Effect of dry bed training on behavioural problems in enuretic children

Children with nocturnal enuresis (n = 91) selected by school doctors in The Netherlands from 1991 to 1994 were included in a study to assess the course of behavioural problems especially when the children became dry after the Dry Bed Training (DBT) programme. The Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) questionnaire was completed by 88 parents (96%) prior to DBT (T1) and by 83 parents (91%) 6 mo after DBT (T2). The mean CBCL total problem score at T1: 24.0 (range 2-91, SD 16) was significantly higher than that of a Dutch norm group: 20.45, (p=0.025). Compared to T1, the mean CBCL total problem score at T2 was 16.8 (range 0-73; SD 14.7; p < 0.0001). Of the children with CBCL total problem scores at T1 in the borderline or clinical range, 92% became dry and 58% improved to the normal range. At T2, the children seemed to have less internal distress, fewer problems with other people, and were less anxious and/or depressed. Conclusion: Children with behavioural/emotional problems who wet their beds need not first be treated for their behavioural/emotional problems. Bedwetting can be treated successfully with DBT when other treatments such as normal alarm treatment have failed, and alarm treatment/DBT can have a positive influence on behavioural/emotional problems.     

Colonic transit times and behaviour profiles in children with defecation disorders.

AIMS: To evaluate children referred for defecation disorders using the child behavioural checklist (CBCL). METHODS: A total of 215 patients were divided into three groups: 135 (5-14 years of age) with paediatric constipation (PC), 56 (5-17 years) with functional non-retentive faecal soiling (FNRFS), and 24 (5-16 years) with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). Behavioural scores were correlated with colonic transit time (CTT) and anorectal function parameters (manometry and EMG). RESULTS: No significant differences in the mean CBCL scores were found among the three patient groups. However, children with PC and FNRFS had significantly more behavioural problems than the Dutch normative sample, while children with RAP had scores within the normal range. No significant differences were found between CTT in the patient groups, with respect to the CBCL. Similarly, no significant difference existed between children able or unable to relax their pelvic floor muscles during defecation attempts and their behaviour profiles. CONCLUSION: There seems to be no relation between colonic/anorectal function and specific behavioural profiles. On the other hand, children with defecation disorders show more behavioural problems than do controls.     

Colonic transit times and behaviour profiles in children with defecation disorders

Aims: To evaluate children referred for defecation disorders using the child behavioural checklist (CBCL). Methods: A total of 215 patients were divided into three groups: 135 (5–14 years of age) with paediatric constipation (PC), 56 (5–17 years) with functional non-retentive faecal soiling (FNRFS), and 24 (5–16 years) with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). Behavioural scores were correlated with colonic transit time (CTT) and anorectal function parameters (manometry and EMG). Results: No significant differences in the mean CBCL scores were found among the three patient groups. However, children with PC and FNRFS had significantly more behavioural problems than the Dutch normative sample, while children with RAP had scores within the normal range. No significant differences were found between CTT in the patient groups, with respect to the CBCL. Similarly, no significant difference existed between children able or unable to relax their pelvic floor muscles during defecation attempts and their behaviour profiles. Conclusion: There seems to be no relation between colonic/anorectal function and specific behavioural profiles. On the other hand, children with defecation disorders show more behavioural problems than do controls.     

The impact of structured activities among Palestinian children in a time of conflict

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence of the impact on children's well-being of exposure to political conflict in such settings as the Palestinian territories. This study examined the impact of child-focused interventions involving structured activities, supported by provision of equipment and training of facilitators. The focus of interventions was participation in recreational, cultural and other non-formal activities supporting the development of resilience. Impacts were hypothesised on children's social and emotional well-being, relationships with parents and degree of future orientation. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty children from the West Bank and 150 children from Gaza took part in the study. Of these 400 children, 300 comprised the intervention group. Fifty children from Gaza and 50 children from the West Bank comprised the comparison group. There were equal numbers of girls and boys in all groups, with similar proportions of children aged between 6 and 11 years, and between 12 and 17 years. Measures used were the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Parental Support Scale and the Hopefulness Scale: Youth Version. Assessment was made as children enrolled on the structured activity programmes (T1) and again twelve months later (T2). RESULTS: There was no difference in the CBCL Total, Internalising or Externalising problem scores at baseline (Time 1) between the children who subsequently took the intervention and those who did not. Compared to children in the comparison group, children in the intervention group had lower CBCL total problem scores, externalising problem scores, and internalising problem scores at Time 2 compared to Time 1. Exposure to the intervention was not associated with changes in children's hopefulness, but those receiving the intervention in the West Bank did report improved parental support at Time 2. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention appeared successful in improving children's emotional and behavioural well-being but not hopefulness. It was also linked with increased parental support in some areas (those located in the West Bank).     

