胃癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：探索湖南省胃癌发生的危险因素和保护因素,为综合防治提供流行病学依据。方法：采用1：1配对的病例对照研究,对175对病例及对照进行饮食及生活行为问卷调查,用比值比（OR）来估计各危险因素与胃癌的联系强度,采用Logistic回归进行单因素和多因素分析,筛选出胃癌的危险因素。结果：影响胃癌发生的主要危险因素有：饮酒（OR＝1．58,95％ CI1．18－2．13）,饮食不规律（OR＝2．00,95％CI 1．34－3．10）,高盐饮食（OR＝1．82,95％,CI1．21－2．74）等;饮绿茶（OR＝0．47,95％CI0．26－0．85）是胃癌发生的保护因素,结论：纠正不良的饮食及生活行为,经常饮绿茶可能减少胃癌的发生的危险性。     

早产危险因素病例对照研究

目的 :了解早产的危险因素 ,为制定预防策略和措施提供科学依据 .方法 :采用成组病例对照研究 ,针对早产的5 5项可疑危险因素 ,对 95例早产产妇和 1 1 6例足月产产妇进行问卷调查 .结果 :单因素分析 ,得到 1 7项早产危险因素 ,经进一步多因素logistic回归分析发现产检次数过少 (OR =1 1 .8,95 %CI=3.7～ 37.4 )、暴露视频终端 (VDT)每日 >2 .5h (OR=4 .6 ,95 %CI=1 .6～ 1 3.2 )、孕期接触有毒化学物 (OR =76 .6 ,95 %CI=5 .7～ 1 0 32 .1 )、负性事件 (OR =2 0 .5 ,95 %CI=2 .5～ 1 70 .4 )、妊高征 (OR =7.6 ,95 %CI =2 .0～ 2 8.7)、妊娠合并贫血 (OR =4 .3,95 %CI=1 .4～ 1 3.4 )是早产的主要危险因素 .结论 :产前检查次数过少 ,孕期暴露VDT时间较长 ,孕期接触有毒化学物、负性事件、妊高征和妊娠合并贫血是早产的主要危险因素 .     

膳食因素与肺癌关系的病例对照研究

目的:探讨膳食及其相关因素与肺癌的关系.方法:应用病例对照研究的方法,选取开封县原发性肺癌病例130例,按性别、年龄1:1配对选取正常对照,问卷调查收集研究对象的一般情况、膳食摄入及相关情况,应用秩和检验和X2检验进行单因素分析,应用logistic回归进行多因素分析,计算OR值及其95%可信区间(CI),筛选出肺癌的主要相关因素.结果:单因素分析发现8个暴露因素与肺癌发生有关;多因素分析发现饮食不规律(OR=5.032.95%CI 1.516-16.640)、肿瘤家族史(OR=8.569,95%CI 0.852-82.189)可能是肺癌的危险因素,经常摄人大米(OR:0.390,95%CI 0.156-0.977)、体质指数大(OR=0.323,95%CI 0.122-0.879)及家庭月人均收入高(OR=0.394,95%CI 0.164-0.945)为肺癌的保护因素.结论:膳食及其相关因素中肺癌的保护因素和危险因素并存,合理膳食、规律饮食、保持理想的BMI和发展经济有助于降低肺癌的发生.     

一起由诺如病毒新重组株GⅡ.P16-GⅡ.2引起的暴发疫情影响因素分析

目的探索由诺如病毒新重组株GⅡ.P16-GⅡ.2引起的暴发疫情的主要影响因素,为预防和控制诺如病毒性腹泻病提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选取疫情期间在校263例病例为病例组,同期在校非病例为对照组;使用自行设计的问卷收集病例和对照信息,进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果共报告病例263例,均为学生,罹患率为1.48%(263/17 752)。多因素分析结果发现:发病前3天接触病例(OR=1.942,95%CI:1.298～2.905)、发病前1天在校外吃午餐或外卖(OR=3.497,95%CI:2.208～5.524)、发病前1天在校外吃晚餐或外卖(OR=1.951,95%CI:1.264～3.011)为危险因素;发病前3天日均饮水500～999 ml(OR=0.634,95%CI:0.433～0.929)、1 000～1 999 ml(OR=0.565,95%CI:0.344～0.929)为保护因素。结论相关部门应加强饮食安全管理,教育居民养成良好饮食和卫生习惯。     

中国6省及自治区小儿脑性瘫痪危险因素的研究

目的: 探讨中国1～6岁小儿脑瘫的危险因素,为病因和防治措施研究奠定基础. 方法 :1997年5月至1998年12月在中国江苏等6个省(自治区)对1～6岁小儿脑性瘫痪进行了以人群为基础的1∶2病例对照研究. 结果: 共调查1～6岁儿童1 047 327名,发现1～6岁儿童脑瘫病例共2 009例;对1 968例脑瘫及其对照者的危险因素研究结果表明,脑瘫的危险因素主要包括28个,其中分娩前期15个,分娩过程5个,新生儿期8个;新生儿期危险因素包括缺氧缺血性脑病(OR=26.4, 95%CI=4.6, 152.2)、高胆红素脑病(OR=14.2,95%CI=5.3,38.2)、新生儿脑膜炎(OR=267.6, 95%CI=21.2,3 372)和颅内出血(OR=133.1,95%CI=25.4,697.7)等与脑瘫关联最强,分娩过程因素其次,分娩前因素最弱.分娩前因素包括父母是近亲(OR=3.1,95%CI=1.4,6.8)、亲属中有智力低下者(OR=5.4,95%CI=3.1,9.4)、胎儿宫内发育迟缓(OR=6.6,95%CI=2.5,16.7)、出生体重轻(OR=5.3,95%CI=3.2,8.9)、出生孕周小(OR=7.6,95%CI=4.2,13.7)、母孕期服用药品(OR=7.9,95%CI=2.6,23.2)等,虽然与脑瘫关联程度有限,但数目多,而且可能与新生儿期危险因素有因果关系. 结论:新生儿期危险因素与脑瘫的关联程度较强,但分娩前及分娩中有关危险因素与新生儿期某些不利表现之间的关系值得进一步研究.     

