饮用水中3种一氯酚异构体的液相色谱-质谱联用法测定研究

目的:建立一种能同时测定饮用水中2-氯酚、3-氯酚和4-氯酚的检测方法。方法:水样经Oasis(HLB固相萃取小柱富集、净化后,在C8柱(250 mm×4.0 mm×5μm)上,以乙酸-乙酸铵缓冲溶液(5 mmol/L,pH=4.5)/乙腈/甲醇(65:28:7)为流动相,采用大气压化学电离(APC I)离子化方式在选择离子监测(SIM)模式下进行检测,定量检测离子为m/:z 127[M-H]-。结果:2-氯酚、3-氯酚和4-氯酚的日内与日间精密度分别小于9.3%和10.9%,它们在0.05~5.00μg/L范围均具有良好的线性,水样中它们的最低定量检出限分别为0.05、0.02和0.02μg/L。结论:本方法可用于饮用水中痕量一氯酚的测定。     

液相色谱/质谱联用法同时测定饮用水中6种二氯酚异构体研究

目的:建立一种新型、灵敏、准确的同时测定饮用水中2,6-二氯酚、2,3-二氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,5-二氯酚、3,4-二氯酚和3,5-二氯酚的液相色谱/质谱联用检测方法。方法:水样经Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱富集、净化后,在C8反相色谱柱(250 mm×4.0 mmi.d.,5μm)上,以乙酸-乙酸铵缓冲溶液(5 mmol/L,pH=4.5)/乙腈/甲醇(65:28:7,v/v/v)为流动相,采用大气压化学电离(APCI)离子化方式在选择离子监测(SIM)模式下进行检测,定量检测离子为m/z:161[M-H]-。结果:6种二氯酚异构体的日内与日间精密度分别小于11.7%和12.9%,它们在0.02-5.00μg/L范围均具有良好的线性,水样中各氯酚异构体的检出限在0.007-0.02μg/L。结论:本方法可用于饮用水中痕量二氯酚异构体残留的测定。     

同位素内标稀释-分散固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱测定环境水中五氯酚

目的 建立环境水样中五氯酚的同位素内标稀释-分散固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法的分析方法。方法 环境水样用聚酰胺粉吸附、浓缩,1%甲酸甲醇(V/V)洗脱后分析。串联质谱在电喷雾(ESI)离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下检测目标化合物,以保留时间以及特征离子对进行定性,同位素内标法定量。结果 五氯酚在0. 5μg/L～50. 0μg/L浓度内呈现良好的线性关系。五氯酚的方法检出限为0. 003μg/L,定量限为0. 01μg/L。平均回收率在92. 5%～105. 0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1. 0%～2. 7%。结论 方法快速高效、灵敏度高、稳定性好,可用于环境水样中痕量五氯酚的监管监测。     

全血中杀鼠迷的高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离质谱联用法测定研究

目的:建立简便、准确、灵敏的测定全血中痕量杀鼠迷的高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离质谱检测方法。方法:全血样品经乙酸乙酯萃取,以甲醇+0.1%乙酸(50+50)为流动相,采用XDBC18柱(150mm×2.1mm×5μm)分离,通过电喷雾电离离子化技术及选择性离子检测(SIM)进行测定,定量分析离子为m/z:293[M+H]+。结果:线性范围为1.00～50.0μg/L,定量检测下限为0.50μg/L,方法回收率在90.8%～102.7%,RSD均小于10%。结论:该法操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确,适用于中毒病人的中毒诊断分析。     

呼和浩特市生活饮用水中2,4,6-三氯酚,五氯酚含量测定

目的建立测定水中2,4,6-三氯酚、五氯酚的气相色谱测定方法。方法水中的微量2,4,6-三氯酚、五氯酚经液-液萃取后,用HP-5毛细管色谱柱,在程序升温条件下进行气相色谱分析,以保留时间定性,内标法定量。结果 2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的线性范围均为0.2μg/L~100.0μg/L。2,4,6-三氯酚最低检出浓度为0.0040 mg/L,五氯酚的最低检出浓度为0.0020 mg/L,相关系数均大于0.9990,水样加标回收率为84.0%~91.3%,RSD为4.5%~7.8%。结论方法仅用15.0min完成饮用水中2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的测定,操作简便、灵敏度高。     

