经肝圆韧带实现肝内门腔分流的解剖学观察

目的：探讨门腔分流的新途径。方法：解剖观测脐静脉、静脉导管及肝圆韧带、静脉韧带等。结果：静脉导管是脐静脉的直接延续,并与下腔静脉和门静脉左支相通。静脉导管长１３１０±２５０ｍｍ。肝圆韧带连于脐和门静脉左支之间,其肝外段和肝内段长度分别为１４５１±３４４ｃｍ,５７５±０９９ｃｍ;静脉韧带走行于肝下面的静脉韧带裂内,连于门静脉左支和下腔静脉之间,长约４０９±０６１ｃｍ。静脉韧带和肝圆韧带内均有间断残腔存在,且以近心段最为明显,分别长达１９９±１３９ｃｍ和２９１±０６２ｃｍ。肝圆韧带和静脉韧带均可用直径２ｍｍ的铁丝使其再通。结论：于脐处切口,扩张并再通肝圆韧带、静脉韧带至下腔静脉,实现门腔分流,具有解剖学形态基础。     

第二、三趾末节复合瓣移植的应用解剖

在４０例足标本上对第二、第三趾末节的血管神经进行了观测。趾两侧有背胫、腓侧和跖胫、腓侧的血管、神经分布，而且跖胫、腓侧的动脉神经较背胫、腓侧的动脉神经粗大。第二趾胫侧趾底固有动脉、趾底国有神经外径分别为０．８±０．２ｍｍ、１．１±０．２ｍｍ，腓侧分别为０．７±０．１ｍｍ，０．９±０．２ｍｍ。第三趾胫侧趾底固有动脉、趾底固有神经外径分别为０．７±０．１ｍｍ、０．９±０．１ｍｍ，腓侧分别为０．５±０．１ｍｍ、０．７±０．２ｍｍ。依据观测结果，本文认为趾底固有动脉、神经可作为趾末节移植的首选的血管神经蒂。     

带血管蒂胆囊瓣修复胆管缺损的应用解剖

目的为带血管蒂胆囊瓣修复胆道缺损手术提供应用解剖学资料。方法解剖３０例成人胆道标本，观测胆囊血管走行、分布的规律性及其与胆道的位置关系。结果（１）胆囊动脉多数（６０．６％）在胆囊颈左缘到达胆囊，其在胆囊上主干支起始外径１．１±０．４ｍｍ，长度５６．２±１４．７ｍｍ；（２）胆囊动脉自进入胆囊壁处至左肝管出肝门处距离为２３．３±７．５ｍｍ；至胆总管十二指肠上段最下端距离为２８．６±６．８ｍｍ。结论术中制取胆囊瓣及转位修复应根据胆囊动脉的走向及其与周围结构的位置关系     

拇指断面的显微解剖

观测３０例拇指在三个断面主要结构，结果：①拇指桡侧固有动脉在三个断面上４、５区的出现率，男性为１００％、１００％和９８％，女性为９３．４％、９３．３％和１００％。外径均值１ｍｍ±。拇指尺侧固有动脉在三个断而上８、９区的出现率男性为８５．７％、９２．８％和１００％，女性为９３．４％、９３．３％和１００％。外径均值为０．９～１．５ｍｍ。②拇指桡侧固有神经在各断面５区内的出现率多在７０％以上。尺侧固有神经在各断面７、８区内的出现率均大于９２％，外径均值为１．４～２．０ｍｍ。③拇指三个断面上的１、２、１１、１２和其它某些区，静脉的出现率都在７０％以上，外径均值０．８ｍｍ±。     

人肝组织α1—肾上腺素受体的放射自显影研究

目的；研究人肝组织α１－肾上腺素受体分布及密度。方法；光学显微镜放射自显影术。结果；每１０００μｍ＾２α１－肾上腺素受体密度；肝细胞１２５．５０±１５．１４、肝动脉７０．５０±１８．８６，门静脉４０．９９±８．８７、肝静脉３３．９２±１０．８５。结论；α１－肾上腺素受体广泛分布于肝细胞和肝内各血管壁，但前者受体密度明显高于后者（Ｐ〈０．０１）；肝内血管中肝动脉壁受体密度显著高于门静脉及肝静脉（Ｐ〉     

