武汉地区CAG扩增突变致青少年发病的亨廷顿舞蹈病的家系分析(英文)

目的对青少年发病的亨廷顿舞蹈病(Huntington disease)家系进行致病IT15基因早期诊断分析,为家系成员提供遗传咨询, 并为后续的HD发病机制及实验治疗研究提供依据。方法按照知情同意原则抽取家系成员外周血,提取基因组DNA,采用改良的降落PCR方法扩增IT15基因致病区域,DNA测序检测异常等位基因(CAG) n 三核苷酸重复次数。结果在该家系三代25名成员中,共发现8名致病IT15基因携带者,其中,III10、III12、III14、IV3和V2 CAG三核苷酸的拷贝数均为48,IV11和IV12均为(CAG) 67, IV14为(CAG) 63,而对照组35名正常人的CAG三核苷酸的拷贝数为8-25,两者之间没有重叠。结论家系中第四代致病基因携带者IV14与第三代患者III10比较,CAG三核苷酸重复次数增加15次,即本家系IT15基因在传递过程中发生了扩增突变。同时,扩增突变导致该家系出现青少年发病及遗传早现现象。     

IT15基因突变致亨廷顿舞蹈病一家系报告并文献复习

正亨廷顿病(Huntington disease,HD)又称亨廷顿舞蹈病,是一种常染色体显性遗传性神经变性疾病,主要临床表现为慢性进行性舞蹈样不自主运动、精神障碍和痴呆。IT15基因为HD的致病性基因,IT15基因1号外显子内含有一段多态性三核苷酸(CAG)重复序列,当患者CAG重复拷贝数大于35次时即可引起发病~([1])。我们收集1例IT15基因变异导致的亨廷顿舞蹈病家系,三代人中共有4例发病,本文对其临     

家族性特发性震颤6家系临床及遗传特点分析

目的 分析家族性特发性震颤(familial essential tremor,FET)的临床特点,探讨该病的分子遗传学进展.方法 回顾性分析6个家族性特发性震颤家系的临床及遗传学特征.结果 6个家系共32例患者,男22例,女10例,发病年龄25～71岁,其中家系A中有2例患者合并甲状腺功能亢进症,家系B与C中各有1例伴听力下降.除F外的5个家系有连续2代以上发病,符合常染色体显性遗传,且有遗传早现现象.家系F只有一代患者,但3名同胞均患病.结论 FET呈现出常染色体显性遗传的特点,存在临床和遗传异质性.迄今已发现FET存在多个遗传位点,但尚未找到确切的致病基因.     

Huntington病的症状前诊断——基因CAG重复检测

Huntington病(HD)呈常染色体显性遗传,常在发病后15～20年死亡,尚无有效的治疗方法,HD基因发现之后,许多国家应用基因相关标记进行常规临床服务。HD染色体4p~(16.3)位点的易变基因在(LT15)发现有三核苷酸重复(CAG)的延展,目前可以直接分析这种CAG重复从而进行高精确度的预测。此重复顺列位于基因阅读框的5~’,端99％以上的临床诊断为HD的个体与CAG扩展相关,并有高度特异性,其它类似于临床HD的许多神经精神障碍并没有此基因特征。CAG重复低于37者属罕见,重复30—36个CAG的很可能不发病(中介型等位基因IA),但其后代仍有发病风险,在男性尤是如此。而没有CAG扩展的临床诊为HD者,其后代出     

武汉地区CAG扩增突变致青少年发病的亨廷顿舞蹈病的家系分析

目的对青少年发病的亨廷顿舞蹈病（Huntington disease）家系进行致病IT15基因早期诊断分析,为家系成员提供遗传咨询, 并为后续的HD发病机制及实验治疗研究提供依据。方法按照知情同意原则抽取家系成员外周血,提取基因组DNA,采用改良的降落PCR方法扩增IT15基因致病区域,DNA测序检测异常等位基因（CAG） n 三核苷酸重复次数。结果在该家系三代25名成员中,共发现8名致病IT15基因携带者,其中,III10、III12、III14、IV3和V2 CAG三核苷酸的拷贝数均为48,IV11和IV12均为（CAG） 67, IV14为（CAG） 63,而对照组35名正常人的CAG三核苷酸的拷贝数为8-25,两者之间没有重叠。结论家系中第四代致病基因携带者IV14与第三代患者III10比较,CAG三核苷酸重复次数增加15次,即本家系IT15基因在传递过程中发生了扩增突变。同时,扩增突变导致该家系出现青少年发病及遗传早现现象。     

广东家族性原发性高血压遗传方式分析：多中心调查

背景：原发性高血压的发病机制与遗传有关且多数人认为其遗传方式为多基因遗传。作者在广东多年的遗传病临床实习带教中,观察到许多高血压家系特征与常染色体显性遗传极为相似。 目的：探讨家族性高血压的遗传方式。 方法：采用家系分析、Smith无偏差校正法、多基因分析法对广东药学院4个附属医院以及广东地区8所县医院的高血压有关专科就诊的具有家族史、24~88岁的高血压患者及家系进行遗传方式分析。 结果与结论：调查的215个核心家系的1326人中,总同胞数为914人,男483人,女431人,其中患者442例,男230例,女212例。亲属的患病率为442/914=0.483 6,与常染色体显性遗传的理论值0.5接近(P > 0.05)。男性患病率为230/442=0.520 4,女性患病率为212/442=0.479 6,符合常染色体显性遗传男女发病机会均等这一理论假设。215个核心家系中的211个核心家系其高血压的遗传方式支持常染色体显性遗传。由多基因分析可知本研究中家族性原发性高血压家系的观察值为63.63,与常染色体显性遗传的期望值65.79最接近,并与多基因遗传的期望值11.47相差甚远。因此,多基因分析结果表明,家族性高血压遗传方式支持常染色体显性遗传。调查结果提示家族性原发性高血压有单基因的常染色体显性遗传方式,又有单基因的常染色体隐性遗传方式。提示有家族史的原发性高血压患者可为高危人群,注意预测亲属的发病风险,对预防原发性高血压有一定的指导意义。     

