卵巢囊腺瘤的CT诊断

目的　分析卵巢囊腺瘤的CT表现 ,提高CT诊断的正确性。方法　收集经手术和病理证实的 5 7例 62个卵巢囊腺瘤 ,对其CT表现作回顾性分析。结果　 62个卵巢囊腺瘤中 ,浆液性 2 6例 3 1个肿瘤 ,黏液性 3 1例。 3 1个浆液性瘤中单房囊 19个、多房囊12个 ,分别占 61.3 %和 3 8.7% ;良性 2 2个 ,占 71.0 % ,交界性和 /或恶性变 9个 ,占 2 9.0 %。3 1例黏液性囊腺瘤中单房囊 3例、多房囊 2 8例 ,分别占 9.7%和 90 .3 % ;良性 2 3例 ,占 74.2 % ,交界性和 /或恶性变 8例 ,占 2 5 .8%。良性表现为光滑圆形或卵圆形薄壁囊 ,囊内分隔薄而规则 ;交界性或恶性变表现为厚而不规则的囊壁及囊内分隔 ,常见囊壁结节。浆液性和黏液性肿瘤的术前CT诊断准确率分别为 48.4%和 77.4%。结论　多房囊腺瘤具较典型CT表现 ,诊断不难 ;单房囊腺瘤缺乏特异表现 ,易与其他囊性病变混淆 ,CT明确诊断有一定限度     

卵巢良性病变的CT表现

目的 提高对卵巢良性病变ＣＴ表现的认识。材料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的６６例共８０个卵巢良性肿块的ＣＴ及Ｂ超资料,讨论其ＣＴ表现特点及ＣＴ在诊断中的作用。结果 本组２５个功能性囊肿ＣＴ发现２３个;１８个卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿,长径多与同侧的盆壁近科平行（１２／１８）,甚至大于横径达１．５倍（９／１８）;１５个囊腺瘤均呈边缘光滑的囊性肿块,其中浆液性囊腺瘤（ｎ＝９）密度均匀,多为单房（６／９）     

卵巢囊腺瘤的CT诊断(附22例报告)

目的 确定CT对卵巢囊腺瘤的诊断价值。方法 对超声诊断不满意的21例卵巢囊腺瘤的CT表现进行回顾性分析，并与手术病理所见进行了对照。结果 22例卵巢囊腺瘤患中，浆液性囊腺瘤见于15例，粘液性囊腺瘤5例，交界性粘液性囊腺瘤2例。与术后病理结果对照，CT正确诊断了22例中的21例(95％)。CT探测单侧单发性卵巢囊腺瘤病变的准确率为100％(n=22／22)。结论 CT在卵巢囊腺瘤的诊断中，能清晰显示其内部特征及其病变与周围组织的关系，因而，它是一神可靠、有效的诊断方法。但是，CT对交界性卵巢囊腺瘤和卵巢囊腺瘤的恶变难以做出准确的定性诊断，多数情况下需经手术病理证实。     

胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤的CT表现

目的 探讨胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤的CT表现,以提高对该肿瘤的鉴别诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析20例经病理证实的胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤患者的CT资料,分别由2名医师采用盲法对肿瘤囊的数量、大小、位置、边界、壁厚度、分隔、肿瘤内钙化、壁结节和强化情况进行评价.所有患者均行CT平扫及增强扫描,比较良恶性病变患者上述征象的差异.采用Fisher检验进行统计学分析.结果 良性胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤(黏液性囊腺瘤)12例,恶性胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤8例(其中包括3例交界性黏液性囊腺瘤和5例黏液性囊腺癌).16例(16/20)病灶位于胰腺体尾部.12例良性黏液性囊腺瘤中出现厚壁4例,肿瘤内钙化和壁结节各2例;而8例恶性胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤中出现厚壁7例,肿瘤内钙化和壁结节各5例,厚壁、肿瘤内钙化和壁结节在良恶性肿瘤间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤的CT表现形式多样,具有一定特征性,其征象有助于胰腺黏液性囊腺肿瘤的良恶性鉴别.     

