浅谈科学的学生干部考核评价机制

学生干部整体素质的提高与高校的发展有着密不可分的联系，建立科学的学生干部考核评价机制，对提高学生干部的整体素质具有非常重要的作用，可以有效地抑制学生干部在工作中的不正之风，增强学生干部不断学习的自觉性和紧迫感，增强学生干部的责任心和危机感，增强识人用人的科学性。如何制定、完善并实施科学的学生干部考核评价机制，可以从三个方面着手：注重品德与能力考核，坚持多方参与原则，充分发挥评价机制的激励调控作用。     

学分制下学生思想政治教育的方法和途径

高校实行学分制给高校学生思想政治教育工作提出了新的问题和新的要求，思想政治工作面临严峻的挑战，探讨学分制下如何做好学生的思想政治工作，就成为学生工作必须认真研究和解决的一个重要课题，本文从“改进‘两课’教学、强化党团工作”等六个方面阐述了新形势下如何切实改革学生思想政治教育工作的方法和途径。     

宁阳县4年来高考体检结果与分析

为了解学生疾病对高考的影响，有目的，有计划地开展学生常见病防治工作，促进学生身心健康和国家人才的培养，我县自2000年起，将高考体检纳入学校卫生工作的主要内容，由我站组织开展了高考体检工作，现将4年来的体检结果报告如下。     

我只做没把握的事

从小学到中学，我从未当过学生干部，也觉得自己不是那块料。可是进入大学后，我被选为学生议会的议员。这是我承担的最没把握的工作，我觉得自己肯定会干得一团糟。可是，做起来了，却没有想象中那么生疏和困难。     

全力做好高校学生稳定工作

高校学生稳定工作对社会和学校的整体稳定、和谐具有重要意义，但目前高校学生工作仍存在不稳定因素，应采取有效手段，积极做好学生稳定工作。     

浅析医院干部选拔任用应妥善处理的几个关系

胡锦涛同志指出“如何完善干部选拔任用工作制度并依照制度准确选拔使用干部，依然是干部工作需要着力解决的重大问题。”当今医院的竞争归根到底是人才的竞争，而建设一支德才兼备即既精业务又懂管理的干部队伍更是我们在竞争中立于不败之地的保证。毛泽东同志说过：“政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素。”可见干部选拔任用工作是多么重要。面对当今的医疗环境，总结现阶段干部选拔任用工作的得失，笔者认为医院在干部选拔任用中应妥善处理好以下五个方面的关系。     

干部保健管理者素质刍议

干部保健管理者素质刍议济南军区总医院（山东济南２５００３１）铁涛干部保健工作是我军卫生工作的重要组成部分，它的好坏直接关系到部队建设，影响到国家和军队的稳定。保健管理者在整个干部保健工作中起着主导作用，因此，笔者认为，加强保健工作管理，提高保健者的全...     

宁德市职业中专学校1997年学生健康状况调查

为了更好地贯彻国家教委、卫生部颁发的《学校卫生工作条例》，研究学生的健康状况，保护和促进学生身体健康，我们于１９９７年１０月对宁德市职业中专学校学生进行一次较全面的健康检查，通过统计分析，提出针对性的保健措施。一、对象与方法宁德市职业中专学校的所有２...     

提高医院管理干部写作能力的体会

写作能力是医院管理干部基本工作能力之一。写作能力强弱一定程度上反映医院管理干部的工作质量、工作效率和管理水平。因此，提高医院管理干部写作能力是十分必要，应成为管理干部素质教育的重要内容，也应成为考核、评价管理干部的重要组成部分。     

在《急救护理学》教学中学生健康教育意识的培养

目的：培养学生健康教育工作和普及急救知识的意识。方法：在急救护理学课堂授课中．着重强调了健康教育工作和普及急救知识的重要性和必要性，并以实例、模拟训练和创设宣教方案等方法．调动了学生学习的积极性，挖掘学生的潜能．并使学生产生共鸣。结果：激发了学生学习的强烈愿望，对普及急救知识起到了积极的推动作用。结论：教师不但从理论上引导学生学习和训练．还要以各种相关案例引发学生思考，让她们在走出校门前，就懂得健康教育和急救知识普及的必要性和重要性。     

