～67)d;病死率23.5%(4/17);呼吸机使用率29.4%(5/17),合并其他病原体感染率41.2%(7/17);移植肾1年存活率93.0%(107/115),死亡4例中3例为移植肾带功能,1例移植肾功能未恢复;4例为移植肾急性排斥失功.2组间比较住院治疗时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余各项(HCMV肺炎发生率、发生时间、病死率、呼吸机使用率、合并其他病原体感染率、移植肾1年存活率)差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 荧光定量PCR动态监测肾移植术后患者血、尿标本HCMV-DNA载量,预防术后HCMV肺炎效果好,移植肾1年存活率提高.     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的诊疗策略。方法对2000年1月至2004年3月我院218例肾移植术后患者资料进行回顾性分析,根据实验室检查结果以及临床症状,共有57例(26%)诊断为CMV感染,24例(11%)进展为CMV肺炎,给予调整免疫抑制剂、抗感染、支持、对症处理。结果17例治愈,死亡7例。结论CMV感染应积极预防,并坚持早发现、早治疗。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的诊疗进展

对新近肾移植术后发生巨细胞病毒感染的临床特征、诊断和治疗方法,以及预防措施的发展情况作一全面介绍.     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染

巨细胞病毒(ＣＭＶ)感染是肾移植术后的一种常见并发症,据报道ＣＭＶ活动性感染率在肾移植受者中约50%～75%,有10%～30%的患者为有症状的ＣＭＶ感染。供者血清学ＣＭＶＩｇＧ阳性,受者阴性,是ＣＭＶ感染的高危人群,术后感染率高达96%。轻度感染者一般为自限性疾病,症状多数在1～3周内自行消失。一旦发生严重的ＣＭＶ感染,特别是肺间质性炎症,死亡率高达25%。一、ＣＭＶ和ＣＭＶ感染ＣＭＶ是人类疱诊病毒之一。它有复杂的双链ＤＮＡ螺旋核心,因病毒侵入细胞内,外面包裹有宿主胞核膜,或内质网形成的脂质层包壳,直径约180ｎｍ。病毒基因包含重…     

肾移植患者的巨细胞病毒感染

肾移植患者的巨细胞病毒感染张仕光黄锋先肾移植是治疗终末期肾功能衰竭的最好办法。临床上为了防止排异，不得不应用各种免疫抑制剂，这就难免发生过度免疫的可能，因而易发生感染。感染仍然是肾移植患者最重要的死亡原因之一。细菌感染比较容易治疗，而病毒感染未因新的...     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的研究进展

潜伏的巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)活化或新的CMV感染,多发生在肾移植术后的第二和第四个月之间,是移植术后的常见并发症之一,从而对机体造成直接或间接的影响。本文针对肾移植术后CMV感染和CMV病的危险因素、临床表现、诊断以及防治方面做一简要综述。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的防治

本文阐述了巨细胞病毒感染的一般特征、ＣＭＶ感染易患因素，ＣＭＶ与免疫、ＣＭＶ与排异反应的关系，ＣＭＶ感染的诊断和ＣＭＶ疾病复发；并从细胞因子及分子生物学水平探讨了ＣＭＶ与宿主免疫，ＣＭＶ与排异反应的关系，ＣＭＶ感染的诊断和ＣＭＶ与移植肾间的关系，重点阐述了ＣＭＶ感染的预防和治疗。     

肾移植术后并发巨细胞病毒感染患者的护理

对31例肾移植术后并发巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染患者行抗病毒、适当减少免疫抑制剂用量、给氧、退热、保持呼吸道通畅、严格消毒隔离等治疗和护理.结果20例治愈,11例死亡.提出CMV感染是肾移植术后的严重并发症,病死率高.而密切观察,早发现、早治疗是救治成功的关键.     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的防治

巨细胞病毒(CMV)属于B疱疹病毒家族，为双链DNA病毒。据报道，肾移植受者中约50％～70％有活动性CMV感染，其中10％～30％为有症状性感染。因为其病情凶险，发展迅速，病死率高，是降低受者和移植肾存活率的重要因素，所以有效的预防和治疗极其重要。     