Cystic pancreatic tumors: CT and sonographic assessment

Thirty-five CT scans and 23 sonograms of 45 pathologically proved pancreatic cystic neoplasms (16 microcystic adenomas, 17 mucinous [macrocystic] cystadenomas, and 12 mucinous [macrocystic] cystadenocarcinomas) in 43 patients were retrospectively and blindly reviewed. Radiologic findings and their usefulness in differentiating microcystic from mucinous subtypes were assessed. The number of cysts within the tumors (more than six in microcystic adenomas and six or fewer in mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas) and the diameter of the majority of cysts within the tumor (less than or equal to 2 cm in microcystic adenomas and greater than 2 cm in mucinous tumors) were the most helpful radiologic findings in differentiating tumor types. Calcification was present in 38% of microcystic adenomas, 18% of mucinous cystadenomas, and 8% of mucinous cystadenocarcinomas by CT. Calcification was not definitely identified on any of the sonograms. A central scar was identified in only two (13%) of 16 microcystic adenomas. Blind retrospective review was often able to correctly classify tumors as either microcystic (CT, 93%; sonography, 78%) or mucinous (CT, 95%; sonography, 93%). All tumors with a typical appearance on either CT or sonography were categorized correctly. Cystic pancreatic tumors may be difficult to prospectively separate from other types of pancreatic cysts. Assuming a cystic neoplasm is present, it often can be classified correctly as microcystic or mucinous (macrocystic) by using the above criteria.     

In-111-leukocyte scintigraphy for detection of infection associated with peritoneal dialysis catheters

In 41 patients with clinical evidence of pancreatic islet cell tumors, CT detected 21 of 27 tumors that were proved at surgery (sensitivity 78%) and correctly excluded the diagnosis in 14 of 14 patients with no evidence of tumor at long-term follow-up. Using rapid sequence CT scanning and bolus contrast material infusion, a vascular blush was identified in 13 of 16 tumors (81%). Tumors as small as 0.9 cm were localized. CT identified all malignant tumors, and staging accuracy was 100%. CT is useful as the initial imaging procedure for the diagnosis and staging of suspected islet cell tumors. Pancreatic venous sampling and angiography are complementary to CT for the detection of smaller lesions.     

Imaging of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): relation between CT findings and grade of malignancy

PURPOSE: To report the relation between CT findings and the grade of malignancy in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), especially the uncommitted type of GIST. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 14 patients with histologically proven GIST (uncommitted type) underwent CT. Tumors were divided into three grades. HISTOLOGICALLY: Benign (mitotic index [MI] < 2/10 high-power fields [HPF]), borderline (2/10 HPF < or = MI < or = 5/10 HPF), and malignant (5/10 HPF < MI). We evaluated tumor size, cystic component, margin, and early enhancement. RESULTS: All benign tumors were smaller than 5 cm, and most malignant tumors reached 5 cm. The size of borderline tumors was between the sizes of benign and malignant tumors. No benign tumors had cystic components, whereas all borderline and malignant tumors except for one case had cystic components. Only two huge malignant tumors had unclear margins. The relation between early enhancement and the grade of malignancy showed no tendency, but all duodenal tumors showed marked early enhancement irrespective of grade. CONCLUSION: The grade of malignancy of GIST (uncommitted type) and size, presence of cystic components, and margin were highly correlated. That is, 1) tumors smaller than 5 cm with no cystic components can be diagnosed as benign, whereas 2) tumors that have cystic components are borderline or malignant. 3) Tumors that have cystic components and unclear margin can be diagnosed as actively malignant.     

Preoperative staging of gastric cancer: comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT

Fifty consecutive patients with gastric adenocarcinoma proved by means of biopsy underwent preoperative staging with endoscopic ultrasonography (US). Dynamic computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen was performed before surgery in 33 of the patients. In all 50 patients, the TNM classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer was used to compare the imaging findings with pathologic findings in specimens resected at surgery. When the depth of tumor penetration was evaluated, the findings at endoscopic US and those at pathologic examination were concordant in 46 of 50 patients (92%), and the findings at dynamic CT and those at pathologic examination, in 14 of 33 patients (42%) (P less than .00042). Evaluation of regional lymph node metastases showed a concordance of 78% with endoscopic US and 48% with dynamic CT (P less than .038). Overall determination of stage with both dynamic CT and endoscopic US showed a concordance of 73%, compared with a concordance of 45% for dynamic CT alone (P less than .028).     

