内镜下胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻临床观察与护理

目的:总结通过纤维十二指肠镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)放置胆道内支架治疗晚期恶性胆道梗阻的临床观察和护理.方法:32例恶性梗阻性黄疸的患者,均行ERCP(经内镜逆行胰胆管造影)术,根据情况置人不同支架.结果:术后黄疸逐渐消退,皮肤瘙痒等症状消失或减轻.插管成功的30例患者血清总胆红素从(170.84±101.72)μmol/L下降到术后l周(105.42±82.44)μmol/L,发生并发症2例,其中急性胰腺炎1例,胆管炎l例,并发症发生率均为3.33％.结论:全部患者经过精心护理和健康教育,临床症状显著缓解,生存质量明显改善.     

内镜下置放金属胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻8例临床分析

我们自2003年3月起应用内镜下金属胆道支架置放术治疗恶性胆道梗阻8例,取得较好减黄效果,提高了患者生存质量,现报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料入选病例条件:无法行根治术的恶性胆道肿瘤,身体情况尚可,能耐受内镜操作;胆汁引流较丰富,预计引流效果理想且患者至少可存活3个     

胆道恶性梗阻的内镜治疗现状

胆道恶性梗阻包括原发性胆管腺癌所致胆道梗阻以及胆囊癌、肝细胞癌、壶腹部癌、胰头癌及其它转移癌对肝胆管的侵犯。约70％～90％的患者合并梗阻性黄疸，易并发胆道感染等并发症，病情凶险，预后差。多数患者明确诊断后已失去外科手术机会，有文献统计仅10％～15%的胰腺癌和胆管癌患者有Whipple手术适应证，且手术疗效差，患者5年生存率均约5％～8％。     

胆道支架放置术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用

目的：探讨胆道支架放置术治疗恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸的疗效和安全性。方法：恶性梗阻性黄疸病人24例，均采用胆道支架放置术的治疗方法，分别观察血清胆红素下降程度，手术并发症，并随访病人生存期和胆道支架维持通畅时间。结果：所有病人在治疗过程中均安全，胆道支架放置术疗效显著，黄疸消除率为70．8％，平均支架维持通畅时间为8．6个月，半年和一年生存率为62．5％和16．7％。结论：胆道支架放置术在治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸有较好疗效，使用安全。     

胆道支架置入术治疗胆道恶性梗阻

目的:评价胆道支架置入术治疗胆道恶性梗阻的价值.方法:135例胆道恶性梗阻患者,应用经皮肝穿胆道造影及支架置入技术,其中87例合并动脉内化疗或化疗栓塞术,48例单纯应用支架置入术.结果:单支置入128例,双支置入7例.支架置入术成功率为99.3%(成功植入142支/首次预计植入143支).黄疸完全缓解率86.7%(117/135),总有效率97.8%(132/135).6个月、12个月及24个月生存率分别为71.1%(96/135)、43.7%(59/135)及11.9%(16/135),联合抗肿瘤治疗与单纯支架治疗12个月生存率分别为:54.0%(47/87)及25.0%(12/48),统计学处理有显著性差异(X2=10.59,P＜0.001).支架再狭窄或阻塞21例,经皮穿刺外引流或支架内再置入支架治疗,黄疸再次消失.结论:胆道支架置入术减黄疗效肯定,与抗肿瘤治疗联合应用可提高患者生存率.     

ERBD治疗恶性胆道梗阻20例临床观察

目的：探讨ERBD（内镜下逆行胆道内引流术）治疗难以手术切除的恶性胆道梗阻的效果。方法：通过十二指肠镜对20例由6种晚期恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者,施行逆行胆道内支架植入术,全部获成功。结果：18例患者血清总胆红素降至正常,余2例下降了约50％。结论：ERBD能明显减轻恶性胆道梗阻患者的黄疸症状,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

ERBD治疗恶性胆道梗阻20例临床观察

目的:探讨ERBD (内镜下逆行胆道内引流术) 治疗难以手术切除的恶性胆道梗阻的效果.方法:通过十二指肠镜对20例由6 种晚期恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者,施行逆行胆道内支架植入术,全部获成功.结果:18例患者血清总胆红素降至正常,余2 例下降了约50%.结论:ERBD 能明显减轻恶性胆道梗阻患者的黄疸症状,是一种有效的治疗方法.     