水中五氯酚的顶空固相微萃取气相色谱测定法

目的 探讨顶空固相微萃取(SPME)技术与气相色谱法联用测定水中五氯酚。方法 优化水中五氯酚的SPME顶空浓缩和微萃取技术,然后使用毛细气相色谱法分离,电子捕获检测器定量测定。结果 水样调pH=2.60℃搅拌平衡40min,聚丙烯酸酯萃取头(85μm)顶空吸附10min,280℃解吸3min。最低检出浓度为0．13μg／L;五氯酚线性范围0～12μg／L,r=0．999;对水加标五氯酚1、6、10μg／L回收率分别为88．9％～105．0％、88．9％～102．8％和98．0％～99．5％,相对标准偏差分别为4．9％～8．4％、3．1％～8．5％和4．0％～5．4％(r=6)。结论 该方法简便、灵敏、稳定,且无溶剂污染,是测定水中五氯酚理想的方法。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定水中2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚

目的:建立测定水中2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的气相色谱测定方法。方法:水中的微量2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚经液-液萃取后,用DB-1701毛细管色谱柱,在程序升温条件下进行GC分析,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果:2,4,6-三氯酚的线性范围为0.005μg/L~1.0μg/L,最低检出浓度为0.0030μg/L,五氯酚的线性范围为0.01μg/L~2.0μg/L,最低检出浓度为0.0048μg/L,相关系数均≥0.9990,水样加标回收率为73.0%~91.0%,RSD为4.6%~7.9%。结论:方法仅用8.5 m in完成饮用水中2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的测定,操作简便、灵敏度高。     

水中五氯酚残留的快速连续测定法

目的建立连续、快速、灵敏的测定水中五氯酚残留的方法。方法采用全自动顶空固相微萃取技术对样品进行预处理,优化萃取和气相色谱条件,并对实际样品进行检测。结果建立了全自动顶空固相微萃取气相色谱法测定水中五氯酚残留的方法,方法线性范围0.053～106μg/L,r=0.999 9,最低检出限为0.008 2μg/L,加标回收率在92.1%～106.7%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.3%。结论该法简便快速,灵敏度高,准确度好,适用于水中五氯酚残留的连续测定。     

尿液中杀鼠萘的固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定法

目的建立简便、灵敏、准确的测定尿液中痕量杀鼠萘的固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测方法。方法尿液样品经Oasis(r)HLB小柱富集,以甲醇-甲基叔丁基醚洗脱,挥干溶剂后以甲醇-乙酸为流动相,采用XDB C18柱(150 mm×2．1 mm×5μm)分离,二极管阵列(DAD)308 nm检测。结果杀鼠萘在0．01-10．00 mg/L范围具有良好的线性关系,尿液中定量检测下限为0．005 mg／L,方法回收率为87．5％-98．4％,相对标准偏差小于7．3％。结论该法灵敏度高、操作简便、快速、准确,适用于作业工人的体检与中毒患者的临床诊断检测。     

饮用水中五氯酚的固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱测定法

目的建立水中痕量五氯酚(PCP)的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS-MS)检测方法。方法水样经C18固相萃取富集,经洗脱、干燥、氮吹定容,采用GC-MS-MS检测,以MRM多反应检测技术进行分析。结果 PCP在0.1~1 000μg/L浓度范围内的线性关系良好,r=0.999 6;方法的检出限为1.0 ng/L,平均回收率为91.9%~109.0%,RSD5%。结论该方法灵敏、快捷、准确,适用于饮用水中痕量PCP的检测。     

Water management practices in rural and urban homes: a case study from Bangladesh on ingestion of polluted water

