早期2型糖尿病血清内脂素与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度的相关性研究

目的 探讨早期2型糖尿病(T2DM)血清内脂素(Visfatin)与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(IMT)的关系.方法 70例早期T2DM患者,高分辨超声检测颈动脉IMT,分为IMT增厚组(36例)、IMT非增厚组(34例),对照组为同期健康体检人员30例.三组均检测常规临床指标,采用ELISA法测空腹血清Visfatin.各组间进行统计学分析,探讨Visfatin与早期T2DM颈动脉IMT的关系.结果 T2DM患者Visfatin明显高于对照组(14.32±0.76 μg/L vs 6.34±0.91 μg/L,11.54±0.83μg/L vs 6.34±0.91μg/L,t1=2.41,t2=1.841;P1=0.009,P2=0.029),IMT增厚组Visfatin高于IMT非增厚组(14.32±0.76μg/L vs 11.54±0.83 μg/L,t3=0.901,P3=0.031);简单相关分析显示Visfatin与BMI,IMT,LDL-C,WHR,ln(FINS),ln(HOMA-IR),ln (FBG)呈正相关(r=0.201～0.331,P=0.007～0.047),但多元线性回归分析发现Visfatin仅与HOMA-IR(t=4.123,P=0.0071),IMT(t=3.573,P=0.0084)呈独立相关.结论 血清Visfatin与T2DM发病密切相关,可能参与早期T2DM动脉粥样硬化的发生发展.     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清脂联素、血管内皮生长因子、高敏C反应蛋白及其颈动脉内膜粥样硬化关系的研究

目的 观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并脑梗死患者中血清脂联素(APN)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)与颈动脉内膜粥样硬化的关系.方法 选取住院的T2DM患者105例,糖尿病合并脑梗死(DACI)组的患者72例,单纯T2DM 33例和同期健康体检者正常对照(NC)组30例.分别检测各组颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT),APN,VEGF和hsCRP水平的变化.结果 对NC组、T2DM组和DACI组研究对象进行了相关项目的测量,IMT(0.72±0.13) mm、(0.89±0.19) mm vs (1.13±0.37) mm,Crouse积分(1.22±1.06)分、(3.52±1.73)分vs (4.68±2.28)分,VEGF( 112.96±11.27) ng/L、(143.83±15.86) ng/L vs (160.32±19.43) ng/L,hsCRP(1.52±0.98) mg/L、(6.58±2.83)mg/L vs (14.56±4.73) mg/L水平和颈动脉斑块检出率从NC组、T2DM组和DACI组依次增高(33.3％、63.6％ vs 83.3％),而APN水平依次降低(8.76±3.07)μmol/L、(5.17±2.87)μmol/L vs(3.28±1.87) μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).DACI组患者血清VEGF和hsCRP水平随着颈动脉斑块严重程度的增加而增加,而APN出现依次降低(P＜0.01).结论 VEGF、APN和hsCRP参与了DACI的颈动脉粥样硬化过程,并且与动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性密切相关.     

高频超声评价2型糖尿病合并微量白蛋白尿患者颈动脉粥样硬化

目的 评价高频超声对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并微量白蛋白尿(MA)患者颈动脉粥样硬化的诊断价值.方法 将91例T2DM患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为T2DM未合并MA患者组(T2DM1组)49例;T2DM合并MA患者组(T2DM2组)42例,利高频超声检测T2DM患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及粥样硬化斑块形成情况.同时获得血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、尿酸(URIC)、血肌酐(CREA)、超敏C反应蛋白(HSCRP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、体质指数(BMI)等指标.结果 T2DM2组2hPG、BMI、TC、CREA、UAER、HbAlc、IMT均高于T2DM1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).Pearson相关分析显示两组中IMT与CREA、UAER、HbAlc及病程呈正相关(r=0.311、P<0.05,r=0.309、P<0.05,r=0.441、P<0.05,r=0.350、P<0.05).在多元线性回归分析中,两组中UAER、HbAlc、病程是IMT的独立预测因子.两组组内斑块检出率:软斑>混合斑>硬斑,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 T2DM合并MA患者的颈动脉IMT增厚,UAER、HbAlc及病程与IMT密切相关.高频超声能够准确、快捷地检测T2DM合并MA患者颈动脉粥样硬化.     

