6～12岁女童头影测量中颅面形态遗传作用的纵向分析

目的探讨遗传和环境因素在生长发育过程中对颅面形态的影响,以及各种口腔正畸治疗的可行性和所受的遗传限制,以提高正畸治疗质量,尤其是混合牙列期儿童的早期矫治水平。方法测量89对双生子女童的头颅侧位片;采用混合纵向观察法,最终得到有效双生子对数183对（其中同卵110对,异卵73对）;利用双生子法纵向统计分析颅面形态的遗传和环境作用。结果上下颌的前后位置关系（ANB、NAP）、颅面深度（L1、L2、L3）、面后部高度（H2、H6、SGo）受环境因素影响（P〈0.05）,而面前部高度（H1、H3、H4、H5、NMe）、面后部高度（H2、H7）受遗传因素影响（P〈0.05）。结论早期矫治能够改变上下颌的前后位置关系及颅面深度,且以面下部深度变化最明显;早期矫治能改变面后部高度,但有遗传阻力,其中面前部高度具有高度遗传阻力,最难被改变。     

双颌前突矫治前后软组织侧貌的X线头影测量的研究

目的：探讨双颌前突患者拔除4个前磨牙矫治后软组织侧貌的变化。方法：选择13例双颌前突病例,拔除4个第一前磨牙,以直丝弓矫治技术矫治,对矫治前后软组织侧貌的X线头颅侧位定位片进行测量分析。结果：①拔牙矫治后,上唇突度,下唇突度减少,颏唇沟深度,颏唇沟倾角,＂Z＂角增大,统计学分析均有显著性差异。②SNPg及SNSPg＇没有明显变化。③正畸治疗后,软组织侧貌由突面型成为较平直的面型。结论：双颌前突患者拔牙矫治,可明显改善面部软组织侧貌。     

拔牙矫治对面部侧貌影响的软组织头影测量研究

目的：探讨拔牙矫治对面部侧貌软组织平衡的影响。方法：选择15例以直丝弓矫治的拔牙矫治病例，对矫治前后患者的软组织侧貌的X线头颅侧位定位片进行测量分析。结果：①拔牙矫治后，面角，鼻唇角，Z角增大；②上唇长度，上唇厚度，下唇厚度增加，上唇突度减小，统计结果均有显著性差异；③正畸治疗后，软组织侧面突度通过拔牙矫治变小，面型由突面型成为较平直的面型；④患者面部侧貌治疗后软组织头影测量指标均值均在正常范围内。结论：拔牙矫治可改善面部的软组织平衡。     

新疆维吾尔族正常成人软组织侧貌的X线头影测量研究

目的：建立新疆维吾尔族正常Ｈｅ成人软组织侧貌的Ｘ线头影测量正常值,并探讨其软组织侧貌的性别特征及种族特征。方法：新疆维吾尔族正常Ｈｅ成人９３名,分别摄取标准头颅侧位定位片,选择软组织标志点１３个,常用测量项目１８项,图形数值化仪采集标志点,计算机完成各项头影测量项目的计算。结果：得到了新疆维吾尔族正常Ｈｅ成人软组织侧貌的Ｘ线头测量正常值。其软组织侧貌特征在性别间存在差异,在种族间既有明显差异也有一     

安氏Ⅱ类错He矫治前后软组织侧貌的X线头影测量的研究

目的 通过对安氏Ⅱ类错He采用不同拔牙矫治设计的患者，其矫治前后的X线头影软组织侧貌进行测量研究，探讨软组织侧貌在矫治前后的变化及意义。方法 选择30例采用不同拔牙矫治设计的安氏Ⅱ类错He患者，分为A组：拔除两个上颌第一双尖牙；B组：拔除四个第一双尖牙；对矫治前后X线头影测量的结果输入计算机经过SPSS统计软件处理。结果 ①A组鼻唇角、上下唇角、下唇角、上唇角、上唇长度变大，上唇角和上唇突度变小。②B组鼻唇角、上下唇角、下唇基角、下唇角、面角、颏突角、下唇长、面下三分一高变大，上唇角和上唇突度、下唇突度、鼻颏角变小。A、B两组全面高均变大，统计结果均有显著性差异。结论 ①安氏Ⅱ类错He拔除四个第一双尖牙的患者，其软硬组织的变化是一致的，其牙型、骨骼型从Ⅱ类变为Ⅰ类，覆盖其上的软组织也发生了一致的改变，使面突度明显减小，下颌后缩得到改善，面部软组织侧貌更趋于协调美观。②拔除两个上颌第一双尖牙的患者，其软硬组织的变化在上颌是一致的，而在下颌却不一致，软组织侧貌突度也减小。     