Preschool children with high adherence to inhaled corticosteroids for asthma do not show behavioural problems

Aim: To assess prevalence of behavioural problems in preschool children with asthma with electronically verified exposure to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Methods: Cross‐sectional study of 81 children 2–5 years of age using daily ICS for persistent asthma. During 3 months’ follow‐up, adherence to ICS treatment was recorded by an electronical logging device (Smartinhaler^®). Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 years (CBCL 1.5–5) to assess behavioural problems; results were compared to a published reference group of healthy children. Results: The median (interquartile range) adherence to ICS was 92 (78–97) %. There was no difference in total CBCL score between children with asthma on ICS (mean, [SD] 32.10 [1.99]) and the reference group (33.30 [1.87], 95% CI for difference ?6.62 to 4.22). Children with asthma were more likely to have somatic complaints (95% CI for difference 0.64 to 1.96) and less likely to have anxious/depressive symptoms (95% CI for difference ?1.57 to ?0.25) than the reference group. CBCL scores were not significantly related to the electronically measured adherence rates. Conclusions: Maintenance treatment with ICS, taken daily as prescribed, is not associated with an increased risk of behavioural problems in preschool children.     

Predicting change in psychopathology in youth referred to mental health services in childhood or adolescence

BACKGROUND: Little evidence is available on factors associated with persistence and change of psychopathology, and little is known about the predictive value of factors regarding change once problem behaviours exist. This study aims to evaluate change in level of scores of empirically derived problem patterns and to study factors that influence this change for children and adolescents referred to mental health services. METHOD: A referred sample (N = 1,652), aged 4 to 18 years at initial assessment, was followed up after a mean interval of 6.2 years. We used standardised information from parents, teachers and subjects, including the CBCL, YSR and TRF at both assessments. RESULTS: Subjects at follow-up scored significantly above the expected mean norm scores, although for most scores improvement was found. The strongest predicting factor for time 2 psychopathology was the corresponding time 1 score, odds ratios ranging from 1.6 to 21.7. Males and children older at intake improved more than females and younger children, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Few child, family and treatment-related factors had additional predictive value over and above earlier psychopathology, and their contribution to the prediction of outcome was small. Findings indicate continuity of behavioural and emotional problems in clinically referred children and adolescents, and these problems should be viewed as chronic conditions. Girls referred for behavioural and emotional problems may form a group especially at risk for poor outcome.     

Behavioural and emotional problems in very preterm and very low birthweight infants at age 5 years

BACKGROUND: Children born very preterm (VP; <32 weeks' gestation) or with very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g; hereafter called VP/VLBW) are at risk for behavioural and emotional problems during school age and adolescence. At school entrance these problems may hamper academic functioning, but evidence on their occurrence at this age in VP/VLBW children is lacking. AIM: To provide information on academic functioning of VP/VLBW children and to examine the association of behavioural and emotional problems with other developmental problems assessed by paediatricians. Design, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 431 VP/VLBW children aged 5 years (response rate 76.1%) was compared with two large national samples of children of the same age (n = 6007, response rate 86.9%). OUTCOME MEASURES: Behavioural and emotional problems measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and paediatrician assessment of other developmental domains among VP/VLBW children. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of a CBCL total problems score in the clinical range was higher among VP/VLBW children than among children of the same age from the general population (13.2% v 8.7%, odds ratio 1.60 (95% confidence interval 1.18 to 2.17)). Mean differences were largest for social and attention problems. Moreover, they were larger in children with paediatrician-diagnosed developmental problems at 5 years, and somewhat larger in children with severe perinatal problems. CONCLUSION: At school entrance, VP/VLBW children are more likely to have behavioural and emotional problems that are detrimental for academic functioning. Targeted and timely help is needed to support them and their parents in overcoming these problems and in enabling them to be socially successful.     