新诊断高血压患者颈动脉内中膜厚度和C反应蛋白的研究

目的:观察新发高血压患者的颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)及动脉硬化情况。方法:采用格式化调查表收集仪征市社区人群中477例新发高血压患者的信息,并检测其血糖、血脂、颈动脉IMT、C反应蛋白(CRP)等指标。结果:477例新发高血压患者的平均颈动脉IMT为(0.87±0.20)mm,动脉硬化斑块发生率为16.8%,平均CRP为0.70 mg/L(0.01~26.80 mg/L)。调整年龄和性别因素后,高CRP组(CRP≥3.0 mg/L)患者的动脉硬化斑块发生率、吸烟率、糖尿病患病率均高于CRP<0.05)。随着心血管疾病的累积风险增加,患者的IMT持续增厚、高CRP的发生率持续增高(P<0.05)。结论:新发高血压患者中已存在一定程度的动脉硬化,高CRP者的颈动脉硬化斑块发生率升高,而颈动脉IMT、高CRP发生率随着患者心血管疾病风险因素累积的增多而逐渐增高。     

糖耐量减低患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度与血同型半胱氨酸及超敏C-反应蛋白的关系

目的 观察糖耐量减低(IGT)患者的血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的关系,以探讨其在并发动脉粥样硬化(AS)的临床意义.方法 选择IGT患者70例,根据颈动脉IMT,分为IMT正常组(IMT≤0.9 mm)、IMT增厚组(IMT>0.9 mm),分别进行血脂、hs-CRP、Hey及收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、体重指数(BMI)等参数测定,并选择60名为健康对照组进行比较和相关性分析.结果 IMT增厚组hs-CRP、Hcy水平高于IMT正常组和正常对照组[hs-CRP:(48.8±4.9)、(34.8±2.2)、(21.2±3.5)mg/L,P<0.05、P<0.01;HCY:(12.88±0.96)、(10.12±0.54)、(7.86±0.25)μmol/L,P<0.050.01],1GT者SBP、TG、TC及颈动脉IMT也均高于正常对照组(P均<0.05).颈动脉IMT与hs-CRP、Hcy、TC、SBP呈正相关(r值分别为0.616、0.557、0.351、0.252,P值分别为<0.01、<0.01、<0.05、<0.05).颈动脉IMT增厚组的Hcy水平与hs-CRP呈正相关(r=0.364,P<0.05).结论 IGT者颈动脉IMT较正常者已有所升高,已有早期的AS.而血Hcy和CRP对预测IGT者早期的AS有重要意义,高Hcy可能使CRP水平升高,进而引起早期的AS.     

血清基质金属蛋白酶-9与2型糖尿病颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 选择93例T2DM患者作为研究对象,测量患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块情况.根据IMT值将选取T2DM患者分为3组:单纯糖尿病组32例(糖尿病组),糖尿病颈动脉内中膜增厚组31例(中膜增厚组),糖尿病颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成组30例(斑块组);另选健康查体者30名作为对照组.测定血清MMP-9浓度并进行相关分析.结果 糖尿病组血清MMP-9为(550.26±269.28)μg/L,显著高于对照组(359.70±215.62)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=2.23,P＜0.05);中膜增厚组MMP-9为(712.15±340.47)μg/L明显高于对照组(t=4.53,P＜0.01)和单纯糖尿病组(t=2.40,P＜0.05);斑块组MMP-9为(889.08±247.80)μg/L明显高于对照组(t=7.01,P＜0.01)、糖尿病组(t=4.89,P＜0.01)和中膜增厚组(t=2.53,P＜0.05).结论 血清MMP-9升高与颈动脉粥样硬化的病变程度密切相关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigated the relationship between serum matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and carotid atherosclerosis(AS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods A total of 93 patients with T2DM were recruited to our study.The intima-media thickness(IMT) and plaques of carotid artery were measured.These patients were divided into 3 groups according to their IMT values: diabetes mellitus(DM) group(n=32),carotid artery intima thicken group(n=31) and carotid artery intima plaque group(n=30).At the same time,30 healthy individuals were selected as control.Serum level of MMP-9 were determined and analyzed.Results The serum MMP-9 in DM group was significantly higher than that in healthy controls([550.26±269.28]μg/L vs.[359.70±215.62]μg/L,t=2.23,P＜0.05).The serum MMP-9 level of intima thicken group(712.15±340.47)μg/L was significantly higher than that in healthy controls(t=4.53,P＜0.01) and DM group(t=2.40,P＜0.05).The serum MMP-9 level of plaque group([889.08±247.80]μg/L) was even more significantly higher than DM group(t=4.89,P＜0.01),IMT group(t=2.53,P＜0.05) and healthy controls(t=7.01,P＜0.01).Conclusion The severity of carotid atherosclerosis in T2DM is closely associated with the serum MMP-9 level.     