安氏Ⅱ类错矫治前后软组织侧貌的X线头影测量的研究

目的　通过对安氏Ⅱ类错牙合采用不同拔牙矫治设计的患者 ,其矫治前后的X线头影软组织侧貌进行测量研究 ,探讨软组织侧貌在矫治前后的变化及意义。方法　选择 30例采用不同拔牙矫治设计的安氏Ⅱ类错牙合患者 ,分为A组 :拔除两个上颌第一双尖牙 ;B组 :拔除四个第一双尖牙 ;对矫治前后X线头影测量的结果输入计算机经过SPSS统计软件处理。结果　①A组鼻唇角、上下唇角、下唇角、上唇长度变大 ,上唇角和上唇突度变小。②B组鼻唇角、上下唇角、下唇基角、下唇角、面角、颏突角、下唇长、面下三分一高变大 ,上唇角和上唇突度、下唇突度、鼻颏角变小。A、B两组全面高均变大。统计结果均有显著性差异。结论　①安氏Ⅱ类错牙合拔除四个第一双尖牙的患者 ,其软硬组织的变化是一致的 ,其牙型、骨骼型从Ⅱ类变为Ⅰ类 ,覆盖其上的软组织也发生一致的改变 ,使面突度明显减小 ,下颌后缩得到改善 ,面部软组织侧貌更趋于协调美观。②拔除两个上颌第一双尖牙的患者 ,其软硬组织的变化在上颌是一致的 ,而在下颌却不一致 ,软组织侧貌突度也减小。     

恒牙初期安氏Ⅱ类错软组织侧貌特征的X线头影测量及软硬组织相关性分析

目的:通过X线头影测量,探讨恒牙初期青少年安氏Ⅱ类错牙合软组织侧貌特征,分析硬组织改变对软组织侧貌的影响。方法:选择恒牙初期正常牙合、安氏Ⅱ类错牙合青少年各50名,确定22项常用的软组织侧貌测量指标和9项硬组织测量指标进行X线头影测量。结果:除3项软组织测量值和2项硬组织测量值外,其余软硬组织测量值均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。多因素判别分析筛选出5项主要软组织指标。软硬组织测量指标有显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论:Ⅱ类错牙合青少年软组织侧貌明显异常,B’Li-FH、NsLs-FH、LiNsPg’、Li-E、CmSnLs是最敏感、最能体现Ⅱ类错牙合软组织侧貌异常的5项软组织指标。正畸临床中可有针对性地纠正硬组织异常来改善软组织不调。     

恒牙初期安氏Ⅲ类错软组织侧貌特征的X线头影测量及软硬组织相关性分析

目的:探讨恒牙初期安氏Ⅲ类错软组织侧貌特征,分析硬组织改变对软组织侧貌的影响。方法:选择恒牙初期正常、安氏III类错青少年各50名,确定22项常用的软组织侧貌测量指标和9项硬组织测量指标进行X线头影测量。结果:除9项软组织测量值和1项硬组织测量值外,其余软硬组织测量值均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。多因素判别分析筛选出LsNsLi、CmSnLs、NsLi-FH、Ls-E、Li-E5项主要软组织指标。软硬组织有显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论:III类错青少年软组织侧貌明显异常,最敏感的、最能体现III类错软组织侧貌异常的有5项软组织指标。正畸临床中可有针对性的纠正硬组织异常来改善软组织不调。     

110例上海地区正常Ya汉族成人软组织侧貌的X线头影测量分析…

本文对上海正常Ｙａ成人作了软组织侧貌的影测量分析，认为侧貌形态的数值化测量，较目测哐照片提供了更为可靠的疗效评价依据，其测量指标，对正颌外科手术设计，有重要的参考价值，甚至具有决策作用。     

