尿2－硫代噻唑烷－4－羧酸的反相高效液相色谱法研究

应用反相高效液相色谱法（分离柱：ＵｔｒａｓｐｈｅｒｅＴＭＯＤＳＣ－１８）对二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）代谢产物２－硫代噻唑烷－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）进行了测定条件优选。以流动相为甲醇（１４％）、冰乙酸（１. ５％）和水（８４. ５％）；流速１. ５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；紫外线检测波长２７２ｎｍ时分离检测效果最好。同时，对尿样前处理方法也进行了探讨。本法平均回收率９８. ９％，最小检出量０. ００８ｎｇ，ＴＴＣＡ浓度在０～２００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内呈直线相关（ｒ＝０. ９９９６）是ＣＳ２生物监测的良好方法。     

尿2－硫代噻唑烷－4－羧酸用于二硫化碳作业工人生物监测研究

本文应用高效液相色谱法对ＣＳ＿２作业工人班前、班后尿及对照组尿２－硫代噻唑烷－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）进行了测定。结果发现ＣＳ＿２作业工人班后尿ＴＴＣＡ明显高于对照组，有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＣＳ＿２作业工人班后尿ＴＴＣＡ明显高于工作班前，亦有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。高浓度接触组工人尿ＴＴＣＡ高于低浓度接触组工人尿ＴＴＣＡ，说明作业工人ＣＳ＿２的接触量与尿ＴＴＣＡ含量之间有相关性。作者认为汞ＴＴＣＡ可用于二硫化碳接触的生物监测。     

接触CS2工人的神经行为改变及生物学监测

为探讨长期接触中、低浓度ＣＳ２的神经行为学影响及生物学监测指标，应用ＷＨＯ－ＮＣＴＢ，测定ＣＳ２接触工人的神经行为功能。收集工人班末尿，高效液相色谱法测定尿中２－硫代－噻唑啶－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）含量。结果表明：（１）长期接触ＣＳ２（几何均数为３１．７８ｍｇ／ｍ３）可影响神经行为，主要表现为记忆、感知、协调及运动稳定性降低，但注意力／反应速度无显著变化；（２）在该接触浓度下，尿ＴＴＣＡ含量明显增加，存在接触－反应关系；（３）神经行为学（效应指标）与尿ＴＴＣＡ含量间具有较好的相关性。神经行为测试可作为接触ＣＳ２工人的早期影响的检测指标，尿ＴＴＣＡ含量可以反映工人的接触水平。     

β－胡萝卜素对人体乳腺癌细胞株BCap－37生物学作用的研究

应用细胞培养技术，分子杂交的ＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＢｌｏｔ方法和图像细胞分析技术（ＩＣＭ）研究了β－胡萝卜素对体外培养的人乳腺癌细胞株ＢＣａｐ一３７的生物学作用。细胞生长曲线的结果显示，两个实验组（５×１０（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１×１０（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对细胞的生长有显著抑制作用并伴有明显的细胞形态学特征的改变。抑制率分别为３３．３３％和２８．２５％（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。血浆生理浓度组（１×１０（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对细胞的生长没有抑制作用（Ｐ＞０．０５）。基因表达的研究显示，β－胡萝卜素（１×１０（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１×１０（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对癌基因Ｃ一ｅｒｂＢ２ｍＲＮＡ的表达没有抑制作用，１×１０（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度组对癌相关基因ＥＧＦＲｍＲＮＡ的表达有抑制作用，应用ＩＣＭ技术测定四项指标，即ＤＮＡ指数（ＤＩ值），Ｓ期百分比（Ｓ％），总ＤＮＡ含量以及细胞核面积。结果显示，两实验组（１×１０（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１×１０（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）ＤＩ值为１．８１和１．７４，反映细胞呈异倍体水平，为恶性细胞的特征。两组的Ｓ期百分比为３３．７０％和３０．３９％，核面积为１４３．０μＭ２和１２０．９０μＭ２，均低?     

尿TTCA检测在非职业性CS2暴露人群生物学监测中价值的初探

本文研究了ＴＴＣＡ检测在职业性ＣＳ２暴露人群中的价值，结果表明：ＣＳ２污染区小学生份尿样中检出率为３６％，范围为０．０７９－０．６９２ｍｇ／ｇ肌酐，而对照区小学生份尿样中均未出ＴＴＣＡ，说明尿中ＴＴＣＡ检测可作为非职业人群的检测指标。     

C－反应蛋白固相放射免疫分析法的改进及初步应用

建立一种竞争性固相放射免疫分析法（ＳＰ－ＲＩＡ），用于定量测定人体血清或脑脊髓液（ＣＳＦ）中的Ｃ－反应蛋白（Ｃ－ｒｅａｃｔｉｖｅＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＣＲＰ）。最小可测量为５ｎｇ／ｍｌ；批内ＣＶ为４．９％，批间ＣＶ为１２．６％。６８份健康人血清的ＣＲＰ含量为０．０２８～３．４００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数０．１６６μｇ／ｍｌ）；１６份新生儿脐带血清的ＣＲＰ含量为０．０１３～９．０００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数０．０９５μｇ／ｍｌ）；６３份“流脑”病人血清ＣＲＰ为０．１５０～５２０．０００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数７７．５００μｇ／ｍｌ），相当于健康人的４００～５００倍。ＧＳＦ中也可检出低水平的ＣＲＰ（中位数２．０７０μｇ／ｍｌ）。“流脑”急性期血清的ＣＲＰ含量，比恢复期高出３００多倍，而婴幼儿轮状病毒性腹泻病人的急性血ＣＲＰ含量不高（中位数５．５８０μｇ／ｍｌ），且同恢复期血清ＣＲＰ含量之比，仅为２～３∶１，提示此种病毒性感染的急性相应答（Ａｃｕｔｅｐｈａｓｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ）不如细菌性脑膜炎显著。     

