膨体聚四氟乙烯联合鼻中隔软骨及耳软骨在分段搭建美学亚单位鼻综合整形术中的应用

目的:探讨依据鼻部局部美学亚单位间不同的解剖特点,采用膨体聚四氟乙烯(Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene,e-PTFE)联合鼻中隔软骨及耳软骨在鼻综合整形术中对鼻部进行分段调整的效果。方法:2017年8月至2019年3月,应用该方法进行了32例手术,取鼻正中飞鸟形切口加双侧鼻翼缘切口,利用膨体聚四氟乙烯、鼻中隔软骨、耳软骨,对鼻背、鼻小柱、鼻尖等各个美学分区进行逐一调整,观察其效果。结果:本组29例获得随访,随访时间3~17个月,恢复都较满意,取得了较好效果,无慢性感染、假体歪斜、鼻尖皮肤变薄等并发症发生。结论:根据鼻部的美学分区,通过对鼻部美学亚单位分别修饰处理,可以达到鼻部外观和手感完美统一的效果。     

鼻中隔偏曲畸形矫正同期鼻整形术

目的:探讨鼻中隔偏曲畸形矫正同期鼻畸形娇正的手术方法和效果.方法:采用鼻侧软骨和大翼软骨间切口,显露畸形的中隔软骨及鼻骨结构,松解牵拉力量,矫正鼻中隔畸形,截骨及复位鼻骨,使其解剖复位,重塑鼻支架.结果:本组39例,均获满意效果,无复发和并发症.结论:本手术方法矫正偏曲畸形的鼻中隔的同时,矫正外鼻的畸形,消除了引起畸形的原因,重塑外鼻支架,收到了恢复鼻腔通气功能与外鼻美容的双重效果.     

鼻中隔软骨游离移植矫正鼻尖圆钝肥大

目的 探讨以自体鼻中隔软骨移植在鼻尖圆钝螯形术中的应用.方法 取1整块自体鼻中隔软骨片,移植于鼻中隔软骨前端,作为鼻中隔延伸支架,将两侧鼻翼软骨收拢缝合固定于支架上.同时,剪除部分外侧脚近端软骨,修剪鼻尖过多的软组织,以突出鼻尖轮廓.结果 126例,术后随访1年,118例（94%）效果满意,8例因鼻尖皮肤过厚,效果未达到患者满意程度.结论 临床实践证明,所介绍的方法 是治疗鼻尖圆钝肥大的良好可行方法.     

The crooked nose: principles of treatment

Correction of the crooked nose is one of the most challenging procedures in rhinoplasty. The goals of the surgery are creation of a rigid and straight cartilaginous L-strut, correction of the deviated bony structures, and improvement of the nasal airway. Curvatures of the dorsal septum can be corrected with several techniques. Spreader grafts, cartilage batten grafts, or ethmoid bone grafts can be utilized for internal stenting to straighten the dorsal deviations. The surgical treatment for a deformed caudal septum with the most predictable and successful outcome is resection and replacement with a straight septal cartilage graft. In severe deviations of septum cartilage involving both dorsal and caudal portions of the L-strut, extracorporeal reconstruction of the septal cartilage may be the required method. For correction of the deviated bony pyramid, several osteotomy methods can be employed. Medial osteotomy, low-to-low or low-to -high internal lateral osteotomy, double-level lateral osteotomies, and external lateral osteotomy are the options, depending on the deformity. Dorsal onlay grafts can provide camouflage for any residual asymmetries after septal reconstruction or can be applied for dorsal augmentation.     

Intraoperative measurements of harvestable septal cartilage in rhinoplasty

The aim of this study was to assess the dimensions of the septal cartilage available for grafting in patients undergoing open rhinoplasty and analyze whether the size of the external nose might be a useful indicator of the size and amount of harvestable septal cartilage. A prospective study was conducted on 55 Korean rhinoplasties. Intraoperative measurement of the harvested septal cartilage with preservation of 10 mm width l-strut was performed. The correlation between the quantity and size of the septal cartilage in situ with anthropometric measurements were evaluated. The mean caudal length of the harvested septal cartilage was 15.1 mm, the mean dorsal length was 18.2 mm, and the mean area was 520.9 mm2. Only 5 patients (9.1%) had cartilage sufficient for full-length dorsal onlay grafts, whereas 10 patients (18.2%) had septal cartilages of length >25 mm that could be used as spreader grafts. Dimensions of the septal cartilage in situ did not correlate with preoperative external nose measurements. The amount of harvested septal cartilage is usually insufficient for simultaneous use for multiple grafts in Korean. External nose size may not be a useful indicator of the availability of adequate septal cartilage for rhinoplasty. The need to harvest additional graft material should be kept in mind during preoperative planning for rhinoplasty procedures.     