Psychological assessments before and after treatment of early puberty in adopted children

Early puberty is frequently observed in adopted children. This randomized trial treated 30 adopted children with early puberty and short stature with either gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) alone or in combination with growth hormone (GH) for 3 y. Before the start of treatment (T1) in the trial and at discontinuation (T2) the children and their parents underwent a psychological evaluation. At the start of treatment the children did not have increased levels of behavioural or emotional problems as assessed by the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). During treatment the CBCL scores did not increase. Self-perception of the children appeared to be normal, and after 3 y a significantly higher score for acceptance by peers was observed. At T1, an overestimation of future height was present in 80% of the children and 17% of the parents. Lower family stress was observed at T1 and T2 compared with reference values. Intelligence quotient levels decreased significantly during treatment. The findings are discussed with reference to the reported levels of behavioural and emotional problems in adopted children and the psychosocial effects of precocious puberty.     

Behaviour and quality of life at school age of children who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia

BACKGROUND: There is little information available concerning behavioural and functional health problems in children who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). AIM: To compare behavioural problems and quality of life in a cohort of children at school age who had BPD with preterm and term controls. METHODS: The cohort of 78 BPD children of 26 to 33 weeks' gestation was matched for birth weight with preterm controls. At school age follow-up, information was available for 66 BPD children and 60 preterm controls. (Three children with severe cerebral palsy were excluded). Parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). The child's teacher completed the Teacher Report Form (TRF) of the CBCL, with the teachers of the BPD children completing a TRF on a classroom control. Parents completed a questionnaire on their levels of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: The mean total problem score on the CBCL for the BPD children was similar to the controls, with the BPD children displaying more internalising behaviours. Little variation was seen between the BPD and preterm children on the TRF. Significant differences between classroom controls and the BPD children were found for the total problem scores (p=0.001), internalising behaviours (p=0.01) and social (p=0.047), attention (p=0.0001) and thought problems (0.047). Results from the CHQ showed no difference between the groups in their physical health or the impact of health problems on family life. CONCLUSION: BPD children at school age display more internalising behaviour than preterm controls, with marked differences on comparison with classroom controls. Quality of life, however, does not seem to be adversely affected compared to the preterm controls.     

Emotional and behavioural outcomes later in childhood and adolescence for children with specific language impairments: meta‐analyses of controlled prospective studies

Background: Prospective evidence on psychological outcomes for children with specific language impairments (SLI) is accumulating. To date, there has been no attempt to summarise what this evidence says about the strength of link between SLI and later child and adolescent emotional and behavioural (EB) outcomes. Methods: We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis (following PRISMA guidelines and involving a literature search to June 2012 of seven databases, including MEDLINE and PsychAPA) of prospective, cohort studies of children with SLI and typical language development (TLD) reporting on the incidence and severity of EB problems later in childhood or adolescence. Results: Nineteen follow‐up reports of eight cohorts with 553 SLI children and 1533 TLD controls were identified. Initial assessment was at 3–8.8 years of age and follow‐up duration from 2 to 12 years. Pooled across comparable studies, SLI children were about two times more likely to show disorder levels of overall internalising problems, overall externalising and ADHD problems than TLD children. Compared with the average TLD child (50 percentile), at follow‐up, the symptom severity of the average SLI child was at the 72 percentile (95% CI 65–79 percentile) on internalising symptoms, the 69 percentile (95% CI 63–74 percentile) on externalising symptoms and the 60 percentile (95% CI 52–68 percentile) on AHDH severity. The findings about risk to specific mental disorders and the severity of specific problems were inconclusive. Conclusions: Relative to typical children, SLI children experience clinically important increases in the severity of diverse emotional, behavioural and ADHD symptoms and more frequently show a clinical level of these problems. The small number of studies included in pooled analysis and methodological heterogeneity reduce the precision and generalisability of the findings. Most studies do not account for initial levels of EB problems.     