PTCD联合胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的护理

总结26例经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)联合胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的护理。术前加强心理护理、皮肤护理,术中密切观察、熟练配合,术后加强电解质紊乱的观察、引流管护理以及并发症的观察与护理。本组患者均顺利完成手术,肝功能恢复良好,术后并发胆道感染、急性胰腺炎、胆漏、胆道出血各1例,胆道支架移位和堵塞再狭窄各1例,其余患者均康复出院。     

恶性胆道梗阻内镜介入治疗的临床应用价值

目的 探讨恶性胆道梗阻采用内镜介入治疗方法 的有效性和临床应用价值.方法 对78例恶性胆道梗阻患者采用内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)进行内镜下介入治疗,置入单根塑料支架42例,双根塑料支架10例,金属支架26例,15例于金属支架内置入125I粒子行腔内近距离照射治疗.结果 77例患者一次性支架置入成功,1例经皮经肝胆道造影(PTC)联合ERCP支架置入成功,术后2周塑料支架组平均总胆红素降至68.92 μmol/L,金属支架组降至64.15 μmol/L,125I粒子组降至61.13 μmol/L.术后随访,1年后125I粒子置入患者86.7%引流有效,内镜与超声复查,肿瘤病灶无扩大,未见周围淋巴结转移;另外两组引流通畅率分别为1.9%、27.3%.结论 内镜介入治疗恶性胆道梗阻方法 有效,疗效满意,合并症少,值得推广.     

内镜下置入金属支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻

对于失去手术机会的恶性胆道梗阻患者,通过放置金属支架,常能有效地消除黄疸,缓解患者皮肤瘙痒,改善肝功能,提高生活质量,延长生存期。自2004年2月~2007年2月,我们采用经内镜放置胆道金属支架,进行姑息性治疗恶性胆道梗阻32例患者,效果满意,现报告如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料     

经内镜胆道金属支架引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的价值

目的回顾786例经内镜胆道金属支架引流术,探讨其治疗价值。方法在结合临床、影像学资料及尽可能获得的病理基础上确立恶性胆道梗阻,直接或在经内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）、经内镜塑料内支架引流术（ERBD）过渡引流确定引流效果后行经内镜金属支架引流术（EMBE）,与姑息性手术及ERBD进行对照研究。结果一次操作成功率99.5%,减黄有效率为：满意68.4%,一般27.5%,无效4.1%;其中低位梗阻减黄有效率（满意＋一般）达96.6%,高位梗阻减黄有效率82.4%,支架平均通畅期289天,平均生存期310天,并发症率6.7%,死亡率1.2%。结论在严格掌握适应证的基础上,EMBE是安全有效解除恶性胆道梗阻的方法,对中晚期胆道肿瘤患者基本可替代姑息性胆道手术治疗。     

Internal-external percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for malignant biliary obstruction: a retrospective analysis

When percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is required for the management of malignant biliary obstruction, the local policy favours the use of internal–external drains. Regular planned drain exchanges are scheduled, and patients have open access back into the system to minimise complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success and complication rate of this method for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. The hospital records of 43 consecutive patients who underwent PTBD for malignant biliary obstruction at a single institution between 1 February 2004 and 31 January 2006 were reviewed. Outcomes were examined until January 2008. Biliary decompression was achieved in all 43 patients. The level of obstruction was defined as distal in 24 patients and perihilar in 19 patients. There was one procedure-related death. There were 91 routine outpatient drain exchanges performed at a median interval of 45 (range 21–64) days. Overall, 24/43 patients encountered 80 discrete complications related to biliary drainage. Fifty-two non-scheduled drain exchanges (accounting for 65% of all complications) were performed on an outpatient basis. Fourteen patients were readmitted on a median of one (range 1–3) occasion for a median duration of 3 (range 1–12) days. Median survival was 71 (range 7–850) days. PTBD can be performed with low mortality, but long-term morbidity remains high despite an aggressive approach to maintaining biliary patency. Providing patients with an open-access service means the majority of complications can be dealt with on an outpatient basis.     