Correction of Major Saddle Nose Deformities with Nasomaxillary Depression Using an Intraoral and External Open Rhinoplasty Approach

Nasomaxillary depression, which may be seen with major saddle nose deformities, especially as a sequel to childhood nasal trauma, generally is overlooked during management of the saddle nose. To handle both the saddle nose deformity and nasomaxillary depression, the authors used a one-stage intraoral and external open rhinoplasty approach for 12 patients. Lateral nasal osteotomies and correction of midface retrusion with crescent-shaped autogenous rib cartilage grafts were performed through two bilateral intraoral gingivobuccal incisions. The external open rhinoplasty approach was used for the correction of the saddle nose deformities. The mean follow-up period after the surgery was 2 years (range, 1–3.5 years). The correction of nasal tip depression resulting from midface retrusion was evaluated by lateral cephalometric radiographs. The mean movement of the nasal tip anteriorly in the sagittal plane 1 year after the operation was 5.5 mm (range, 4–7 mm). The functional and aesthetic results were satisfactory for all the patients. As the findings show, the intraoral part of the approach provides a route for the placement of cartilage grafts to correct the depressed nasal tip, augment the paranasal area, and provide support to the lateral alar bases and the controlled low-to-low lateral osteotomies. The external part of the approach provides correction of the saddle nose deformity.     

Reconstructive rhinoplasty in cases with basal cell carcinoma of the nose

Basal cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, 85% of BCC are located in the head and neck area, of which 30% on the nose. The author present a retrospective study, own experience in surgical treatment in 31 cases with basal cell carcinoma of the nose operated in the period 2005-2011. The age of patients was between 50 to 90 years old. The anatomical site of the nose the most frecvently involved was ala 58%, and followed of the nasal tip 18%, lateral nose wall 12%, dorsum 9% and 3% basalioma terebrans. In all of the cases in this study it was performed the repair of the skin tumour defects of the nose, using varied local skin flaps, septal graft and auricle cartilage free grafts a ndcomposite (skin + cartilage) of conchal and helical rim. Treatment methods were depend on the tumor localization and extension. The best treatment option in BCC of the nose was radical surgical excision whith safety margin of the tumour, followed of reconstructive rhinoplasty.     

Refinement of Rhinoplasty with Lipoinjection

Background The most common aesthetic defects after rhinoplasty are small dorsal irregularities observed mainly in patients with thin dorsal nasal skin. Many techniques have been used in attempts to prevent perceptible irregularities and sharp edges of bone and cartilage in these patients. Adipose tissue transplantation has been used widely in aesthetic surgery as a surgical method to correct surface depression or to augment soft tissue. Recently, this tissue has been considered a potential source of stem cells with regenerative capacity and other benefits. The authors present a simple procedure using lipoinjection of microfat grafts over the osseocartilaginous framework of the nasal dorsum as a routine technique in rhinoplasty. Methods Open rhinoplasty was performed for all the patients. At the start of the procedure, we aspirated 3 to 5 ml of fat and separated it using the sedimentation method. The fat deposited as sediment (2–3 ml) was injected at the beginning of the procedure, after suture of the incisions and before application of the splint, over the osseocartilaginous framework in the subcutaneous space. The fat acted as a thin layer of soft tissue to thicken the overlying skin and help camouflage minimal imperfections. Results Between February 2003 and May 2005, 78 rhinoplasties were performed, with injection of autologous fat. Of the 78 patients, 61 were primary rhinoplasties and 17 were secondary rhinoplasties with a follow-up time of 1 to 36 months. No minor irregularities were observed, and the aspect and quality of the skin improved for all the patients. Conclusions Fat injection into the nose as a refinement of rhinoplasty is a fast, easy, inexpensive procedure for obtaining regular and smooth contours on the nasal dorsum that lasts over time.     