7～12岁女性儿童5个头影测量平面角度变化的纵向研究

目的:探讨混合牙列期女性儿童的5个头影测量平面的角度变化规律。方法:19名女性儿童,10名从7岁开始,另9名从9岁开始,每年定期拍摄头颅侧位片1次,连续4年。7~10岁组和9~12岁组分别作纵向研究。两个组有9~10岁的重叠期,将结果结合起来进行混合纵向分析,从而了解整个7~12岁的头影测量平面的角度变化规律。结果:在观察期内,5个受检平面中,FH和BaN平面的角度关系最稳定,FH和SN平面的角度关系次之。结论: 在混合牙列期,FH、BaN、SN 3个平面的位置关系均是基本稳定的。     

南京市秦淮区4483名2～7岁儿童龋齿情况调查分析

目的　了解南京市秦淮区 2～ 7岁儿童乳牙龋齿患病情况。方法　随机抽样调查南京市秦淮区 2 0所幼儿园 ,2～ 7岁儿童患龋齿情况 ,以视诊为主。结果　 2～ 7岁儿童乳牙龋齿总患病率为 34 37% ,龋齿的患病率随年龄的增长而增高 ,龋齿均数也随之增加。结论　要针对儿童各个生长时期的年龄特点 ,做好龋齿的防治工作     

长春市138名7～12岁儿童口腔牙周健康状态调查

目的:了解长春市小学7～12岁儿童牙周疾病患病状态及4种牙周致病菌检出情况,为进一步大规模系统的儿童口腔疾病调查提供依据.方法:以上颌第一磨牙颊面为被检部位,记录探诊后出血(bleeding on probing,BOP)联邦、探诊深度(probing depth,PD)后,判断牙龈指数(gingival index,...     

Reference Values for Craniofacial Structures in Children 4 to 6 Years Old: Review of the Literature

This review article addresses the question as to what methods can be used to investigate cranial structure and growth development in children 4 to 6 years old, and what the relevant reference values are for this age group. We screened the literature for epidemiological, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies investigating healthy children 4 to 6 years old without abnormalities and orthodontic therapy. Radiographic cephalometry is a practical, valid tool for analyzing craniofacial structure and growth processes. But it has several disadvantages, including the use of ionizing radiation, measuring points that are difficult to locate, no means of radiographic enlargement without distorting reference values, and the data's two-dimensionality. Anthropometry is another procedure for creating reference values for the craniofacial structure in children. Its advantages over radiographic cephalometry include three-dimensional results and no radiation exposure. Moreover, it yields precise and valid results for a wide variety of potential applications.In addition to these procedures, there are other techniques with which cranial structure and growth development in children 4 to 6 years old can be investigated. Those reported in the literature in this connection include standardized photographs, the creation of computerized and magnetic resonance images, and investigations performed on dry skulls. In short, there is great demand nowadays for investigations aimed at developing reference values for Caucasian children 4 to 6 years old. Radiographic cephalometry and anthropometry are two very common methods. Anthropometry is expected to become increasingly important because it involves no exposure to radiation.     

吉林省12岁儿童龋病和牙周健康状况调查分析

目的：了解吉林省12岁儿童人群恒牙龋病和牙周病患病状况及分布,为口腔疾病防治策略提供依据。方法：根据全国第三次口腔健康流行病学调查的方法,对吉林省城乡788名12岁儿童的龋病和牙周病进行了调查。采用SPSS13．0软件包进行数据的统计分析,以龋均、患龋率和牙石、牙龈出血检出率作为统计指标,两样本均数的比较使用t检验,率的比较使用X2检验。结果：12岁儿童的恒牙患龋率43．65％,龋均为1．07,龋均和患龋率男女之间均有高度显著性差异（P〈0．01）,农村地区患龋率高于城市地区,但经检验差异无显著性意义,吉林省12儿童的显著性龋均指数为2．89;牙龈出血检出率为53．46％,牙结石检出率和平均检出区段数为76．40％和1．94。牙龈出血检出率和牙结石检出率城乡之间均有高度显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论：12岁年龄组儿童患龋较高,牙周健康状况不良,应加强口腔卫生服务,以促进该人群口腔健康水平。     