细菌性阴道病的危险因素

目的 探讨细菌性阴道病发生的危险因素.方法 以200例细菌性阴道病患者为病例、200名健康育龄妇女为对照,进行病例对照研究.病例和对照均来自天津市和平区妇产科医院门诊.数据处理采用非条件Logistic回归进行统计分析.结果 多因素非条件Logistic回归综合分析表明,有4个因素与细菌性阴道病的发生危险相关,按OR值的大小排列如下,滴虫性阴道炎病史(OR=8.34,95%CI 2.57～27.06)、自行清理阴道内部的习惯(OR=3.21,95%CI 2.23～4.61)、人工流产次数(OR=1.70,95%CI 1.25～2.29),避孕套的使用具有保护作用(OR=0.44,95%CI 0.26～0.73).结论 细菌性阴道病的发生是多因素的.     

宁夏208例胃癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨宁夏地区胃癌高发的相关危险因素,找出可以干预的一些相关因素。方法以2008年5月至2008年10月经胃镜检出并经病理确诊的胃癌208例作为研究对象,按1∶2频数匹配原则选取同性别、年龄(相差±5岁)、同一民族、同一居住地的慢性浅表性胃炎416例,进行问卷调查,进行条件Logistic回归分析。结果多因素条件Logistic回归分析结果显示宁夏地区胃癌发病与幽门螺杆菌感染(OR=4.454,95%CI=2.763～7.180)、胃癌家族史(OR=3.574,95%CI=1.909～6.689)、食用腌渍食品(OR=2.485,95%CI=1.574～3.922)和饮井水或窖水(OR=1.914,95%CI=1.216～3.014)密切相关。结论宁夏地区胃癌高发危险因素包括幽门螺杆菌感染、胃癌家族史、经常食用腌渍食品、饮井水或窖水,因此改善饮水条件、防治幽门螺杆菌感染、改变当地居民的生活方式及进行健康宣教对降低胃癌的发生至关重要。     

绿茶及与相关因素的交互作用对大丰市居民肺癌发生的影响

目的:分析江苏省恶性肿瘤高发区大丰市人群中绿茶饮用及其与吸烟、饮酒和暴露于烹调油烟等危险因素间交互作用对肺癌发病的影响.方法:在江苏省恶性肿瘤高发区大丰市进行以人群为基础的病例对照研究,共收集523名肺癌病例和1 924 名健康对照,通过面对面询问的方式填写调查表.数据分析采用单因素和调整可能混杂因素的多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.对饮用绿茶与肺癌发病危险之间的关联,以及饮用绿茶与其他危险因素间的交互作用分别进行分析.结果:规律饮用绿茶可使肺癌发病危险显著降低[调整OR值(ORAdj)=0.520,95%可信区间(CI):0.392～0.691];并且肺癌发病危险有随着开始规律饮绿茶年龄减小而降低的趋势(Pfor Trend Adj<0.000 1).交互作用分析显示,规律饮绿茶分别与曾经吸烟、总吸烟量≥30包·年、曾经饮酒以及经常暴露于烹调油烟等因素间存在交互作用,尤其与曾经吸烟和总吸烟量≥30包·年间存在较强的交互作用,其可显著降低吸烟者肺癌的发病危险,ORAdj分别为0.575(95%CI:0.425～0.777)和0.706(95%CI:0.500～0.999).结论:长期规律饮用绿茶对江苏省恶性肿瘤高发地区肺癌高危人群具有明显的保护作用,可以用于肺癌的化学预防.     

老年糖尿病合并脑梗死危险因素临床分析

目的　探讨老年糖尿病 (DM)合并脑梗死 (CI)发病的危险因素。方法　采用Logistic回归分析法回顾分析 30 7例老年DM合并CI 5 9例的发生与性别、年龄、病程、高血压、吸烟、劳动类型、血糖水平、体质指数(BMI)、血脂的关系。结果　发现脑梗死的发生与以下 4个因素有密切关系 :高血压 (OR =1 0 3895 %CI 1 0 0 3～1 0 75 ) ,血糖水平 (OR =3 2 4 1 95 %CI 1 6 0 2～ 6 5 6 4 ) ,血脂水平 (OR =3 5 96 95 %CI 1 82 5～ 7 0 87) ,肥胖者 (OR =2 5 3795 %CI1 0 4 8～ 6 1 37)。结论　说明以上 4个因素是影响糖尿病患者发生脑梗死的危险因素     

孤独症危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨孤独症发病的危险因素。方法对符合DSM—IV孤独症诊断标准的儿童孤独症者2 13人与年龄、性别均衡的 13 2名正常对照进行病例对照研究。结果病例组母孕期宫内窘迫 (OR =2 .792 ,95 %CI :1.0 0 2 ,7.782 )、出生窒息 (OR =5 .488,95 %CI :1.2 3 2 ,2 4.44 9)、抽搐病史 (OR =3 .481,95 %CI :1.785 ,6.789)、父亲内向 (OR =6.699,95 %CI:3 .82 0 ,11.747)高于对照组 ;孤独症病例父系家族史比例高于母系家族史。结论母孕期至婴幼儿期的并发症是孤独症的危险因素 ,使该病发病风险提高。孤独症病例父系家族史多见。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.