大隐静脉股段及其属支轴型静脉皮瓣的解剖学研究

解剖５０侧成人尸体大隐静脉，测量大隐静脉注入股静脉处和大隐静脉主要属支注入大隐静脉处的外径，及各注入处与髂前上棘间连线的垂直距离。大隐静脉入股静脉处的直径为４．９±０．７ｍｍ，其属支注入大隐静脉处的直径分别是：旋髂浅静脉４．０±１．１ｍｍ，腹壁浅静脉３．６±１．０ｍｍ，阴部外静脉３．３±０．９ｍｍ，股外侧静脉４．６±１．２ｍｍ，股内侧静脉４．３±１．１ｍｍ；大隐静脉点均位于股内侧，距髂前上棘８～１５ｃｍ。同时讨论了以大隐静脉股段及其主要属支为蒂轴型静脉皮瓣的解剖学要点。     

静脉韧带及肝圆韧带的解剖学观察

目的　探讨门腔分流新途径。方法　选择成人正常肝脏４４ 例,解剖观测静脉韧带、肝圆韧带等。结果　静脉韧带走行于肝下面的静脉韧带裂内,连于门静脉左支和下腔静脉之间,长约４ ．０９ ±０．６１ｃｍ ; 肝圆韧带连于脐和门静脉左支之间, 其肝外段和肝内段分别长约１４．５１±３．４４ ｃｍ ,５．７５±０ ．９９ｃｍ 。静脉韧带和肝圆韧带内均有间断残腔存在,且以近心段最为明显,分别长达１．９９ ±０ ．３９ｃｍ和２ ．９１ ±０．６２ｃｍ 。肝圆韧带和静脉韧带均可用２ｍ ｍ 的铁丝使其再通。结论　于脐处切口,扩张再通肝圆韧带、静脉韧带至下腔静脉,实现门腔分流通道具有可行性。     

正常人肝组织结构和功能单位的形态计量24例分析

目的对２４例正常成人肝小叶、门管小叶及肝腺泡等不同结构和功能单位进行形态计量测定。方法应用Ｑｕａｎｔｉｍｅｔ５７０Ｃ图像分析仪进行形态计量分析。结果测得正常肝小叶、门管小叶和肝腺泡的面积分别为１．４７２±０．２７３ｍｍ２、０．９１１±０．３０４ｍｍ２和０．６０２±０．１５８ｍｍ２；周长分别为４．２８９±１．０２２ｍｍ、４．１０６±０．９６４ｍｍ和３．２１８±０．５４８ｍｍ。肝小叶中央静脉偏位系数１．０４２±０．０３１；相邻门管小叶汇管区距离为０．８２１±０．２４８ｍｍ。结论本文为肝疾病的病理研究与诊断提供正常形态结构的客观参照指数。     

新生儿气管主支气管的应用解剖

研究新生儿气管、主支气管的长度、管径、气管叉夹角及毗邻关系。方法：在手术显微镜下对气管、主支气管及毗邻关系进行观测。结果：气管长（３７．０５±３．８７）ｍｍ,左主支气管长（１６．９６±２．５２）ｍｍ,右主支气管长（９．３８±１．６１）ｍｍ,气管内周径、内横径、内前后径分别是（１５．３２±１．１６）ｍｍ、（４．６９±０．４１）ｍｍ、（３．６２±０．４６）ｍｍ,左主支气管内周径、内横径、内前后径分别是（１０．３７±１．５５）ｍｍ、（３．２２±０．４１）ｍｍ、（２．４２±０．４２）ｍｍ．右主支气管内周径、内横径、内前后径分别是（１１．７７±１．３２）ｍｍ、（３．７４±０．３９）ｍｍ、（２．８７±０．４７）ｍｍ,气管叉夹角为（７４．９３±４．８４）°。颈段气管前方颈前静脉弓出现率为１００％．胸腺均伸入到颈静脉切迹上方,头臂干、甲状腺下动脉、左头臂静脉、甲状腺下静脉的出现率分别是（２６．６６±８．０７）％、（２６．６６±８．０７）％、（１３．３３±６．２１）％、１００％。结论：气管的长度随身高增加而加长,左、右主支气管与气管长轴的夹角不等并非生后发育所致,甲状腺下动脉、头臂千出现率较高。     

人肝组织α_1—肾上腺素受体的放射自显影研究

目的：研究人肝组织α＿１－肾上腺素受体分布及密度。方法：光学显微镜放射自显影术。结果：每１０００μｍ￣２α＿１－肾上腺素受体密度：肝细胞１２５．５０±１５．１４、肝动脉７０．５０±１８．８６、门静脉４０．９９±８．８７、肝静脉３３．９２±１０．８５。结论：α＿１－肾上腺素受体广泛分布于肝细胞和肝内各血管壁，但前者受体密度明显高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０１）；肝内血管中肝动脉壁受体密度显著高于门静脉及肝静脉（Ｐ＜０.０１），门静脉与肝静脉壁间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０.０５）。     

