蛋白质组学在肿瘤标志物研究中的进展

随着人类基因组计划的完成，功能基因组学研究日益深入，蛋白质组学就成为人们研究的热点。广义上讲，蛋白质组（proteome）是指“一个细胞或一个组织基因组在一定条件下所表达的全部蛋白质”。蛋白质组学（proteomics）是指以蛋白质组为研究对象，从整体的角度，分析细胞内动态变化的蛋白质组成与活动规律。     

蛋白质组学与肿瘤的筛检

肿瘤早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗关键在于肿瘤的筛检.近年来,随着蛋白质组学技术的迅速发展,越来越多的肿瘤标志物被发现,相应检测方法亦在不断完善,现就这方面的研究进展情况作一综述.     

肿瘤蛋白质组学研究的技术与策略

随着蛋白质组学相关技术的迅速发展，蛋白质组学成为当今生物领域中极其活跃的学科，为肿瘤研究提供了崭新的思路和技术。蛋白质组学从新的角度研究肿瘤，寻找肿瘤标志蛋白，进而阐明其表达水平的变化与肿瘤发生发展不同阶段的相互关系及其规律，成为目前解决肿瘤早期诊断难题的最有利的途径。现综述肿瘤研究中的蛋白质组学技术和策略。     

蛋白质组学在肿瘤标志物研究中的进展

随着人类基因组计划的完成,功能基因组学研究日益深入,蛋白质组学就成为人们研究的热点。广义上讲,蛋白质组(proteome)是指“一个细胞或一个组织基因组在一定条件下所表达的全部蛋白质”。蛋白质组学(proteomics)是指以蛋白质组为研究对象,从整体的角度,分析细胞内动态变化的蛋白质组成与活动规律[1]。肿瘤发生过程中,细胞恶变前后的表达蛋白质组发生了变化。应用蛋白质组学研究技术比较肿瘤发生过程中蛋白质的变化,可以发现肿瘤相关的特异蛋白质,不仅为肿瘤诊断提供分子标志,也可能为肿瘤的治疗和药物开发提供靶标。本文就比较蛋白质组学技…     

蛋白质组学及其在甲状腺肿瘤研究中的应用

甲状腺肿瘤根据其分化程度和生物学特征可分为良性和恶性两大类,良性者多为腺瘤,恶性者多为腺癌。WHO把甲状腺腺瘤划分为:普遍型腺瘤,不典型腺瘤和Hiirthle细胞型腺瘤[1]。甲状腺癌根据其组织类型、生物学行为及恶性程度不同的病变,临床病理分为:乳头状甲状腺癌(papillary thyr     

肿瘤蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学研究是后基因组时代肿瘤学研究的重点。激光捕获微切割、蛋白质芯片、同位素包被亲和标记等新技术促进了蛋白质组学的发展及其在各种癌症研究中的应用。蛋白质组技术给肿瘤标志物筛选和个体化治疗等领域带来了新的途径。     

蛋白质组学研究在确定新的肿瘤标志物中的意义

随着蛋白质组学技术、高通量技术及生物信息学技术的发展，越来越多的肿瘤标志物被发现，并将逐步应用于临床，这些进展必将为肿瘤的早期检测和风险评价提供可靠的依据。现综述蛋白质组学研究策略在肿瘤标志物的筛选和鉴定中的应用。     

蛋白质组学及其在肿瘤标志物研究中的应用

2001年2月人类基因组图谱基本绘制完成,但对基因调节与功能等问题仍未能解读,被赋予研究基因表达调节及其产物功能任务的"后基因组学"即应运而生[1].     

肿瘤蛋白质组学研究的技术与策略

随着蛋白质组学相关技术的迅速发展，蛋白质组学成为当今生物领域中极其活跃的学科，为肿瘤研究提供了崭新的思路和技术。蛋白质组学从新的角度研究肿瘤，寻找肿瘤标志蛋白，进而阐明其表达水平的变化与肿瘤发生发展不同阶段的相互关系及其规律，成为目前解决肿瘤早期诊断难题的最有利的途径。现综述肿瘤研究中的蛋白质组学技术和策略。     

蛋白质组学及其在肿瘤研究中的应用进展

蛋白质组学在肿瘤研究中应用发展迅速，有望在肿瘤早期诊断、新标志物发现、药物治疗靶点和治疗效果有效性评价等方面发挥重要作用。现综述蛋白质组学的研究内容及方法，介绍表面增强激光解吸电离(SELDI)蛋白质芯片技术和二维液相分离等蛋白质组学在方法学上的新进展。     

Tumor angiogenesis: past, present and the near future

The concept of treating solid tumors by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis was first articulated almost 30 years ago. For the next 10 years it attracted little scientific interest. This situation changed, relatively slowly, over the succeeding decade with the discovery of the first pro-angiogenic molecules such as basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the development of methods of successfully growing vascular endothelial cells in culture as well as in vivo assays of angiogenesis. However, the 1990s have witnessed a striking change in both attitude and interest in tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic drug development, to the point where a remarkably diverse group of over 24 such drugs is currently undergoing evaluation in phase I, II or III clinical trials. In this review I will discuss the many reasons for this. These features, together with other recent discoveries have created intense interest in initiating and expanding anti-angiogenic drug discovery programs in both academia and industry, and the testing of such newly developed drugs, either alone, or in various combinations with conventional cytotoxic therapeutics. However, significant problems remain in the clinical application of angiogenesis inhibitors such as the need for surrogate markers to monitor the effects of such drugs when they do not cause tumor regressions, and the design of clinical trials. Also of concern is that the expected need to use anti-angiogenic drugs chronically will lead to delayed toxic side effects in humans, which do not appear in rodents, especially in short-term studies.     