糖尿病患者的非糖尿病一级亲属血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平的研究

目的观察降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)与内皮素(ET)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者及非糖尿病的T2DM一级亲属(FDRs)中的变化,并探讨其在T2DM发生中的作用。方法采用放免法分别测定28例正常人,35例T2DM患者(T2DM组A,T2DM组B)及30例非糖尿病的T2DM一级亲属血浆ET,CGRP含量。结果T2DM A、B组患者血浆ET值较正常对照组显著增高,(64.67±7.92)ng/L,(79.91±8.33)ng/L,vs(5.07±6.24)ng/L(P<0.01),CGRP值显著降低,(144.18±24.16)ng/L,(121.32±23.29)ng/L vs(180.36±21.73)ng/L(P<0.01),FDRs组血浆ET值较正常对照组显著增高,(60.79±7.50)ng/L vs(50.07±6.24)ng/L(P<0.05),CGRP值显著降低,(157.87±18.22)ng/L vs(180.36±21.73)ng/L(P<0.05),有糖尿病家族史比无糖尿病家族史者ET显著升高(P<0.05)、CGRP显著降低(P<0.05);CGRP与胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈负相关(r=-0.19,P=0.049),ET与HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.286,P=0.029)。结论T2DM患者及非糖尿病的T2DM一级亲属ET增高,CGRP降低,提示遗传因素可能参与了糖尿病的发病机制。     

血清脂联素和内脂素水平与2型糖尿病患者颈总动脉IMT的相关性研究

目的 通过观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清脂联素(APN)、内脂素(Visfatin)水平及颈总动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)值,探讨血清APN及Visfatin水平与颈总动脉IMT值的相关性.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测195例T2DM患者和50例对照组的血清APN及Visfatin水平,彩色多普勒超声仪测量IMT值.结果 ①T2DM患者血清APN水平显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),颈动脉IMT增厚组血清APN水平显著低于IMT非增厚组(P＜0.01);血清Visfatin水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),颈动脉IMT增厚组血清Visfatin水平显著高于IMT非增厚组(P＜0.01).②r2DM患者IMT值与血清APN呈显著负相关(r=-0.639,P＜0.01),与血清Visfatin呈显著正相关(r=0.701,P＜0.01),且血清APN与Visfatin呈显著负相关(r=-0.835,P＜0.01).结论 T2DM患者存在血清APN及Visfatin水平的异常表达,与颈总动脉IMT值有着显著相关性,联合检测血清APN及Visfatin水平,可作为判断T2DM患者疾病严重程度、临床疗效及评估预后的重要参数.     

糖尿病患者餐后血脂、同型半胱氨酸水平与动脉粥样硬化的关系研究

[目的]探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)与餐后血脂及血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)的关系.[方法]选取新确诊的T2DM患者383例,按IMT分为IMT增厚组(IMT＞0.9 mm) 197例及IMT正常组(IMT＜0.9 mm)186例,均进行脂负荷餐,采集空腹及餐后4h的血标本,测定Hcy、FBG、空腹及餐后4h甘油三酯(4hTG).使用彩色多普勒测定各组受试者的颈动脉IMT.[结果]①IMT增厚组Hcy、4hTG显著高于IMT正常组(P＜0.01).②在IMT增厚组,Hcy、4hTG与IMT均呈正相关(r分别为0.86、0.69,P＜0.01)；在IMT正常组,Hcy、4hTG与IMT也呈正相关(r分别为0.77、0.56,P＜0.01)；同时,无论在IMT增厚组还是IMT正常组,Hcy与4hTG均相关(r分别为0.72、0.66,P＜0.01).[结论]高Hcy及餐后高TG与T2DM患者早期动脉粥样硬化有密切的关系.     

胰岛素强化治疗对2型糖尿病大血管病变患者基质金属蛋白酶9及高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的 评价胰岛素常规治疗及一天多次胰岛素注射和持续皮下胰岛素注射(胰岛素泵)两种强化治疗方法对2型糖尿病(T2DM)大血管病变患者外周血基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)等的影响.方法 分别测定120例T2DM大血菅病变患者血清MMP-9、hsCRP水平及其他临床指标.患者随机分为常规治疗组、多次胰岛素注射组和胰岛素泵治疗组.治疗2周后复查各指标.结果 T2DM大血管病变者外周血MMP-9与hsCRP、白细胞呈正相关(r值分别为0.730,0.629,P<0.01);与常规治疗组相比,强化治疗明显降低外周血MMP-9水平(P<0.01),胰岛素泵组治疗前MMP-9水平为(603.71±226.97)μg/L,治疗后为(490.04±126.85)μg/L(P<0.01),明显强于多次注射组.多次治疗组治疗前MMP-9水平为(609.79±215.72)μg/L,治疗后为(562.28±157.96)μg/L(P<0.01).与治疗前相比,3种方法均降低外周血hsCRP水平(P<0.05),但3种方法之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).MMP-9、hsCRP的下降与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的改变明显相关(r=0.469,P<0.001;r=0.252,P=0.005).结论 强化胰岛素治疗特别是胰岛素泵治疗能稳定迅速降低血糖,减少胰岛素用量,还能发挥抗炎、抗AS的作用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.