Further studies on the site of action of nicotinic blocking drugs

The effects of combinations of tubocarine and physostigmine, and of physostigmine and edrophonium alone, have been studied on the responses of the chick biventer cervicis muscle to nerve stimulation and to exogenous acetylcholine. The effects of hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium and triethylcholine have also been studied on the dose-response curves for acetylcholine, determined in the presence of low concentrations of physostigmine.Suitable combinations of tubocurarine and physostigmine reduced responses of the muscle to nerve stimulation, whilst leaving the responses to acetylcholine unaffected, whereas physostigmine and edrophonium augmented responses to acetylcholine, whilst leaving responses to nerve stimulation unaffected. These results indicate that the multiply innervated fibres of the muscle are particularly sensitive to inhibition of cholinesterase.Hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium and triethylcholine, drugs that are known to exhibit actions similar to that of the combination of tubocurarine and physostigmine, and also to possess anticholinesterase activity, depressed responses to acetylcholine determined in the presence of concentrations of physostigmine sufficiently low to possess a specific inhibitory action on cholinesterase. The results indicate that the neuromuscular block produced by large concentrations of these drugs is probably post-junctional in origin.     

Development of in vitro systems for nanotoxicology: methodological considerations

Due to the rapid development of a diverse array of nanoparticles, used in a wide variety of products, there are now many international activities to assess the potential toxicity of these materials. These particles are developed due to properties such as catalytic reactivity, high surface area, light emission properties, and others. Such properties have the potential to interfere in many well-established toxicity testing protocols. This article outlines some of the most frequently used assays to assess the cytotoxity and biological reactivity of nanoparticles in vitro. The article identifies key issues that need to be addressed in relation to inclusion of relevant controls, assessing particles for their ability to interfere in the assays, and using systematic approaches to prevent misinterpretation of data. The protocols discussed range from simple cytotoxicity assays, to measurement of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, activation of proinflammatory signaling, and finally genotoxicity. The aim of this review is to share knowledge relating to nanoparticle toxicity testing in order to provide advice and support for guidelines, regulatory bodies, and for scientists in general.     

The chemical and biochemical reactivity of dichlorvos

The chemical structure, reactivity and metabolic fate of the insecticide dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) are discussed in relation to the possible genotoxicity of this and other methyl phosphate triesters. Recent attempts to demonstrate the methylation of DNA following exposure of bacteria and animals to dichlorvos are reviewed. On the basis of comparative data relating mutagenesis to methylation reactions, it seems entirely appropriate to conclude that the mutagenicity of dichlorvos to bacteria is due solely to methylation of the bacterial DNA under the conditions of these tests. However, the methylation of mammalian DNA could not be demonstrated under realistic exposure conditions (when the alkylating mutagen methyl methanesulphonate afforded clearly measurable methylation). The failure to detect methylation by dichlorvos in vivo is attributed to the operation of highly efficient enzyme-catalysed biotransformations which rely largely on the phosphorylating reactivity of dichlorvos. The biotransformation pathways, characterised mostly in the rat, appear to be common also to pig, mouse, hamster, and man.     

A biologically based dynamic model for predicting the disposition of methanol and its metabolites in animals and humans.