Although Bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in extending the availability of hand pumped and piped water, unsafe water is still ingested. This brief study attempted to assess water management practices in rural and urban homes in Bangladesh so as to establish the routes by which unsafe water is ingested, to examine methods of collection and storage, and determine why unsafe water sources are used when safe supplies are available. Forty-eight rural and forty-five urban slum households were studied. Observations, interviews and water quality investigations were conducted. The results show that the respondents were aware that hand pump/tap water is safe and took care to use these safe sources for drinking purposes. However, they continued to use surface water for non-drinking activities such as bathing, washing and rinsing their mouths. Reasons were given that it was a traditional practice to bathe in surface water and was more enjoyable. One of the reasons given for not using hand pumped water to wash clothing and food was that such groundwater caused staining. Bacteriological results from such ingested water showed the quality, especially in rural areas, to be poor. Results also showed the internal surfaces of the base of storage containers to be heavily contaminated with bacteria. This showed that water that was safe when it was first drawn would became contaminated during storage. This study had a limited scope; much further research is needed to find what determines and how water becomes contaminated in containers. These factors include how to reduce contamination of water, in particular the relationship between growth of bacteria in stored water and the material from which the container is made and how to improve the overall quality of water. On the management side, studies could be conducted as to how to improve people's understanding of the use of water for domestic purposes and its safe management.     

Data gaps in evidence-based research on small water enterprises in developing countries

Small water enterprises (SWEs) are water delivery operations that predominantly provide water at the community level. SWEs operate beyond the reach of piped water systems, selling water to households throughout the world. Their ubiquity in the developing world and access to vulnerable populations suggests that these small-scale water vendors may prove valuable in improving potable water availability. This paper assesses the current literature on SWEs to evaluate previous studies and determine gaps in the evidence base. Piped systems and point-of-use products were not included in this assessment. Results indicate that SWEs are active in urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Benefits of SWEs include: no upfront connection fees; demand-driven and flexible to local conditions; and service to large populations without high costs of utility infrastructure. Disadvantages of SWEs include: higher charges for water per unit of volume compared with infrastructure-based utilities; lack of regulation; operation often outside legal structures; no water quality monitoring; increased potential for conflict with local utilities; and potential for extortion by local officials. No rigorous, evidence-based, peer-reviewed scientific studies that control for confounders examining the effectiveness of SWEs in providing potable water were identified.     

唐山市2006年生活饮用水水质的监测

[目的]了解唐山市城区生活饮用水水质，针对存在的问题提出改进建议。[方法]选取有代表性的城区二次供水、末梢水、出厂水和水源水进行监测，采用国家标准进行评价。[结果]所监测的二次供水、末梢水、出厂水和水源水的合格率分别为80．0％、83.3％、100.0％和50．0％。不合格的指标分别有游离性余氯、浑浊度、总大肠菌群、硝酸盐氮、总硬度和细菌总数。[结论]唐山市城区生活饮用水水质基本符合国家标准，针对存在的问题，有关部门应加强管理。     

2010-2012年库尔勒市生活饮用水水质监测结果分析

目的 了解库尔勒市近3年生活饮用水的现状及水质情况,为改善市区饮水质量提供合理建议.方法 2010-2012年年底连续3年对库尔勒市现场抽检和送检的共1 875份的水源水、出厂水、管网末梢水和二次供水进行监测,采用国家标准进行评价.结果 水源水、出厂水、管网末梢水和二次供水的合格率分别为100.0％、99.73％、97.58％和97.05％.其中管网末梢水的监测指标中游离余氯的合格率较低(97.58％),二次供水的监测项目中细菌总数的合格率较低(97.29％).结论 管网末梢水和二次供水的水质合格率较低,供水部门应加强管理,严格消毒,对管网要定期检查维修.卫生监督监测部门要加强监管力度,提高监测频次.     

The effectiveness of large household water storage tanks for protecting the quality of drinking water

Many communities along the US-México border remain without infrastructure for water and sewage. Residents in these communities often collect and store their water in open 55-gallon drums. This study evaluated changes in drinking water quality resulting from an intervention that provided large closed water storage tanks (2,500-gallons) to individual homes lacking a piped water supply. After the intervention, many of the households did not change the source of their drinking water to the large storage tanks. Therefore, water quality results were first compared based on the source of the household's drinking water: store or vending machine, large tank, or collected from a public supply and transported by the household. Of the households that used the large storage tank as their drinking water supply, drinking water quality was generally of poorer quality. Fifty-four percent of samples collected prior to intervention had detectable levels of total coliforms, while 82% of samples were positive nine months after the intervention (p < 0.05). Exploratory analyses were also carried out to measure water quality at different points between collection by water delivery trucks and delivery to the household's large storage tank. Thirty percent of the samples taken immediately after water was delivered to the home had high total coliforms (>10 CFU/100 ml). Mean free chlorine levels dropped from 0.43 mg/l, where the trucks filled their tanks, to 0.20 mg/l inside the household's tank immediately after delivery. Results of this study have implications for interventions that focus on safe water treatment and storage in the home, and for guidelines regarding the level of free chlorine required in water delivered by water delivery trucks.     