胆囊三角的应用解剖学在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

[目的]探讨胆囊三角区的血管、胆管及肝管解剖关系,为腹腔镜胆囊切除术提供解剖学依据.[方法]给26具防腐成年尸体标本行胆囊三角区显微解剖,观测胆管及血管的走行分布特点及与周围结构的解剖关系.[结果]胆囊管的长度为(31.12±1.16)mm,直径为(3.12±0.26)mm;左右肝管汇合点距肝表面长度为(12.26±1.18)mm,左肝管长度为(16.26±1.42)mm,右肝管长度为(8.86±0.72)mm,少数标本的肝总管于肝内汇合.单支型胆囊动脉可走行于肝总管的前方或肝总管的后方;双支型和多支型胆囊动脉可同时走行于肝总管的前方或肝总管的后方,也可分别走行于肝总管的前方或后方.胆囊动脉直径为(1.68±0.40)mm,肝右动脉直径为(3.20±1.50)mm.部分标本胆囊三角内可见1,2个胆囊淋巴结,直径为(3.32±0.26)mm.[结论]胆囊动脉在其起始、分支及走行等方面存在变异;胆囊管长短不一,形态多样,管径变化较大,存在较多的变异.行腹腔镜胆囊切除术时,应该仔细辨认胆囊管、肝总管及胆总管的关系及解剖学特征,以防止对胆囊三角区组织结构的破坏.     

胎儿脐静脉分支的解剖学观测

目的观测胎儿脐静脉的分支,探讨脐静脉血入肝及经静脉导管的流量。方法选择62例经福尔马林固定的正常胎儿肝脏,解剖显露脐静脉各分支,洲其压扁管径,并换算成各管腔的截面积;记录脐静脉各肝叶分支数及分支类型。结果胎儿脐静脉入肝分支的截面积和大于静脉导管的截面积,两者的差异有高度显著性（P＜0．001）。入肝在叶分支之截面积和占整个入肝分支截面积的69％。入肝左叶、方叶和尾状叶分支,数的分别为3支、3支和1．3支。结论胎儿脐静脉血大部分经肝脏至下腔静脉,只有一小部分经静脉导管。经肝脏的脐静脉血有2／3以上经肝左叶。     

全肝血流阻断切肝术的应用解剖学研究

应用37具成人尸体解剖观测了腹主动脉、肝固有动脉、门静脉、胆总管及下腔静脉各阻断部位的可分离长度和管径,并结合临床进行了讨论。认为阻断的位置应选在下腔静脉的膈与肝上缘、膈与右心房下腔静脉口、肝下缘与左肾静脉之间,肝十二指肠韧带中点段的门静脉、肝固有动脉和胆总管、腹腔动脉与膈之间的腹主动脉段。     

Effects of portal venous arterialization on acute occlusion of hepatic artery in rats

Background A fatal complication after liver transplantation is anastomotic embolization of the hepatic artery. In order to solve this problem, the portal venous arterialization （PVA） is used to reconstruct the hepatic arterial blood flow. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of PVA on rats with acute occlusion of hepatic artery.
Methods Rat PVA models were established and then randomly divided into Group 1 （control group）, Group 2 （jaundice group）, Group 3 （bile duct recanalization group）, and Group 4 （portal vein arterilization group）. Recanalization of the common bile duct and PVA were performed 5 days after bile duct ligation in the rats. The influence of the PVA on general conditions, hepatic changes of structure and function, portal vein pressure and hepatic micrangium were observed for one month.
Results Five days after common bile duct ligation the serum bilirubin, transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly increased. Compared with group 1, there was a statistically significant difference （P 〈0.01）. These rats then underwent bile duct recanalization and PVA. After a month, the liver functions and microscopic structures completely returned to normal and, compared with group 1, there was no statistically significant difference in portal vein pressure （P 〉0.05）. Vascular casting samples showed that hepatic sinusoids were slightly thicker and more filled than normal ones and although they had some deformations, the hepatic sinusoids were still distributed around the central vein in radial form.
Conclusion Within a month after operation, bile duct recanalization and PVA do not show obvious adverse effects on liver hemodynamics and hepatic micrangium, and the liver function and microscopic structure can return to normal.     