Parents' perception of mental development and behavioural problems in 8 to 9-year-old children

A slow maturational rate may be an underlying antecedent of a psychiatric disorder. If this is correct, differences in behavioural problems could be related to the maturity level in children of the same chronological age. The aim of the study was to compare the parents' perceptions and assessments of their children's maturational status and behavioural problems. A population based on a nationwide sample from the Swedish twin-register of 8 to 9-y-old children (n = 1079) was used. The parents completed a questionnaire including their views on their child's maturity level, the Swedish version of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) checklist based on the DSM-III-R criteria. Multivariate analyses showed a statistically significant relationship between immaturity reported by the parents and several behavioural problems reported on the CBCL: somatic complaints, anxious and depressed, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, behaviour problems and aggressive behaviour. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the maturity factor and the CBCL grouping of syndromes (internalizing, externalizing, total behaviour problems score) as well as between the maturity factor and ADHD. Conclusion: We conclude that at least from the parents' point of view the behaviour problems in their children may be related to maturity.     

Inhaled corticosteroids do not affect behaviour

AIM: To determine whether children with asthma and on inhaled corticosteroids have more behavioural problems, such as aggressiveness and hyperactivity, as compared with healthy controls and with children under medical care because of other disorders. METHODS: Questionnaires were given to three groups of children: a group of asthmatic children with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), a group of children attending the ear, nose and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic and the healthy controls. Included were questions about health, medication use, demographical data and about behaviour, including the child behaviour check list (CBCL) and questions about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESULTS: Forty asthmatic children on ICS, 50 children visiting the ENT outpatient clinic and 183 healthy controls were studied. The total CBCL and mean ADHD scores of the children on ICS were 28.1 and 9.1, which were both significantly higher than the scores of the healthy controls (20.4 and 7.1), but not when compared with the ENT outpatient group (26.2 and 8.6). Further analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the ICS group and healthy controls in CBCL-axes. There were, however, no differences between the ENT group and the ICS on one side and the healthy controls on the other. CONCLUSION: There is a difference in behaviour between healthy children and asthmatic children on ICS, but not when compared with children visiting the ENT department. Although hyperactivity, aggressiveness and anxiety might occur in children on ICS, this is probably caused by individual susceptibility. Being under specialist care can possibly explain behavioural differences between children on ICS and healthy controls.     

Ethnic differences in problem perception and perceived need for care for young children with problem behaviour

Background: Problem perception and perceived need for professional care are important determinants that can contribute to ethnic differences in the use of mental health care. Therefore, we studied ethnic differences in problem perception and perceived need for professional care in the parents and teachers of 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children from the general population who were selected for having emotional and behavioural problems. Methods: A cross‐sectional study with data of 10,951 children from grade two of the elementary schools in the Rotterdam‐Rijnmond area, the Netherlands. Parents and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as well as questions on problem perception and perceived need for care. The SDQ was used to identify children with emotional and behavioural problems. We included Dutch, Surinamese, Antillean, Moroccan and Turkish children in our sample with high (>P90) SDQ scores (N = 1,215), who were not currently receiving professional care for their problems. Results: Amongst children with high SDQ scores, problem perception was lower in non‐Dutch parents than in Dutch parents (49% vs. 81%, p < 0.01). These lower rates of problem perception could not be explained by differences in socioeconomic position or severity of the problems. No ethnic differences were found in parental perceived need and in problem perception and perceived need reported by teachers. Higher levels of problem perception and perceived need were reported by teachers than by parents in all ethnic groups (PP: 87% vs. 63% and PN: 48% vs. 23%). Conclusions: Child health professionals should be aware of ethnic variations in problem perception as low problem perception in parents of non‐Dutch children may lead to miscommunication and unmet need for professional care for the child.     