常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症一家系致病基因分析

目的 定位分析一常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症家系的致病基因.方法 依据家系图、临床表现、神经肌肉电生理学及实验室检查结果,明确诊断一常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症家系.采用16个基因位点的37个短串联重复序列(STR)标记方法进行连锁分析,以覆盖目前已经发现的20种常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症亚型的16个致病基因位点.结果 所选择的37个STR标记均发生扩增反应,每一基因位点均呈现多态性.受检腓骨肌萎缩症家系呈常染色体显性遗传,其中3例患者在17p11.2-p12、1q22、16p12.3-p13.1、10q21.1、1p36.2、3q21、12q23、7p15、8p21、7q11-q21、12q12-q13、8q13-q21、12q24.3、10q24、19p12-p13及1p34-p35共16个基因位点的单倍体型均不存在等位基因共享,且家系所有成员致病基因均与16个已知常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症致病基因位点不连锁.结论 研究过程中每一基因位点所用STR标记为2～3个,基本可以排除染色体互换,常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症家系诊断依据充分;根据欧洲神经肌肉病中心制汀的确诊标准,可排除为已知类型的常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症家系.推测为一新型腓骨肌萎缩症致病基因所引起的常染色体显性遗传腓骨肌萎缩症家系.     

遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调7型临床特征及基因突变分析

目的分析中国汉族人群ATXN7基因突变,探讨遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调7型（SCA7）患者临床特征。方法运用聚合酶链反应、变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和毛细管电泳方法对521例临床诊断为SCA的患者（337例常染色体显性遗传先证者,184例散发患者）及258名健康对照人群进行ATXN7基因CAG三核苷酸重复突变分析,并对有ATXN7基因异常的7个家系进行临床总结。结果337例常染色体显性遗传先证者中发现7个ATXN7基因CAG三核苷酸异常重复扩增突变（2.08%）,其异常重复次数范围为38～71次;184例散发患者未发现CAG三核苷酸异常重复扩增突变。258名健康对照者中共发现13种等位基因,CAG重复次数范围为5～17次,平均10.23次,以10次CAG三核苷酸重复最常见。7个SCA7家系临床主要表现为共济失调、视力下降、眼底病变,同时可合并其他多种少见临床症状,在父系遗传时存在明显的遗传早现现象。结论SCA7多呈常染色体显性遗传,散发病例罕见,临床表现复杂,进行ATXN7基因突变分析有助于临床诊断。     

脊髓小脑性共济失调一家系的基因诊断

目的 对1个常染色体显性遗传的脊髓小脑性共济失调(SCA)家系进行基因诊断.方法 采用PCR技术,对一汉族SCA家系(包括3例患者及3位无症状成员)及50名正常对照者的SCA1 ～3基因进行检测,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和产物直接测序法计数等位基因内CAG三核苷酸重复次数.结果 该家系中所有成员SCA1、SCA2基因CAG三核苷酸重复次数在正常范围;3例患者SCA3 CAG重复次数分别为67、68和66次,1位无症状成员为71次.结论 该家系为SCA3,基因检测诊断出1例症状前患者.     

亨廷顿舞蹈病的临床特点与基因诊断(附一个家系报告)

目的对一个临床拟诊为亨廷顿舞蹈病(Huntington′s disease,HD)家系进行IT15基因诊断,探讨IT15基因中CAG的重复拷贝数与发病年龄、临床特征之间的关系,提供遗传咨询并综述亨廷顿舞蹈病治疗的最新进展。方法收集该家系详细的临床资料,抽取该家系成员外周静脉血提取DNA,采用PCR、电泳技术以及DNA直接测序方法 ,并进行文献复习。结果家系调查发现该家族共28人,有6例患者,男3例,女3例,平均起病年龄54.3岁。呈父系遗传,第Ⅰ代起病年龄71岁,第Ⅱ代平均起病年龄59岁,第Ⅲ代平均起病年龄39岁。6例均以不自主舞蹈样动作起病,逐渐加重,其中4例晚期伴痴呆。有11例成员参与基因测序,包含2名有症状成员Ⅱ9和Ⅲ4(Ⅱ9起病年龄为62岁,Ⅲ4起病年龄为43岁)。实验结果发现参与成员中有3例(Ⅱ9、Ⅲ4和1例无症状成员Ⅳ1)PCR扩增后电泳显示两条扩增带,一条长约220 bp,另一条长约300 bp,Ⅱ9、Ⅲ4和Ⅳ1的CAG重复数目分别为17/40、17/45、16/48;其他8名成员显示一条扩增带,长约220 bp左右,CAG重复数目在20次以下。结论该家系根据临床表现和基因检测可确诊为亨廷顿舞蹈病,有1例症状前患者,建议该患者将来孕前期行产前基因检测。发病年龄与IT 15基因中CAG的重复拷贝数呈负相关,父系遗传有遗传早现现象。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.