A multicompartment biologically based dynamic model was developed to describe the time evolution of methanol and its metabolites in the whole body and in accessible biological matrices of rats, monkeys, and humans following different exposure scenarios. The dynamic of intercompartment exchanges was described mathematically by a mass balance differential equation system. The model's conceptual and functional representation was the same for rats, monkeys, and humans, but relevant published data specific to the species of interest served to determine the critical parameters of the kinetics. Simulations provided a close approximation to kinetic data available in the published literature. The average pulmonary absorption fraction of methanol was estimated to be 0.60 in rats, 0.69 in monkeys, and 0.58-0.82 in human volunteers. The corresponding average elimination half-life of absorbed methanol through metabolism to formaldehyde was estimated to be 1.3, 0.7-3.2, and 1.7 h. Saturation of methanol metabolism appeared to occur at a lower exposure in rats than in monkeys and humans. Also, the main species difference in the kinetics was attributed to a metabolism rate constant of whole body formaldehyde to formate estimated to be twice as high in rats as in monkeys. Inversely, in monkeys and in humans, a larger fraction of body burden of formaldehyde is rapidly transferred to a long-term component. The latter represents the formaldehyde that (directly or after oxidation to formate) binds to various endogenous molecules or is taken up by the tetrahydrofolic-acid-dependent one-carbon pathway to become the building block of synthetic pathways. This model can be used to quantitatively relate methanol or its metabolites in biological matrices to the absorbed dose and tissue burden at any point in time in rats, monkeys, and humans for different exposures, thus reducing uncertainties in the dose-response relationship, and animal-to-human and exposure scenario comparisons. The model, adapted to kinetic data in human volunteers exposed acutely to methanol vapors, predicts that 8-h inhalation exposures ranging from 500 to 2000 ppm, without physical activities, are needed to increase concentrations of blood formate and urinary formic acid above mean background values reported by various authors (4.9-10.3 and 6.3-13 mg/liter, respectively). This leaves blood and urinary methanol concentrations as the most sensitive biomarkers of absorbed methanol.     

Effect of variable power levels on the yield of total aerosol mass and formation of aldehydes in e-cigarette aerosols

The study objective was to determine the effect of variable power applied to the atomizer of refillable tank based e-cigarette (EC) devices. Five different devices were evaluated, each at four power levels. Aerosol yield results are reported for each set of 25 EC puffs, as mass/puff, and normalized for the power applied to the coil, in mass/watt. The range of aerosol produced on a per puff basis ranged from 1.5 to 28 mg, and, normalized for power applied to the coil, ranged from 0.27 to 1.1 mg/watt. Aerosol samples were also analyzed for the production of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, as DNPH derivatives, at each power level. When reported on mass basis, three of the devices showed an increase in total aldehyde yield with increasing power applied to the coil, while two of the devices showed the opposite trend. The mass of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein produced per gram of total aerosol produced ranged from 0.01 to 7.3 mg/g, 0.006 to 5.8 mg/g, and <0.003 to 0.78 mg/g, respectively. These results were used to estimate daily exposure to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein from EC aerosols from specific devices, and were compared to estimated exposure from consumption of cigarettes, to occupational and workplace limits, and to previously reported results from other researchers.     

眼外伤的临床护理体会

目的探讨眼外伤的临床急救和护理效果。方法对119例不同部位不同程度眼外伤患者进行临床手术急救和护理，观察患者的治疗效果和护理体会。结果119例患者病情都得到有效地控制，经过精心的护理，患者得以康复出院。结论眼是人体一个非常重要的器官，眼外伤的急救处理要求动作轻柔，精心护理，稍微疏忽就能造成重大的事故。现将治疗取得的良好效果，报告如下。     