广西肝病患者及献血员的HCV Serotype和Genotype的分子生物学研究

选择广西不同地市的肝病患者１０３例（ＡＨ８、ＣＡＨ３６、ＣＰＨ３６、ＬＣ７、ＨＣＣ１６）和献血员３５５例进行Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ阳性率、ＨＣＶＳｅｒｏｔｙｐｅ和Ｇｅｎｏｔｙｐｅ的分子生物学研究。结果表明：肝病患者Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ阳性１２例（ＡＨ１／８。ＣＡＨ２／３６。ＣＰＨ９／３６。ＬＣＯ／７、ＨＣＣ０／１６），阳性率为１１．６５％，明显高于同室检测兰州和南京肝病患者的Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ阳性率４．３％和４．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；２４０例献血员中检出Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ阳性１１例（４．５８％），明显低于同室检测兰州献血员的Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ阳性率３５．００％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；本文两组的Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ阳性率也存在显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。肝病患者组的ＨＣＶＳｅｒｏｔｐｙｅ１型、２型、１＋２型和无法定为１和／或２型者分别为３３．３３％、０、０和６６．６７％；而献血员组的ＨＣＶＳｅｒｏｔｙｐｅ分别为６５．９５％、１．１０％、２．２０％和３０．７７％。此外，肝病患者组的ＨＣＶＧｅｎｏｔｙｐｅ均属ｌｂ型（５０．００％）和ｌｂ混合型（５０．００％）；献血员组的ＨＣＶＧｅｎｏｔｙｐｅ中ｌａ型、ｌｂ型、ｌｂ混合型和无法定为１和／或２     

SiO2刺激THP—1上清液引起早期矽结节样病变

目的：探索ＳｉＯ２刺激ＴＨＰ－１细胞（具有肺泡巨噬细胞特性的人血单核细胞株）上清液是否可引起大鼠的矽肺样病变。方法：用ＳｉＯ２刺激ＴＨＰ－１细胞培养上清液经非暴露式气管内注入,０．５ｍｌ／次,１次／周,共４次,末次注射后１周处死,取肺脏常规切片,Ｈ．Ｅ染色,镜下观察病理变化,并通过５个系列浓度（０、５０、１００、２００和５００μｇ／ｍｌ）的ＳｉＯ２刺激ＴＨＰ－１细胞培养上清液作用于ＣＨＬ细胞（中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞）,采用四唑盐（ＭＴＴ）比色法检测ＣＨＬ细胞的增殖。结果：ＳｉＯ２刺激ＴＨＰ－１细胞培养上清液可引起大鼠肺内早期矽结节样病变。经ＭＴＴ分析,ＣＨＬ细胞增殖活性随着ＳｉＯ２剂量的增大而逐渐增强,呈剂量－效应关系。结论：ＳｉＯ２刺激的ＴＨＰ－１细胞上清液在体内可引起早期矽结节样病变,在体外可以引起肺成纤维细胞增殖     

接触二硫化碳男工血清性激素水平及尿代谢物含量分析

为探讨长期接触二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）的粘胶纺丝男工血清性激素及尿２－硫代－噻唑啶－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）水平,应用放射免疫法测定接触工人血清性激素水平及用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中ＴＴＣＡ含量。以多功能气体红外监测仪定点连续监测车间ＣＳ２浓度为（１４．４０±４．６２）ｍｇ／ｍ３（６．０１～２５．３０ｍｇ／ｍ３）,平均接触工龄为１０．４年。结果显示（１）接触组血清促卵泡激素〔ＦＳＨ：（１０．９４±７．３５）ＩＵ／Ｌ）〕明显高于对照组〔（７．５０±５．０７）ＩＵ／Ｌ〕;催乳素〔ＰＲＬ（５．７２±４．１８）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕则显著低于对照组〔（６．８９±４．６２）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕;血清促黄体激素（ＬＨ）、睾丸酮（Ｔ）等两组间均无统计学显著差异。但随着暴露工龄延长,ＨＬ含量明显下降。班的轮换不影响性激素水平。（２）在该接触浓度下工人班末尿ＴＴＣＡ为（１．０７２±１．０１３）ｍｇ／ｇ肌酐,随尿ＴＴＣＡ排出量增加,血清ＦＳＨ含量明显下降,存在接触－反应关系。本研究表明,现有接触水平对男工内分泌系统功能已造成一定损害。     

广西吸毒成瘾者丙型肝炎病毒的感染及其分子生物学研究

选择２８３名静脉吸毒者（ＩＶＤＡｓ）和１２１名献血员（ＢＤｓ）进行Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ、ＨＣＶ血清基因型、ＨＣＶ基因型和ＨＣＶｃＤＮＡ序列的检测。结果表明，ＩＶＤＡｓ和ＢＤｓ的Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ检出率分别为９１．１７％和０．８３％；ＩＶＤＡｓ的ＨＣＶ血清基因型为１型８１．８５％（２２１／２７０），２型１．４８％（４／２７０），ｌ＋２型０．３７％（１／２７０），不能定为１和／或２型１６．３０％（４４／２７０）；ＨＣＶ基因型为１ａ型：２８．６％（３４／１１９）；ｌｂ型：３８．７％（４６／１１９）；２ａ型１０．９％（１３／ｌ１９）；２ｂ型１４．３％（１７／ｌ１９）；３ａ型２６．９％（３２／１１９）；３ｂ型４０．３％（４８／１１９）；６ａ型８．４％（１０／１１９）；６ｂ型２６．７％（３１／１１９）；其中１４．３％的病例有４～５种不同基因亚型的混合感染现象。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.