卵巢囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT诊断

目的探讨CT对卵巢囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的诊断价值。方法对32例经手术病理证实的卵巢良恶性肿瘤患者包括良性卵巢囊腺瘤10例,交界性卵巢囊腺瘤4例以及恶性卵巢囊腺癌18例均经腹部CT扫描,对所有患者的CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果10例11个卵巢囊腺瘤中浆液性囊腺瘤7个,其中,单房5个,密度均匀;黏液性囊腺瘤4个,多房为主,密度不均,内见大小不等的子囊。交界性（4个）和恶性（28个）卵巢肿瘤32个,囊壁及分隔厚薄不均,不同程度强化,多有壁结节或肿块成分。结论卵巢囊腺瘤常表现为I型,囊腺癌以Ⅱ型常见。CT能很好显示卵巢肿瘤的形态特征,在鉴别卵巢囊腺肿瘤良恶性方面有一定价值。     

Suprapancreatic biliary obstruction: CT evaluation

In a 5-year period, 92 patients with biliary obstruction proximal to the pancreatic segment were evaluated with computed tomography (CT). Seventy-three were judged to have technically optimal studies. Observations of the level of obstruction were compared with data from 50 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiograms; CT data enabled the level of obstruction to be correctly predicted in 46. CT enabled correct prediction of the distribution of obstructing lesions in all 18 patients with intrahepatic obstruction. Forty-four of the 73 patients had pathologic examination of the porta hepatitis. CT findings of obstructing mass and lesser omental nodes resulted in correct prediction of malignancy in 25 (92%) of 27 patients; the absence of such findings enabled correct prediction of benign disease in 13 (77%) of 17 individuals. CT is most valuable as a noninvasive means of planning surgical or radiologic drainage procedures in patients with biliary obstruction.     

ERCP、CT、B超对胰胆管下段疾病的诊断准确性

目的 比较ERCP、CT、B超对胰胆管下段疾病的诊断准确性。方法 100例临床表现为梗阻性黄疸，反复上腹痛、恶心呕吐的患均经ERCP、CT及B超检查本组患经手术病理或活检证实为良性病变(胆总管结石)57例，恶性肿瘤31例，其中胆总管癌11例，胰头癌13例，以及壶腹癌8例。上述3种方法术前的定性诊断准确率均与手术病理结果对照。结果 对胆总管结石的定性诊断准确率：ERCP为98％(n=56)，CT为72％(n=41)，B超为61％(n=35)；对恶性肿瘤的定性诊断准确率：ERCP为97％(n=31)，CT为78％(n=25)，B超为63％(n=20）。结论 ERCP对胰胆管下段良恶性病变的定性诊断准确率明显高于CT和B超，但因CT与B超均属无创性操作且对某些恶性肿瘤也有较高的定性诊断准确率，因此在影像诊断中应考虑3项技术优势互补。     

Computed tomography of ovarian masses

A retrospective analysis of CT images in 138 histologically proven ovarian masses in 100 patients was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness and limitation of CT in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. Benign masses were purely cystic in 98 (94.2%) and had solid component (including thickened walls, thickened septa, papillary projections) in five of 104 lesions (4.8%) on CT. These five masses, which are classified as benign solid tumors, could not be differentiated from malignant tumors by either the size of the solid portion or the intensity of contrast enhancement. In the malignant tumors a solid portion was detected in 32 of 34 tumors (94%). When a solid component is detected in an ovarian mass, the mass should be considered malignant although a few cases will be benign solid tumors. In Krukenberg tumors, which were all of gastric origin, the solid component was so large that it occupied more than one-half the mass. Therefore, if the solid portion of the ovarian mass is large on CT, upper gastrointestinal study should be performed to rule out Krukenberg tumor.     