宝鸡市城市饮用水与人群健康效应的调查研究

本文通过对宝鸡市居民饮自来水和自备井水的人群进行了回顾性和前瞻性调查分析，结果发现，饮自来水与饮未经处理自备井水明显的差异。即调查组（饮自来水）肠道传染病发病率为４．２２％和６．８２％，对照组（饮自备井水）发病率为７．７１％和１１．５６％经卡方检验Ｐ＜０．０５，差异有显著性。从发病病种来看，调查组和对照组均以腹泻为主，其次为痢疾和肝炎，发病率分别是：腹泻，调查组为３５．５９‰和６３．００‰，对照组     

2011年许昌市生活饮用水卫生状况调查

目的了解许昌市2011年各类生活饮用水的卫生状况,分析存在的问题,为保障居民饮用水水质安全,提供科学依据。方法按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)中的规定进行采样检测,并对结果依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行评价。结果共检测井水178份,合格率为86.0%;水源水48份,合格率为95.8%;二次供水168份,合格率为93.5%。结论许昌市部分地区井水不符合饮用标准,二次供水水质稳定较好。应加强水质监管力度,确保城镇居民饮水安全。     

2008年东莞市生活饮用水水质卫生现状分析

目的掌握东莞市生活饮用水水质基本状况,为改善城市供水提供理论依据。方法按照GB/T5750—2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》、GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》(Ⅲ类)和GB5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》对东莞市2008年村级水厂和镇级水厂的水源水、出厂水、管网末梢水进行采样、检验及评价,并进行统计分析。结果全年有有效水样共1575份,合格1376份,总体合格率为87.4%;合格率由高到低依次为管网末梢水(94.5%)、出厂水(91.0%)、水源水(23.6%)。结论管网末梢水、出厂水合格率较高,而水源水合格率低,加强水源保护刻不容缓。     

PUMPS,GERMS AND STORAGE: THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED WATER CONTAINERS ON WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH

Applying a randomized controlled trial, we study the impact of improved water transport and storage containers on the water quality and health of poor rural households. The results indicate that improved household water infrastructure improves water quality and health outcomes in an environment where point‐of‐source water quality is good but where recontamination is widespread, leading to unsafe point‐of‐use drinking water. Moreover, usage rates of 88% after 7 months are encouraging with regard to sustainable adoption. Our estimates suggest that the provision of improved household water infrastructure could ‘keep clean water clean’ at a cost of only 5% of the costs of providing households with improved public water supply. Given the general consensus in the literature that recontamination of water from improved public sources is a severe public health problem, improved transport and storage technologies appear to be an effective low‐cost supplement to the current standard of financing public water supply for poor rural communities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同源水混合对生活饮用水质的影响

[目的]探讨地面水和地下水二种水源混水对生活饮用水水质的影响。[方法]对三种混水模式(地下水的水质状况、与之混合的地面水种类、地面水与地下水混合的比例均有所不同)连续3年观察混水前后水中24项卫生学指标的变化。[结果]经混水工艺处理后的水与原地下水相比，可以使水中氯化物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、总硬度和铁的含量降低30％-70％，其中硝酸盐和总硬度的含量减少约50％，并由原地下水水质中硝酸盐和总硬度含量超过生活饮用水卫生标准降至标准限以下。[结论]本文阐述的混水模式应用于生活饮用水中，是一种有效改善地下水水质的方法，它可以使出厂水的检测指标符合生活饮用水的卫生标准，并明显地降低原地下水中无机离子的含量，通过该方法可以解决一些地区饮用水中硝酸盐和总硬度超标的问题。