3种抛光方法对6种复合树脂的抛光效果比较

目的：比较3种抛光方法对6种常用的复合树脂的抛光效果。方法：6种树脂分别为Venus、Solitaire 2、Te-Econom、Charisma、Composan LCM和Swiss TEC。使用统一的模具制作试件,每种树脂制作15个,随机分成3组,分别用松风Composite Polishing Kit CA0310、松风super-snap抛光系统、金刚砂抛光钻修形后再用橡皮杯蘸抛光膏抛光。使用表面粗糙度测量仪测试抛光面的表面粗糙度。结果：Composite Polishing Kit抛光组和super-snap系统抛光组的Ra、Rz和Ry值统计学上没有显著差异,平均Ra值都小于0.2μm;金刚砂抛光钻修形后再用橡皮杯蘸抛光膏抛光后的表面最粗糙,平均Ra值在0.442-0.548μm之间。所有6种树脂使用Composite PolishingKit和super-snap系统抛光后的表面粗糙度Ra、Rz和Ry值统计学上没有显著差异。结论：松风Composite Polis-hing Kit CA0310和松风super-snap抛光系统都可以获得理想的抛光效果。临床上常用的金刚砂钻修形后再用橡皮杯蘸抛光膏抛光的方法不够理想。本研究中的6种树脂具有近似的抛光性能。     

维吾尔族百岁老人唾液中19种微量元素检测分析

本文意在通过对维族百岁老人唾液中微量元素检测，探讨其特点及应用价值。选临床健康的维族百岁老人32名，维族中青年人20名，用法国产等离子光量计（JCP—AES），对唾液中19种微量元素进行检测。结果唾液中钼、钙有显著性差异，唾液中锌、银、钡近似差异，大多数元素无差异。从两组检测发现维族百岁老人中，钼、钙相差很大，可能与长寿有关，而17种微量元素无异，反映唾液腺功能无下降，唾液可能用作诊断方法之一。     

Changes in Dental Health and Dental Health Habits from 3 to 5 Years of Age

Objectives : This study sought to determine how dental health and dental health habits change from 3 to 5 years of age and to consider whether preventive dental health care helped in preventing or halting caries in children. Methods : The study included 67 maternity health care clinics, 72 well-baby clinics, and 69 dental health care clinics. Of the 1,292 newborn children, 1,003 (90.8%) were included in this study. Results : Preventive dental health care contributed to dental caries being halted in only 13.2 percent of those children who had enamel caries at 3 years of age. The dmft index did not increase in 22.6 percent of those children who had dentinal caries at 3 years of age. For all others, the disease became more severe. Toothbrushing habits of 3-year-old children were very consistent over the two years studied. Children were at a risk for caries when their mothers had nine years of basic education, when they already had plaque and caries at 3 years of age, and when the frequency of eating sweets increased the most during the two-year study period. Conclusion : Among 3-year-old children, plaque is an indicator of caries risk and therefore should be a key element in health education. Those children who already have evidence of caries at 3 years of age should be the target of preventive dental services because of their increased risk.     

Effectiveness of Six Different Disinfectants on Removing Five Microbial Species and Effects on the Topographic Characteristics of Acrylic Resin

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfectant solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate, 2% glutaraldehyde, 100% vinegar, tabs of sodium perborate‐based denture cleanser, and 3.8% sodium perborate) in the disinfection of acrylic resin specimens (n = 10/group) contaminated in vitro by Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, S. aureus, Escherichia coli, or Bacillus subtilis as measured by residual colony‐forming unit (CFU). In a separate experiment, acrylic resin was treated with disinfectants to monitor potential effects on surface roughness, Ra (μm), which might facilitate microbial adherence. Materials and Methods: Three hundred fifty acrylic resin specimens contaminated in vitro with 1×10⁶ cells/ml suspensions of standard strains of the cited microorganisms were immersed in the disinfectants for 10 minutes; the control group was not submitted to any disinfection process. Final counts of microorganisms per ml were performed by plating method for the evaluation of microbial level reduction. Results were compared statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p≤ 0.05). In a parallel study aiming to evaluate the effect of the tested disinfectant on resin surface, 60 specimens were analyzed in a digital rugosimeter before and after ten cycles of 10‐minute immersion in the disinfectants. Measurements of superficial roughness, Ra (μm), were compared statistically by paired t‐test (p≤ 0.05). Results: The results showed that 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate were most effective against the analyzed microorganisms, followed by 100% vinegar, 3.8% sodium perborate, and tabs of sodium perborate‐based denture cleanser. Superficial roughness of the specimens was higher after disinfection cycles with 3.8% sodium perborate (p= 0.03) and lower after the cycles with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (p= 0.04). Conclusion: Within the limits of this experiment, it could be concluded that 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, 2% chlorexidine, 100% vinegar, and 3.8% sodium perborate are valid alternatives for the disinfection of acrylic resin.