Spectrum of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of ovarian tumors

The purpose of this article is to review fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a variety of benign, malignant, and borderline malignant ovarian tumors. It is advantageous to become familiar with the wide variety of FDG-PET/CT findings of this entity. Benign ovarian tumors generally have faint uptake, whereas endometriomas, fibromas, and teratomas show mild to moderate uptake. Malignant ovarian tumors generally have intense uptake, whereas tumors with a small solid component often show minimal uptake.     

胃间质瘤:螺旋CT表现与手术病理对照

目的:分析胃间质瘤的螺旋CT表现,评价螺旋CT鉴别胃间质瘤良恶性价值。方法:对29例胃间质瘤患者行螺旋CT扫描,对肿瘤的部位、大小、形态、增强特点、肿瘤与邻近器官的关系及有无转移进行回顾性分析,结果与手术病理对照。结果:良性6例,交界性5例,恶性18例。CT表现:肿物多具有壁在性、外生性特点(23例),腔内型6例。除5例良性肿物密度均匀外,其余均表现密度不均匀。6例高度恶性肿物表现边缘强化,中心大片低密度。病理所见:肿瘤实性部分为由梭形细胞和(或)上皮样细胞组成,变性、出血、囊变及坏死在CT均表现为低密度。肿物内伴斑点样钙化1例。胰腺、脾受侵各1例,胃壁受侵7例。多平面重建图像(MPR)排除横断面诊断胰岛细胞瘤和肝癌各1例。合并肝转移2例,淋巴结转移1例。结论:胃间质瘤的CT表现与其病理组织学相关。螺旋CT特别是MPR图像,在肿瘤的检出、判断肿瘤与周围器官的关系及有无转移上发挥重要作用,在判断肿瘤的良恶性上仍有困难。     

Solitary pulmonary nodules: CT assessment

Computed tomography (CT) was used to examine 634 solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). Each lesion was assessed as benign or indeterminate on the basis of CT criteria. Benign nodules made up 44% of all SPNs and 58% of the 431 that were 2 cm or less in diameter. All malignant SPNs were assessed as indeterminate, and adenocarcinoma (42%) was the most common primary malignancy. A total of 176 (63% of benign SPNs) were correctly assessed as benign by CT. Ninety SPNs assessed as diffusely calcified were not so identified by conventional tomography at outside institutions. An SPN can be reliably assessed by CT as benign if it exhibits high attenuation values, exceeding a critical level and distributed diffusely throughout a CT section through the center of the lesion and a well-defined edge. Although 38 of 283 (13.4%) primary lung cancers contained localized calcification, there was no significant overlap with the diffuse calcification of benign lesions. Central carcinoid tumors may contain focal ossification, but such lesions may be recognized by noting the proximity of larger bronchi. Assessment of SPNs by CT is most effective for lesions 2.0 cm or less in diameter. For larger lesions, the frequency of benign disease was decreased (14.3% of 203), as was the percentage of benign SPNs correctly assessed as benign by CT (37.9%).     

CT in differential diagnosis of diffuse pleural disease

The CT features of benign and malignant pleural diseases have been described. However, the accuracy of these features in the differential diagnosis of diffuse pleural disease has not been assessed before. Without knowledge of clinical or pathologic data, we reviewed the CT findings in 74 consecutive patients with proved diffuse pleural disease (39 malignant and 35 benign). The patients included 53 men and 21 women 23-78 years old. Features that were helpful in distinguishing malignant from benign pleural disease were (1) circumferential pleural thickening, (2) nodular pleural thickening, (3) parietal pleural thickening greater than 1 cm, and (4) mediastinal pleural involvement. The specificities of these findings were 100%, 94%, 94%, and 88%, respectively. The sensitivities were 41%, 51%, 36%, and 56%, respectively. Twenty-eight of 39 malignant cases (sensitivity, 72%; specificity, 83%) were identified correctly by the presence of one or more of these criteria. Malignant mesothelioma (n = 11) could not be reliably differentiated from pleural metastases (n = 24). We conclude that CT is helpful in the differential diagnosis of diffuse pleural disease, particularly in differentiation of malignant from benign conditions.     