Maternal intimate partner violence and behavioural problems among Pacific children living in New Zealand

Aims: To examine (1) the association between maternal intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimisation and behavioural problems among two‐ and four‐year‐old Pacific children, and (2) the socio‐demographic and parenting factors that may impact on this association. Design: Mothers of the Pacific Islands Families (PIF) cohort of Pacific infants born in New Zealand during 2000 were interviewed when the children were two and four years of age. This data set was based on mothers who were cohabiting in married or de‐facto partnerships (N = 920) and who completed measures of IPV at the two‐year assessment point and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) at the two‐or four‐year assessment points. Of these, 709 mothers completed the CBCL at both assessment points. Results: There were no significant associations between IPV and the prevalence rates of clinically relevant cases of behavioural problems in the two‐year‐old child cohort. However, the prevalence rates of clinically relevant internalising, externalising and total problem cases were significantly higher among four‐year‐old children of mothers who reported severe perpetration of IPV. The odds of being in clinical range of internalising were 2.16 times higher for children of mothers who were perpetrators of severe physical violence than for those children of mothers who were not, and for externalising and total problems they were 2.38 and 2.36 times higher respectively. Socio‐demographic and parenting factors did not significantly influence the association between IPV and child behaviour problems. Conclusion: These findings contribute to the complex picture of the consequences that exposure to parental violence may have on the behaviour of young children. The effectiveness of preventative strategies may be maximised if implemented in these early years before such problems become entrenched and lead on to future behavioural problems and impaired family relationships.     

A population‐based investigation of behavioural and emotional problems and maternal mental health: associations with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability

Background: While research indicates elevated behavioural and emotional problems in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and decreased well‐being in their parents, studies do not typically separate out the contribution of ASD from that of associated intellectual disabilities (ID). We investigated child behavioural and emotional problems, and maternal mental health, among cases with and without ASD and ID in a large population‐representative sample. Methods: Cross‐sectional comparison of child behavioural and emotional problems and maternal mental health measures among 18,415 children (5 to 16 years old), of whom 47 had an ASD, 51 combined ASD with ID, 590 had only ID, and the remainder were the comparison group with no ASD or ID. Results: The prevalence of likely clinical levels of behavioural and emotional problems was highest among children with ASD (with and without ID). After controlling for age, gender, adversity, and maternal mental health, the presence of ASD and ID significantly and independently increased the odds for hyperactivity symptoms, conduct, and emotional problems. Emotional disorder was more prevalent in mothers of children with ASD (with or without ID). The presence of ASD, but not ID, significantly increased the odds for maternal emotional disorder. As has been found in previous research, positive maternal mental health was not affected by the presence of ASD or ID. Conclusions: ASD and ID are independent risk factors for behavioural and emotional problems. ASD (but not ID) is positively associated with maternal emotional disorder. Approaches to diagnosing hyperactivity and conduct problems in children with ASD may need to be reconsidered.     

Short-term prospective study of sleep disturbances in 5-8-year-old children

The course and psychological correlates of disturbed sleep during middle childhood were investigated using parents' responses to questionnaires. Five specified sleep disturbances were explored in 614 5-8-y-old children, at baseline and at follow-up, 14 +/- 3 mo later. Difficulties falling asleep, in 6.2% of the children at baseline, persisted in 47.4% of the cases at follow-up; night-waking, in 18.6% at baseline, persisted in 45.5%; snoring, in 9.4% at baseline, persisted in 60%; nightmares, in 4.4% at baseline, persisted in 29.6%, and bedwetting, in 6% at baseline, persisted in 46%. Moreover, children with difficulties falling asleep at baseline frequently displayed bedtime resistance and shorter sleep at follow-up, while night-waking at baseline was related to co-sleeping at follow-up. Snoring at baseline was associated with a trend towards restless sleep at follow-up. Nightmares at baseline were related to several other sleep complaints as well as to behavioural difficulties during daytime at follow-up. Bedwetting at baseline was associated with tendencies towards hyperactivity at follow-up. Separate analyses of cases of persisting sleep disturbances showed that persisting difficulties falling asleep were associated with a need to remedy sleep problems, while persisting nightmares were strongly related to reports suggesting behavioural and emotional problems. Conclusion: During middle childhood, difficulties falling asleep, night-waking, snoring, nightmares or bedwetting commonly persist over the course of a year. Persistent nightmares frequently indicate significant psychological problems in affected children.     