经皮肝穿胆道支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床研究

目的：总结经皮肝穿刺胆道金属内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床疗效及经验。方法：92例恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,采用经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架置入术。根据胆道梗阻狭窄的不同部位和狭窄的程度采用相应的放置方式。结果：92例患者中,91例胆道支架成功放置,其中12例放置双支架,支架扩张良好,引流通畅,血清胆红素下降明显。术后死亡2例,胆道出血3例,腹水渗漏6例,胆漏2例,支架移位1例,胆管炎9例,胆道再阻塞11例。结论对不能手术的恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术创伤小,可提高患者的生存质量,延长生存期,是一种较为安全、有效的方法。     

胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸５３例分析

目的　观察经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及不良反应。方法　５３例恶性胆道梗阻患者采用经皮肝穿刺置入胆管支架治疗,术前及术后１周复查血清总胆红素、直接胆红素。２２例患者行肝动脉栓塞化疗（ＴＡＣＥ）。结果　共置入５５枚镍钛形状记忆合金内支架,其中２例各置入２枚胆道支架,技术操作成功率１００％。术前及术后１周血清总胆红素、直接胆红素均有显著差异（Ｐ＝０.０２１,Ｐ＝０.０１８）,支架置入后行ＴＡＣＥ者中位生存期（３９.２周）明显高于未行ＴＡＣＥ组（１７.３周）,术中及术后的并发症经及时处理后均能缓解。结论　对梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿刺支架治疗对解除胆道梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法。术后行肝动脉栓塞化疗者能明显延长患者生存。     

恶性高位胆道梗阻经皮经肝胆道引流方式的疗效分析

目的：探讨恶性高位胆道梗阻患者经皮经肝胆道引流方式对术后近远期疗效影响,为临床选择适当的治疗方式提供依据。方法-回顾性分析我院108例恶性高位胆道梗阻患者,比较单侧引流（68例）和双侧引流（40例）,左右肝管是否相通,引流材料对近期胆红素下降值和生存情况的影响。结果：三组术后3—5天胆红素的下降值明显,但无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。随访1—36个月,单侧组和双侧组、单枚引流管与单枚支架生存率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：恶性高位胆道梗阻以右侧入路单侧引流为主,生存期预计大于3个月,放置胆道支架,否则置入胆道引流管。     

Rate of bilirubin regression after stenting in malignant biliary obstruction for the initiation of chemotherapy

BACKGROUND.

This study was conducted to evaluate the rate of regression of bilirubin after stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction.

METHODS.

Records were reviewed from October 2002 to September 2005 for patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with stent placement. The time to achieve a bilirubin level ≤2 mg/dL was the primary endpoint because this is the level required by most chemotherapy protocols. Patient variables included type of cancer, liver metastasis, recent chemotherapy, baseline creatinine, and international normalized ratio (INR). Stent variables included type, dimension, stricture location, and sphincterotomy.

RESULTS.

In total, 156 patients were included in the analysis: Ninety‐three patients achieved a poststent bilirubin level ≤2 mg/dL, 29 patients failed because of stent failure, and 34 patients failed because of inadequate follow‐up. The time required for 80% of patients to achieve normalization was more than doubled in those who had prestent bilirubin levels ≥10 mg/dL (6 weeks) compared with those who had prestent bilirubin levels <10 mg/dL (3 weeks). The following variables were identified as statistically significant: prestent bilirubin level, stricture location, liver metastasis, and INR. The cancer type, recent chemotherapy, stent type and diameter, and sphincterotomy were not statistically significant variables.