Nonpalpable breast lesions: evaluation with power Doppler US and a microbubble contrast agent-initial experience

PURPOSE: To evaluate power Doppler ultrasonography (US) performed with a microbubble US contrast agent in the differentiation of nonpalpable breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty nonpalpable breast lesions in 50 patients were prospectively evaluated with power Doppler US before and after injection of the contrast agent SH U 508A. Lesion vascularity and the morphology of vessels on US scans were analyzed and were correlated with histologic results. RESULTS: Surgical excision revealed 22 cancers and 28 benign lesions. At nonenhanced power Doppler US, eight (36%) of 22 cancers and four (14%) of 28 benign lesions were vascular. At contrast agent-enhanced power Doppler US, 21 (95%) cancers and six (21%) benign lesions were vascular (P <.001). Irregular vessels were seen in three cancers and one benign lesion at nonenhanced power Doppler US and in 11 cancers and one benign lesion at contrast-enhanced power Doppler US. By using the presence of vascularity in the mass as the diagnostic criterion for malignancy, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of power Doppler US changed from 36%, 86%, 67%, and 63%, respectively, to 95%, 79%, 78%, and 96% after contrast agent injection. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced power Doppler US was superior to nonenhanced power Doppler US in the demonstration and characterization of tumor vascularity in nonpalpable breast lesions. Contrast-enhanced power Doppler US may be useful for the differentiation between nonpalpable breast cancers and benign tumors.     

Orbital tumors in children: CT and MR imaging features

The purpose of the article is to review the CT and MR imaging features of orbital tumors in children. Tumors in children are usually different than those in adults. Clinical symptoms are usually non-specific. Clinical examination combined with US may be sufficient for diagnosis and follow-up of benign and superficial lesions. CT and/or MRI are needed for deep or malignant lesions. CT is valuable for osseous and/or calcified lesions. MR is advantageous because of its superior spatial resolution and non-ionizing nature. Malignant tumors correspond to about 20% of lesions and include primary tumors (retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma) and metastases. Benign pathology is more frequent (80%) with dermoid cyst corresponding to about 50% of orbital masses.     

Ovarian masses revisited: radiologic and pathologic correlation.

Diagnosis of ovarian masses can be difficult because many pathologic conditions can affect the ovary and have similar clinical and radiologic manifestations. Knowledge of pathologic, age-specific characteristics can help refine the differential diagnosis. Ovarian masses are nonneoplastic (ovarian functional cysts, polycystic ovary disease, and ovarian torsion) or neoplastic (surface epithelial, sex cord-stromal, germ cell, and metastatic tumors). Functional cysts, if complicated by hemorrhage, can have a confusing ultrasonographic (US) appearance. Polycystic disease and torsion are easily diagnosed with US. Benign and malignant forms of serous and mucinous surface epithelial tumors can usually be differentiated with US. Imaging features of surface epithelial tumors of low malignant potential are nonspecific, resembling those of benign serous and mucinous tumors. Mature (benign) teratomas are usually cystic, with components of fat, soft tissue, and calcium, and are sonographically distinct from immature (malignant) teratomas, which are mostly solid. Sex cord-stromal tumors occur more often in menopausal or postmenopausal women and are typically solid. Metastatic disease is less common than other ovarian tumors; however, its radiologic appearance may resemble those of other masses.     

16层螺旋CT在卵巢良性囊性占位病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT在卵巢良性囊性占位病变鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法回顾分析经手术及病理证实的40例共45个卵巢良性囊性占位病变的CT表现。结果浆液性囊腺瘤12例15个病灶,卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤14例,良性囊性畸胎瘤8例10个病灶,单纯囊肿6例。浆液性囊腺瘤与黏液性囊腺瘤在CT值上具有统计学差异,卵巢良性囊性占位在分房、钙化、脂肪成分方面亦有明显不同。结论16层螺旋CT在卵巢良性囊性占位鉴别诊断中具有重要作用。