大黄制剂对肾移植受者环孢素血药浓度的影响分析

目的研究肾移植受者服用大黄制剂对环孢素血药浓度的影响。方法 2008年1月至2012年12月,湖州市第一人民医院10例肾移植受者术后采用环孢素＋吗替麦考酚酯/硫唑嘌呤＋泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案,环孢素用量为5~7 mg·kg-1·d-1,受者术后2~5年因便秘同时服用大黄苏打片（每片含大黄0.15 g,碳酸氢钠0.15 g）,3片/次,3次/d。服用当天及15 d监测受者环孢素血药浓度谷值（C0）、2h后血药浓度峰值（C2）以及肝肾功能,停药15d复查环孢素C0和C2。结果服用大黄苏打片15 d受者环孢素C0、C2均高于服用当天检测值,差异均有统计学意义（t=11.754和12.822,P均〈0.05）。停用大黄苏打片15 d复查环孢素C0、C2均低于服用15 d时检测值,差异均有统计学意义（t=10.020和13.596,P均〈0.05）;与服用当天检测值比较,差异均无统计学差异（t=1.375和0.251,P均〉0.05）。服用大黄苏打片15 d,受者肝肾功能指标与服用当天比较差异均无统计学差异（P均〉0.05）。结论肾移植术后服用环孢素的受者在长期使用含有大黄制剂的药物时,应注意监测环孢素血药浓度,必要时适当调整环孢素用量。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的pp67 mRNA检测及其临床意义

目的　采用核酸基础序列扩增法 (NASBA)检测巨细胞病毒晚期mRNA基因编码的基质蛋白 pp67的表达 ,探讨pp67对肾移植术后HCMV活动性感染及指导抗病毒治疗上的作用。方法　择近期 5 0例肾移植患者进行 pp67检测并随访观察 ,与现用的CMV抗原血症法比较 ,了解pp67与HCMV活动性感染及CMV病的关系。 结果　 5 0例患者中共 5例出现CMV病 ,其CMV Ag与 pp67均呈阳性 ,pp67阳性组中CMV抗原指数显著高于pp67阴性组 ,CMV Ag与pp67平均出现阳性时间无差异 ,以pp67作为抗病毒治疗指标可以明显缩短用药时间 ,pp67比CMV Ag在抗病毒治疗后更早转阴。结论　pp67更准确地反映了肾移植术后HCMV的活动性 ,能更好的指导临床抗病毒用药。     

肾移植术后口服伐昔洛韦预防巨细胞病毒性肺炎的观察

目的探讨口服伐昔洛韦（valaciclovir）预防肾移植术后巨细胞病毒（CMV）性肺炎的有效性和安全性。方法前瞻性研究121例肾移植的临床资料，其中供、受者血清CMV-IgG均为阳性（D＋R＋组）肾移植63例，供者血清CMV-IgG阳性、受者血清CMV-IgG阴性（D＋R-组）肾移植58例。上述两组受者随机再分为预防组和对照组，预防组口服伐昔洛韦，对照组不给予抗病毒药物。观察肾移植术后1年内CMV性肺炎的发生率。结果预防组的受者对口服伐昔洛韦有良好的耐受性。预防组CMV性肺炎发生率为8．06％，对照组为22．03％，两组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对供者血清CMV-IgG阳性、受者血清CMV-IgG阴性或供、受者血清CMV-IgG均为阳性的肾移植，受者预防性口服伐昔洛韦可以安全有效地降低术后CMV性肺炎的发生率。     

Analysis of urinary donor-derived DNA in renal transplant recipients with acute rejection

Abstract: In renal transplantation we usually diagnose an acute rejection by based on the results of a needle biopsy; however, this takes time and findings in some cases are not definite. We analysed the urine of renal recipients for the presence of donor DNA in an attempt to establish a diagnostic means of acute rejection. Sixty-four renal transplant recipients were examined. Thirty-seven patients had no trouble after transplantation and 22 patients developed acute rejection, diagnosed based on serum creatinine levels and/or needle biopsy findings of the graft. Five patients had drug-induced renal dysfunction. In female recipients with a male graft we examined urine for the presence of Y-chromosome (SRY and DYZ-1) and in recipients receiving a HLA mismatched graft we investigated the HLA-DR gene (DRB1) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Among female recipients with a male graft there were 14 patients with stable renal function and SRY and DYZ-1 on Y-chromosome were negative in 13 (93%) and positive in one, whereas SRY and DYZ-1 of urine were positive in the four female patients with acute rejection and these DNA fragments disappeared in three after rejection therapy. One patient was subjected to haemodialysis. Among 23 recipients of a graft from HLA mismatched donors with stable renal function, DRB1 was negative in 21(91%). Among 18 patients with acute rejection DRB1 was positive in 16 (93%) and negative in two. These DNA fragments disappeared in 13 patients after rejection therapy. In all patients with drug-induced renal dysfunction donor-derived DNA was negative. Presence of donor-specific DNA in the urine of the recipient is associated strongly with acute rejection and analysis of DNA derived from donor cells in urine might be an effective and accurate method for the diagnosis of acute rejection of a renal transplant.     