Clofarabine: past, present, and future

Clofarabine is a second generation purine nucleoside analogue designed to overcome the limitations and to incorporate the best qualities of both cladribine and fludarabine. Clofarabine is thought to work via three mechanisms: inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase; incorporation into DNA; and induction of apoptosis. Given these mechanisms of action, clofarabine would be predicted to act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents such as other purine nucleoside analogues and DNA damaging or cross linking agents such as anthracyclines and platinum-based compounds. Intravenous clofarabine showed significant efficacy in pediatric leukemias (specifically, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)) and, in 2004, it was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of pediatric relapsed/refractory ALL after at least two prior regimens. In adults, clofarabine has shown significant efficacy in hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) alone and in combinations. Ongoing and future studies will examine the use of clofarabine in elderly patients with AML for whom standard regimens are too toxic, and in MDS with intravenous and oral forms of the drug.     

Cytoreductive nephrectomy: past,present and future

Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) is an integral part of the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Improved survival has been shown with CN and IFN-α. The introduction of targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma has raised important questions regarding the role of CN. The majority of patients who were enrolled in the Phase III studies of targeted therapies had undergone prior nephrectomy. Thus, the benefit of these agents has largely been demonstrated in a nephrectomized population. CARMENA and SURTIME, important Phase III studies examining the role and timing of CN, are ongoing. Until new evidence is available, CN is a reasonable approach in selected patients with a resectable primary tumor and good performance status.     

Cancer research: past, present and future

Research into cancer over the past 10 years has diverged enormously, partly based on the large number of new technologies that are now at our finger tips. With areas of cancer research so disparate, it is not always easy to identify where the next new findings and therapies might come from. With this in mind, we asked four leading cancer researchers from around the world what, in their opinion, we have learnt over the past 10 years and how we should progress in the next 10 years.     

Melanoma immunology: past, present and future

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Metastatic melanoma is a disease for which no effective therapeutic options have been developed during the last 30 years with the possible exception of high dose interferon-alpha in the adjuvant setting of stage III patients. The immunotherapy approach was initiated decades ago using cell-based vaccines and adoptive immunotherapy with functionally ill-defined lymphocytes. This paper aims to evaluate the last three decades of research in melanoma immunotherapy and to provide insights in the future of this strategy. RECENT FINDINGS: Thanks to the development of knowledge in basic and applied immunology, clinical studies of immunotherapy have been followed by trials based on molecular characterization of melanoma antigens and availability of ex-vivo assays allowing the quantitative assessment of the immune response against the given vaccine and against patient tumor cells. This second generation of immunotherapy trials, along with additional preclinical studies, while not yet resulting in a convincing clinical outcome, provided a wealth of data on immunogenicity of different melanoma antigens, mechanism of antigen presentation and factors that impair immune recognition of melanoma cells. SUMMARY: We discuss how this information will be exploited for designing new and more successful clinical trials of both active and adoptive antigen-specific immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma patients.     

Low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity: past, present, and future

This review article discusses the biology of low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) with reference to the molecular regulation of DNA repair and cell cycle control processes. Particular attention is paid to the significance of G2-phase cell cycle checkpoints in overcoming low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity and the impact of HRS on low-dose rate radiobiology. The history of HRS from the original in vivo discovery to the most recent in vitro and clinical data are examined to present a unifying hypothesis concerning the molecular control and regulation of this important low dose radiation response. Finally, preclinical and clinical data are discussed, from a molecular viewpoint, to provide theoretical approaches to exploit HRS biology for clinical gain.     

Mammary ductoscopy: past, present, and future

Mammary ductoscopy (MD) allows direct visual access to the mammary ducts, using fiberoptic microendoscopes inserted through the ductal opening onto the nipple surface. Therefore it has a potential role in the diagnosis and treatment of intraductal breast disease. This article describes the anatomy of the mammary ductal system, the early beginnings of MD, its ongoing evolution, and the need for further development for its future usage in increasing clinical indications. MD is a useful diagnostic adjunct in patients with pathological nipple discharge (PND) and can guide duct excision surgery. However, its potential use in the early detection of breast cancer, in guiding breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for cancer, and in the therapeutic ablation of intraductal disease, as well as in guiding risk-reducing strategies among high-risk women, requires further research and evaluation. The development of a biopsy kit that obtains adequate microbiopsy samples for histological diagnosis under direct visualization will enhance the use of this technique by breast surgeons and radiologists. Future developments also include combining MD with molecular diagnostic markers and optical biopsy systems for the diagnosis of premalignant and early malignant disease, and combining MD with radiofrequency for curative ablation of intraductal lesions.