Maternal phenylketonuria in Western Australia: pregnancy outcomes and developmental outcomes in offspring

OBJECTIVE: To examine the outcomes of phenylketonuric (PKU) pregnancies in Western Australia including birth characteristics and cognitive and behavioural outcomes in offspring. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of women and their offspring who were identified from the Western Australian Maternal PKU Program (WAMPKUP) from 1991 to 2000 was carried out. Cognitive assessments (K-BIT or Griffiths scales) were conducted on women and their children, and behavioural assessments (CBCL) were conducted on the children. RESULTS: Thirty pregnancies by nine women were registered on the WAMPKUP between 1991 and 2000. There were 16 live births, with one preterm delivery at 32 weeks. There were no congenital abnormalities. Five of the nine mothers and their nine children (aged 18 months-10 years) participated in developmental assessments. A linear relationship was shown between lower maternal IQ scores and later attainment of metabolic control in pregnancy (rs = -0.828; P = 0.01). There was significant correlation between lower offspring IQ scores and later attainment of metabolic control in pregnancy (rs = -0.734; P = 0.02). Correlation between maternal and offspring cognitive scores was not significant. Four of nine (44%) children rated in the clinical range for behavioural problems. Compared to children with no behavioural difficulties, these children had lower cognitive abilities (P = 0.05) and maternal metabolic control during pregnancy was poor (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Poor metabolic control in pregnancy is associated with poorer cognitive outcomes and increased behavioural difficulties in offspring of mothers with PKU. The results have implications for the implementation of appropriate dietary measures before conception in PKU pregnancies, and indicate a need for the establishment of multidisciplinary teams to follow up individuals with PKU to communicate the importance of pregnancy planning, to manage PKU pregnancies, and to follow up the offspring.     

Relative contribution of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and tic severity to social and behavioral problems in tic disorders

The aim of this study was to investigate social and behavioral problems related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessions and compulsions, and tic severity in children with a tic disorder. Parents of 58 children with a tic disorder with and without different forms of ADHD completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire. Patients with a tic disorder with primarily hyperactive-impulsive ADHD had the highest questionnaire scores, patients with primarily inattentive ADHD had medium scores, and patients without ADHD had the lowest scores. On most subscales, significant part correlations with ADHD severity, but not tic severity, were obtained. Severity of obsessions and compulsions was independently correlated with the CBCL Thought Problems subscale but not with most other subscales. There was no significant correlation between tic severity and ADHD severity. Thus, in patients with a tic disorder, the presence and severity of ADHD are the main predictors of associated behavioral and social problems.     

Familial hypercholesterolaemia: a pilot study of parents'and children's concerns

Objective : To assess psychosocial concerns of families with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Methods : One-hundred-and-fifty-four single or pairs of parents of children age 6-16 years responded to a specifically designed questionnaire. One child from each family was interviewed. Results : Eleven percent of parents thought that their quality of life would have been better had they not known about the disease. None agreed totally that they wished that the diagnosis had not been made. However, 20% reported familial conflicts and 8% that their child's emotional or social life had been adversely affected. Conflicts and adverse effects were associated with higher scores on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Among the children, worry about cardiovascular disease (affirmed by 22%) was related to male sex and CBCL score. Relevance : Most families do not indicate that they have experienced psychosocial problems due to familial hypercholesterolaemia. Parental ratings of the child's behavioural adjustment may identify vulnerable children.     

伴与不伴注意缺陷多动障碍的Tourette综合征患儿行为和抽动症状的对照研究

目的　探讨伴与不伴注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)的Tourette综合征 (TS)患儿之间行为和抽动症状的差异。方法　采用儿童行为调查表 (CBCL)和耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表 (YGTSS)对 30例单纯TS患儿和 38例伴ADHD的TS(TS ADHD)患儿进行评分、对比分析。结果　TS ADHD组社交情况评分低于单纯TS组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,TS ADHD组在违纪问题、攻击性问题、外向性问题和行为问题总分的评分高于单纯TS组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;TS ADHD组的注意问题评分显著高于单纯TS组 (P <0 0 1)。TS ADHD组YGTSS量表的运动抽动对正常行为干扰和总分比单纯TS组评分高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　TS ADHD患儿与单纯TS患儿存在差异 ,TS ADHD患儿比单纯TS患儿存在更加严重的外向性行为问题和注意问题 ,两组的抽动症状差异不明显。