鼻中隔软骨联合自体真皮组织在鼻综合整形术中的应用

目的探讨应用鼻中隔软骨行鼻尖塑形,并联合采用自体真皮组织隆鼻的临床疗效。方法本组36例求美者均采用鼻小柱开放式切口,应用自体鼻中隔软骨,根据需要做鼻小柱支撑物、鼻尖移植物或鼻中隔延伸移植物;于臀下皱襞处取真皮组织瓣,去除表皮及皮下脂肪,切开真皮,缝合成多层置于鼻背筋膜下,妥善固定。结果36例求美者术后无切口感染裂开及软骨外露,鼻外形自然饱满,鼻尖表现点明显,侧面观弧线圆润。术后随访3个月至2年,切口无明显瘢痕增生,鼻外形无显著变化,效果满意。结论鼻中隔软骨联合自体真皮组织移植是综合鼻整形中的有效方法,值得临床推广应用。     

自体耳及鼻中隔软骨在鼻尖整形中的应用

目的：探讨自体耳甲软骨或鼻中隔软骨对鼻尖圆钝、鼻尖低平上旋的求美者的美容效果以及对隆鼻术后鼻尖发生并发症患者的修复效果。方法：采用自体耳甲软骨或鼻中隔软骨对鼻尖圆钝、鼻尖低平上旋的求美者以及对鼻尖处皮肤张力过大,鼻尖外形不良,假体外形显露,鼻尖皮肤发红萎缩变薄甚至穿孔者行鼻尖整形术。结果：2005年9月～2010年1月,采用自体耳甲软骨或鼻中隔软骨行鼻尖整形满足求美者需求同时又防治了并发症,鼻尖角度改善明显,效果满意。结论：采用自体耳甲软骨或鼻中隔软骨行鼻尖整形能有效改善鼻尖美学缺陷并防治隆鼻术后并发症。     

Structural grafting in rhinoplasty

Many surgeons consider cosmetic rhinoplasty to be one of the most challenging facial plastic surgical procedures. Open-structure rhinoplasty allows for visualization of bony-cartilaginous deformities, preservation of nasal structural integrity, and precise nasal reshaping. The ultimate, external appearance of the nose is the sum of the interaction of the bony-cartilaginous skeleton and the skin soft-tissue envelope. This article describes the use of autologous, structural cartilage grafts in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Emphasis is placed on the use of septal, auricular, and costal cartilage grafts to provide for a structurally sound skeletal framework and thereby a predictable postoperative result. Deformities of the middle and lower third of the nose are specifically addressed.     

应用自体鼻中隔软骨与自体真皮组织修复假体隆鼻术后远期并发症的临床研究

目的探讨应用自体组织综合性修复假体隆鼻并发症的方法和疗效。方法针对36例固体硅胶假体隆鼻术后鼻背、鼻尖发红及鼻尖假体显露、穿出的患者,采取经鼻小柱开放性切口取出假体,剥除包膜,应用患者自体鼻中隔软骨及臀部真皮组织进行综合鼻整形修复。自体鼻中隔软骨应用于鼻小柱支撑及鼻尖覆盖物,白体真皮组织去表皮及脂肪后,修剪成合适形态,置于鼻背及鼻尖处,修复变薄的皮肤组织,塑造合适的形态。结果本组共36例患者,术后均I期愈合;术后未出现感染、软骨外露及移位等情况,疗效满意。结论自体鼻中隔软骨联合真皮组织移植,可有效修复假体隆鼻引起的并发症,术后外观形态好,值得临床推广。     