肾移植患者巨细胞病毒感染的检测

目的建立一种诊断。肾移植受者巨细胞病毒（CMV）活动性感染的简便方法，并探讨其指导临床抗病毒治疗的价值。方法运用免疫组织化学的催化信号扩增法检测肾移植患者外周血白细胞中的巨细胞病毒磷蛋白（CMV pp65）。结果100例。肾移植受者中，44例CMV pp65抗原阳性，其中29例表现出CMV病的症状，其CMV抗原指数为（72±45）／2×10^5，而15例无症状CMV pp65抗原阳性者的CMV抗原指数为（46±25）／2×10^5，二者比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。29例CMV病患者中，27例接受抗病毒治疗，其中26例治疗后CMV pp65抗原阳性细胞减少，症状消失，另1例CMV pp65抗原阳性细胞持续不降，患者因肺部感染死亡；未经抗病毒治疗的2例患者均死亡。结论催化信号扩增法检测外周血白细胞中的CMV pp65用于诊断。肾移植术后CMV活动性感染简便、敏感，并可指导抗病毒治疗。     

肾移植术后人巨细胞病毒感染的早期诊断和抢先治疗效果

目的 评估肾移植术后人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染的早期诊断和抢先治疗效果.方法 选择2007年1月至2009年1月进行肾移植手术并坚持随访的165例受者作为研究对象.移植术前及术后第2～8周每周1次、第9～24周每2周1次收集受者血液和尿液标本.采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)方法检测血液和尿液标本中的HCMV DNA拷贝数.对浓缩尿中HCMV DNA超过103拷贝/ml的受者,立即给予更昔洛韦进行抢先治疗.结果 165例肾移植受者术前血液和浓缩尿中均未检测到HCMV DNA;从术后第2周开始,浓缩尿中就可检测到HCMVDNA,峰值出现在第6～8周,且同一检测时间点,浓缩尿中HCMV DNA阳性例数均明显多于血液中阳性例数.术后共有30例受者血液中检测到HCMV DNA,阳性率为18.18%;有64例受者浓缩尿中检测到HCMV DNA,阳性率为38.79%;浓缩尿中阳性率明显高于血液,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).血液和浓缩尿中HCMVDNA均阳性的30例受者,经更昔洛韦抢先治疗后,病毒拷贝数逐渐下降,但有8例发展为巨细胞病毒性肺炎,经加强抗病毒以及其他综合治疗后痊愈,浓缩尿中HCMVDNA转阴时间为(10.2±3.4)d.另34例仅浓缩尿中HCMV DNA阳性的受者,经更昔洛韦抢先治疗后,无一例发展为巨细胞病毒性肺炎,浓缩尿中HCMV DNA转阴时间为(5.5±2.1)d,与血液和浓缩尿中HCMVDNA均阳性的受者比较,其转阴时间明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 采用FQ-PCR方法检测受者的浓缩尿能提前检出HCMV DNA,提高阳性检出率.一旦受者浓缩尿中HCMV DNA阳性,采用抢先治疗效果较好.     