CONCLUSIONS.

The rate of bilirubin normalization after biliary stenting was highly dependent on the prestent bilirubin level. Endoscopic intervention should be considered in patients who fail to achieve adequate normalization of serum bilirubin in 6 weeks if prestent bilirubin level was ≥10 mg/dL and in 3 weeks if their prestent bilirubin level was <10 mg/dL. Independent variables, such as diffuse liver metastases, stricture outside the common bile duct, and elevated INR had predictive value for bilirubin normalization. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.     

内支架联合适形放疗治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床研究

目的探讨内支架联合适形放疗治疗恶性胆管梗阻的疗效。方法自1999年2月至2004年2月我院收治61例恶性胆管梗阻的患者,综合组34例行内支架联合适形放疗,并与同期单纯内支架置入27例对照组进行对比。结果综合组与对照组平均生存时间分别为(353±20)天和(176±12)天(P<0.01),中位生存期分别为(350±29)天和(170±17)天(P<0.01)有显著性差异。结论内支架联合适形放疗是治疗恶性胆管梗阻的有效方法。     

胆管支架和(或)引流术治疗恶性胆管梗阻30天内死亡原因分析

目的 分析胆管支架和（或）引流术治疗恶性胆管梗阻３０ｄ内死亡原因及手术有关的近期并发症,探讨更有效的临床治疗方法及手术适应证。方法 １０７例恶性胆管梗阻者实行经皮经肝穿刺担管支架和（或）引流术,术后３０ｄ内共死亡１２例,其中原发性肝癌４例,肝门淋巴结转移瘤３例,胆管癌５例,死亡率为１１．２％。结果 １２例恶性胆管梗阻者,９例放置胆管支架,其中５例同时置引流管;３例仅置胆管引流管。手术后１０例胆管梗     

结直肠癌致急性梗阻内镜支架治疗后再手术临床观察

目的探讨结直肠癌致急性梗阻内镜支架治疗后再手术的临床效果。方法对两家医院36例结直肠癌致急性梗阻患者行内镜支架治疗,观察内镜支架治疗的成功率、疗效和并发症;对30例患者内镜支架治疗后接受再手术治疗,手术前后血清CRP水平变化、血清ALB水平变化、肿瘤周围组织病理变化、肿瘤根治性切除率、吻合口一期吻合率、近端肠造口率、清扫淋巴结数、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后并发症发生率、术后肿瘤复发率和术后生存率等指标,与同期30例急诊手术组患者比较。结果 33例放置内镜支架成功,成功率91.7%,支架治疗后6-12小时肠梗阻缓解,血清CRP明显下降,血清ALB升高,肠管扩张明显缓解,肿瘤周围组织黏连水肿消退。两组患者术前血清CRP分别为(26.3±9.5)mg/L和(133.4±25.2)mg/L;血清ALB分别为(34.6±6.1)g/L和(28.4±5.8)g/L,肿瘤根治性切除率分别为73.3%(22/30)和36.7%(11/30);吻合口一期吻合率分别为81.8%(18/22)和36.4%(4/11);近端肠造口率分别为46.7%(14/30)和80.0%(24/30);清扫淋巴结数分别为(10.7±4.3)个/例和(6.4±2.5)个/例;术后肠功能恢复时间分别为(4.3±1.6)天和(5.6±2.2)天;术后并发症发生率分别为13.3%(4/30)和53.3%(16/30)。两组比较,差异均有统计学意义。结论结直肠癌致急性梗阻内镜支架治疗能迅速解除梗阻,再手术时全身情况和肿瘤局部环境明显改善,肿瘤根治性切除率升高,手术风险和术后并发症降低,疗效改善,值得临床推广应用。