The use of percutaneous sutures for graft fixation in rhinoplasty

We reviewed our 10-year experience using percutaneous suturing to secure cartilage grafts in rhinoplasty. A total of 382 patients having up to 4 percutaneous sutures per surgery were analyzed. Cases using this suture technique included lower lateral onlay grafts, dorsal onlay grafts, tip grafts, and intact conchal cartilage grafts to repair nasal valve collapse. Sutures are ideally placed in a horizontal mattress fashion beginning at the skin surface, continuing into the nasal cavity, and then out through the skin. Sutures are strategically placed to secure the graft and at times stent open the nasal valve. The suture is tied loosely over the skin taking in to consideration the anticipated edema formation. There is no need to use a bolster technique. Sutures are removed at the second postoperative visit. Long-term follow-up reveals precise graft placement. There are in most instances no visible suture marks and our results achieve over 95% patient satisfaction. Percutaneous suture placement is a simple technique that allows precise graft placement and fixation without resultant scarring. It coapts the skin and soft tissues to the grafted nasal skeleton and prevents fluid accumulation, hematoma formation, and graft migration. We believe that it aids in decrease long-term tissue edema and excessive fibrosis, therefore promoting quicker healing. Our patients are both functionally and cosmetically pleased.     

Nasal tip refinement in primary rhinoplasty: The cephalic trim cap graft

Background: Commonly used techniques for achieving nasal tip projection and refinement are adequate for most primary rhinoplasty patients, but they may result in undesirable tip bifidity and visible lower lateral cartilage angularity, especially in patients with thin skin. Objective: We report the use of “like” local tissues, cephalic trim cartilage remnants of the lower lateral cartilages, as invisible tip grafts to soften any angular cartilage edges or tip bifidity. Methods: The cartilaginous framework was exposed by using the open rhinoplasty approach. Lower lateral cartilages were separated from upper lateral cartilages, the caudal septum at the anterior septal angle, and from each other. A cephalic trim was performed as necessary, with the cartilaginous segments preserved for use as a cap graft. Interdomal sutures and transdermal sutures were used either alone or in combination to set the desired tip projection. If tip bifidity was visible through thin nasal tip skin, a cephalic trim cap graft was placed. Results: The procedure can achieve a well-unified nasal tip with no evidence of bifidity, angularity, or cartilage graft visibility. Conclusion: Use of this technique to improve nasal tip projection can avoid undesirable tip bifidity and visible lower lateral cartilage angularity in patients with thin nasal skin. (Aesthetic Surg J 2002;22:39-45.)     

Nasal valves--importance and surgical procedures

One of the most difficult aspects in rhinoplasty is resolving and preventing functional compromise of the nasal valve area reliably. The nasal valves are crucial for the individual breathing competence of the nose. Structural and functional elements contribute to this complex system: the nasolabial angle, the configuration and stability of the alae, the function of the internal nasal valve, the anterior septum symmetrically separating the bilateral airways and giving structural and functional support to the alar cartilage complex and to their junction with the upper lateral cartilages, the scroll area. Subsequently, the open angle between septum and sidewalls is important for sufficient airflow as well as the position and function of the head of the turbinates. The clinical examination of these elements is described. Surgical techniques are more or less well known and demonstrated with patient examples and drawings: anterior septoplasty, reconstruction of tip and dorsum support by septal extension grafts and septal replacement, tip suspension and lateral crural sliding technique, spreader grafts and suture techniques, splay grafts, alar batten grafts, lateral crural extension grafts, and lateral alar suspension. The numerous literature is reviewed.     

Tip graft from the cartilaginous dorsum in rhinoplasty

A cartilage graft from the cartilaginous hump can be used in primary rhinoplasty for nasal tip projection. This technique has now been used for two years without complications in 35 patients with similar nose deformities, which included an inadequately projected tip and a high dorsal line. These grafts have proved to be another easy way to get an adequate tip projection in primary rhinoplasty.Paper presented at The Annual Meeting of the American Society for Anesthetic Plastic Surgery, in Los Angeles, California, April, 1983     

自体软骨与膨体聚四氟乙烯在鼻整形手术中的应用

目的：通过应用自体鼻中隔软骨和耳软骨及膨体聚四氟乙烯解决鼻部美容整形的问题,以形成较理想的鼻形。方法：以鼻小柱飞鸟形切口加鼻翼软骨缘切口,切开分离鼻背皮肤,显露两侧鼻翼软骨及侧鼻软骨,中线分离弓形取出深部鼻中隔软骨,鼻中隔软骨雕刻塑形后插入两鼻翼软骨之间,并贯穿缝合形成中隔软骨＋鼻翼软骨为新的鼻小柱。将取下的耳软骨雕刻成杏仁状固定缝合于鼻小柱前端,雕刻好的膨体聚四氟乙烯插入鼻背固定,缝合切口。结果：20例美容就医者鼻部整形术后效果良好,自然美观,手感良好,无不良并发症发生,术后恢复时间略长。结论：应用自体鼻中隔软骨和耳软骨及膨体聚四氟乙烯行鼻部美容整形,能从根本上改变外鼻形态,是较理想的手术方法。     