Is cytomegalovirus a cause of ureteral stricture in renal transplant recipients?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is regarded as a predominant infectious agent in solid organ transplants. CMV disease has highly protean clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, urinary tract involvement seems to be very rare during CMV infection. We report two cases of renal transplant recipients in whom ureteral stricture developed in the course of CMV disease. Histologic data were available for them and were consistent with CMV infection. We discuss previous case reports and propose physiopathologic mechanisms. Received: 3 October 1996 Received after revision: 13 February 1997 Accepted: 17 February 1997     

A longitudinal prospective study of cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia in renal transplant recipients

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-encoded pp65 antigen in peripheral blood leukocytes (CMV antigenemia) was investigated in 1017 serial samples from 64 patients for 16 weeks after renal transplantation in a prospective study. In 110 samples from 24 patients, at least one antigen-positive leukocyte was identified. The median number of stained cells was 4 (range 1–1000) per 4×10⁵ leukocytes. Twenty-one of 24 patients with serological signs of an active CMV infection were antigen-positive (sensitivity 87.5%), whereas 3 patients with antigenemia did not show serological signs of infection during the observation period (specificity 92.5%). Positive results were obtained 19 days (median) before serological response and 9 days (median) before the onset of CMV syndrome. The sensitivity in defining a CMV syndrome was 100% (n=8). In all patients who presented with CMV syndrome, antigenemia was present prior to the onset of symptoms or on the same day. In contrast, serological monitoring rendered the diagnosis of CMV infection possible at the onset of clinical symptoms in only two of eight patients. We conclude that (1) insufficient results obtained with the CMV antigenemia assay by other investigators are mainly due to technical problems that can easily be overcome by the protocol presented and (2) the detection of CMV pp65 antigen in peripheral blood leukocytes is an excellent tool for rapid and early diagnosis of CMV infection.     

肾移植后高同型半胱氨酸血症的发生率及其与心脑血管疾病风险因素的关系

目的 心脑血管并发症是肾移植受者(renal transplantation recipients,RTRs)的重要死亡原因,近来证实同型半胱氨酸与脑卒中有密切关系,本研究旨在探讨肾移植受者高同型半胱氨酸的发生率及其与传统心脑血管疾病风险因素的关系.方法 测定120例连续随访肾移植受者的同型半胱氨酸水平,其中男82例,平均年龄(42.5±8.7)岁;女38例,平均年龄(40.2±3.4)岁.同时监测空腹血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白a、尿酸、肌酐、C反应蛋白的数值.结果 高同型半胱氨酸血症的总体发生率为95％,其中男性97.6％,女性89.5％,男女之间无显著差异(P＞0.05);高同型半胱氨酸血症组中脂蛋白a、尿酸、肌酐显著高于正常同型半胱氨酸组,分别为(305±132)mg/L、(406±34.6)μmol/L、(135±14)μmol/L和(221±129)mg/L、(320±51.1)μmol/L、(127±38.2) μmol/L(P＜0.05).Pearson相关分析结果显示,同型半胱氨酸与同时期的肌酐(r=0.832,P=0.013)、尿酸(r=0.263,P=0.005)、脂蛋白a(r=0.754,P=0.003)呈正相关,与总胆固醇(r=-0.197,P=0.036)呈负相关.结论 肾移植受者的高同型半胱氨酸血症发生率高,尤其是男性肾移植受者,与影响移植后心脑血管疾病的传统风险因素并存,可能增加肾移植受者发生心脑血管疾病的风险,提示应在肾移植受者中筛查同型半胱氨酸,及对高同型胱氨酸血症患者进行降同型半胱氨酸治疗的必要性.     

Dream anxiety in renal transplant recipients

Abstract

Objective: Although low quality of sleep has been reported in kidney transplant patients with functioning allografts, there are no previous studies investigating the dreams of these patients. We aimed to investigate the differences in dream anxiety level between renal transplant patients and healthy control subjects. We also planned to compare depression and anxiety symptoms, sleep quality and sleepiness level between these two groups. Methods: Twenty-two living-donor renal transplant recipients followed at an outpatient nephrology clinic and 22 healthy controls were enrolled in this observational cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic Data Collection Form, and the Van Dream Anxiety Scale (VDAS), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories were used for the assessment of the necessary features. Hemoglobin (Hb), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and glucose levels were measured. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of dream anxiety (p?=?0.45), depression (p?=?0.76), sleep quality (p?=?0.8), insomnia severity (p?=?0.08) and Hb (p?=?0.11) and glucose levels (p?=?0.14). Although, BUN (p?=?0.00) and creatinine (p?=?0.00) levels differed significantly between the two groups, both parameters were found to be within their normal range. Conclusions: In our study, chronic renal failure patients with a successful kidney transplant were found to be able to completely return to normal in terms of metabolic parameters, sleep quality and mood. Similar levels of dream anxiety are also consistent with these findings.