Endocrine disruption mechanism of o,p'-DDT in mature male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vivo, the potential of o,p'-DDT to disrupt the endocrine system of mature male tilapia. In particular, the possibility that o,p'-DDT effects were mediated directly via the estrogen receptor (ER). Compounds with known ability to bind to the ER were employed: estradiol to induce and tamoxifen to inhibit the estrogenic effects result of the activation of the ER. In addition, an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydrxyandrostenedione (4-OHA), was used to assess the ability of o,p'-DDT to induce estrogenic effects in a surrounding of low estradiol concentration. The effects of estradiol and o,p'-DDT were studied alone or in the presence of tamoxifen or 4-OHA at the end of a 12-day period of exposure. The main endpoints measured were plasma alkaline-labile phosphorous (ALP; an indirect indicator of vitellogenin), estradiol, testosterone and o,p'-DDT. It was found that o,p'-DDT was able to induce the vitellogenesis (measured as plasma ALP increase) and decrease the circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone. Interestingly, o,p'-DDT kept this ability in whole fish with low concentrations of estradiol which would exclude endogenous estradiol as indirect mediator of the estrogenic effects induced by o,p'-DDT. In addition, the plasma concentration of o,p'-DDT, instead of that of estradiol, was closely related to the plasma ALP increase induced by o,p'-DDT. This indicates that o,p'-DDT could have directly activated the vitellogenesis. The antiestrogenic action of tamoxifen to inhibit the vitellogenesis and the decrease on plasma estradiol induced by o,p'-DDT indicates that o,p'-DDT can bind directly to the ER. In conclusion, this in vivo study shows that o,p'-DDT has the potential to disrupt the endocrine system and strongly supports that the estrogenic actions of o,p'-DDT involve binding to the ER.     

下呼吸道多重耐药性革兰氏阴性杆菌监测及临床意义

目的：监测多重耐药性革兰氏阴性杆菌（ＭＲＧＮＢ）,做到合理用药,提高感染治愈率。方法：１９９６年１月至１９９７年１２月至在上海第二医科大学新华医院,临床痰液标本中分离出８４１株革兰氏阴性杆菌（ＧＮＢ）。应用美国ＢＥＣＴＯＮ－ＤＩＣＫＩＮＯＮ公司的药敏检测板（ＭＩＣ法）,按ＮＣＣＬＳ标准判定敏感性。结果：８４１株ＧＮＢ同期细菌总数７１．５４％,ＮＢ中非发酵菌占６９．４６％,其中以铜绿假单胞菌最多见,     

Smokers' beliefs about the inability to stop smoking

We recruited 367 current daily smokers via the Internet and randomized them to rate the causes of an inability to stop smoking, inability to stop problem alcohol use, or inability to lose excess weight in a fictional scenarios. Most smokers attributed inability to stop smoking to addiction (88%), habit (88%) and stress (62%). Surprisingly, equal numbers of smokers agreed and disagreed that inability to stop smoking was due to lack of willpower or motivation. Most disagreed that it was due to biological factors, denial, family/upbringing, genetics, mental disease, personality problem, psychological problems, or weakness of character. Many expected correlations among perceived causes were not found; e.g. endorsement of addiction was not inversely related to endorsement of willpower. Most smokers endorsed treatment. Higher ratings of addiction were related to endorsing treatment, and higher ratings of motivation were related to endorsing no need for treatment; however, these relationships were of small magnitude. Ratings of almost all the causes varied across the three problems; e.g. ratings of addiction were greater for smoking than for problem alcohol use. In summary, smokers appear to view the inability to stop smoking as multicausal; however, their views of causes are only weakly related to attitudes towards treatment. Given the several unexpected findings, qualitative research into smokers' conceptualizations about smokers' inability to stop smoking is indicated.     

Epidemiology of road accidents involving young adults: Alcohol,drugs and other factors

This paper reviews the magnitude and characteristics of the problem of road accidents involving young adults. The magnitude of the problem is considered from the perspective of the contribution of road accidents to mortality and morbidity among young people, relative to other causes. The over-representation of young adults in road accidents is examined to determine the extent to which it occurs as a result of their involvement as drivers, passengers, or as pedestrians. To determine the characteristics of collisions involving young adults, the potential contributory role of alcohol, drugs, and other factors in their collisions is evaluated on the basis of current epidemiological evidence, drawn particularly from studies conducted in Canada. The review examines factors that are related not only to the frequency of collision involvement, but also to the severity of the collision.Although the principal intention of the review is to identify what is known about factors that appear to contribute to accidents involving young adults, an additional purpose is to identify what is not known, and in this context, to suggest, given current methodological and practical limitations, what is capable of being determined in the near term.