鼻中隔软骨及耳软骨在鼻尖整形中的联合应用

目的：探讨鼻中隔软骨及耳软骨在鼻尖整形手术中的联合应用的方法和优点。方法：对56例就医者施行了此项手术,应用自体鼻中隔软骨做鼻中隔延伸移植物,耳软骨做鼻尖移植物,结合各种鼻翼软骨缝合技术进行鼻尖整形。结果：所有鼻外形获得显著改善,鼻尖形态自然、圆润而俊俏,同时无皮肤或粘膜破损、假体外露、感染等并发症的发生,随访3个月～1年,鼻尖形态稳定,效果满意。结论：联合应用鼻中隔软骨及耳软骨进行鼻尖整形的方式,更接近正常鼻解剖结构,更好控制鼻尖形态,更容易获得预期的效果。     

Augmentation rhinoplasty with soft tissue and cartilage

Augmentation rhinoplasty using soft tissue and cartilage was performed on 120 patients and the results were reexamined. They were found to be satisfactory and without complication. To narrow a round tip, a resection of two-thirds of the lateral crus cephalad portion and a transection of the caudal portion with a strip resection was done. To elevate the tip, septal cartilage was sutured to one-third of the upper part of medial crus to form a columella cartilage strut. To maintain the strut and to prevent pointing, a fibrous muscle tissue stretching from the medial crus to the upper cartilage or a dermis was transplanted into the area surrounding the septal cartilage tip. For a simple elevation of the dorsum, an onlay graft of dermis was applied, but where further elevation was required, further dermis and conchal cartilage was added for suture and attachment to the dermis.     

Reconstruction of the major saddle nose deformity using composite allo-implants

The major saddle nose deformity leaves a patient with an obvious aesthetic deficit as well as an equally disturbing functional handicap. Reconstructing the collapsed dorsum and tip and simultaneously restoring nasal function present a formidable challenge which has elicited a wide variety of solutions ranging from the use of a toothbrush handle to split calvarial grafting. As Murakami et al pointed out, the "variability exists to a large extent, because the saddle nose deformity is not a single entity but rather a spectrum of abnormalities." Attempts to categorize saddle nose deformities are useful; however, they often lack the simple impact and clarity of the pre-operative photograph. Moreover, the categorizations have not led to a uniform approach to this complicated problem. Nevertheless, Tardy's classification of minimal, moderate, and major saddle nose deformities provides a helpful framework for discussion of reconstructive options. Minimal deformities demonstrate a supratip depression of 1 to 2 mm and are easily corrected with cartilage or fascial overlays. Moderate saddle nose deformities are characterized by a significant loss of dorsal height as well as columellar retraction and broadening of the bony pyramid. A major deformity demonstrates "all of the stigmata of the moderately saddled nose, only to a more marked degree." In Tardy's opinion, an open approach may be warranted in these cases. We offer one solution to the major saddle nose deformity using a composite allo-implant of porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE) (Medpor surgical implants, Porex Surgical, Inc., College Park, GA) and purified acellular human dermal graft (Alloderm, Life Cell Corp., TX.). While we readily admit that autogenous tissue is the preferred grafting material, we have encountered patients in whom this is not an option. Major saddle nose deformities typically require more augmentation than stacked septal or auricular cartilage can provide. Additionally, in patients seeking revision rhinoplasty, sufficient donor septal or auricular cartilage is often lacking. Resorption of irradiated cadaveric rib grafts has led us away from this material. Split calvarial bone grafts are our next recommendation for these patients; however, many patients refuse this option. In these patients we have turned to a composite allo-implant of PHDPE and acellular human dermal graft for reconstruction of the collapsed dorsum and tip.