多排螺旋CT肝移植受体三期增强扫描的技术质量评价探讨

目的:对肝移植受体CT图像进行主观评价和CT值测量分析。方法:对20例肝移植受体行三期增强扫描。结果:所有病例影像的主观评价和CT值测量分析均无不满意评价。肝动脉、门静脉、下腔静脉的CT值平均增加值分别达到(245±21)Hu、(120±18)Hu、(100±15)Hu,其中肝动脉、肝静脉显示满意率均为100%,门静脉显示满意率为85%。结论:应用预扫描、智能造影剂跟踪技术,精确测算肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉三期增强扫描的延时时间,在靶血管造影剂处于峰值段扫描,获得清晰、不失真的3D血管影像。     

Surgical techniques of arterialized orthotopic liver transplantation in rats

Background  Recently, much attention has been paid to hepatic artery reconstruction in rat liver transplantation, which can prevent bile duct ischemia and preserve better liver structure. In this study, three methods of graft arterialization, including sleeve, cuff, and stent anastomosis, were conducted and the results were compared.
Methods  Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with rearterialization was conducted in 90 rats, which were divided into sleeve, cuff, and stent groups (n=30 in each). Ninety-six rats received OLTs with standardized two-cuff technique without rearterialization as a control. The sleeve technique included an end-to-end anastomosis between the donor common hepatic artery and recipient proper hepatic artery, or between the donor celiac artery and recipient common hepatic artery. Cuff technique involved an anastomosis between the donor common hepatic artery and recipient common hepatic artery. In the stent technique, the recipient hepatic artery and donor hepatic artery were connected using an intraluminal polyethylene stent. The arterial anastomosis time and arterial patency rate in each group were recorded. The liver graft survival and bile duct complication rates were measured.
Results  The total surgical time of OLT with rearterialization was (118.3±12.9) minutes in the sleeve group, (106.2±11.6) minutes in the cuff, (93.8±10.2) minutes in the stent, and (88.2±9.6) minutes in the control. The corresponding anhepatic phase was (19.6±2.8), (19.2±2.2), (18.6±1.8), and (20.0±2.5) minutes respectively in the sleeve, cuff, stent, and control groups. One-week survival rate was 86.5% in the control, and 86.7% in the groups with rearterialization. No significant difference was detected in the survival rate between them (P>0.05). The incidence of biliary complications in non-rearterialized group (17.7%) was significantly higher than that in the rearterialized group (6.7%, P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the incidence of biliary complications among the three rearterialized groups (P>0.05).
Conclusions  The OLT with rearterialization is more physiological than that without rearterialization, and leads to a lower rate of bile duct complications. Among the three methods of rearterialization, sleeve anastomosis is associated with a higher survival rate, allowing less dissection and less injury to the surrounding tissues.

     

背驮式同种原位肝移植术1例报告

报告一位患原发性胆汁性肝硬化合并门静脉高压症的终末期病人作了背驮式同种原位肝移植术，手术获得成功，术后恢复良好。认为该术式由于保留受体的肝后下腔静脉，具有术中血液动力学稳定，肾功能不受影响，术后恢复快等优点，因此可以作为肝移植常规术式。但是对手术前一般情况差或者估计无肝期时间长的病人，采用背驮式手术时应加作门静脉—腋静脉（成人颈静脉）转流。作者提出了改良Ｓｔａｒｚｌ介绍的吻合肝动脉的生长因素法（ＧｒｏｗｔｈＦａｃｔｏｒ），不但适用于小动脉的吻合，也适用于静脉吻合，可以避免或减少吻合血管的狭窄和血栓形成。在胆管重建时强调保证胆管血供的重要性并且放弃了胆总管的Ｔ管引流法，改用经胆囊管插管引流，可以减少胆总管的损伤和术后胆管狭窄的机会。     

Study of Relationship Between the Blood Supply of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct and Duct Supply Branches from Gastroduodenal Artery on Imaging and Anatomy

Background:Liver transplantation has become the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage acute or chronic hepatic disease.Bile duct complications are common events after liver transplantation.Th...     

双重血流同时开放减轻大鼠肝移植胆管I/R损伤的研究

目的 探讨门静脉、肝动脉双重血流同时开放对大鼠肝移植胆管缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用.方法 选用雄性SD大鼠建立大鼠自体原位肝移植模型,根据肝脏恢复血供时门静脉、肝动脉血流是否同时开放,将大鼠随机分为双重血流同时开放组(P组)和门静脉先开放组(N组),另设假手术作对照组(S组).分别于供肝再灌注后2、6及24h处死各组动物.检测血清ALT、AST、GGT、AKP、TBiL及DBiL水平,HE切片作病理组织学检查,比色法测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的含量,RT-PCK法检测胆管组织TNF-a及ICAM-1 mRHA的表达.结果 肝脏再灌注后6、24 h两个时点P组的GGT水平明显低于N组水平(P＜0.05);肝脏再灌注后24 h.P组的AKP、TBiL、DBiL水平及胆管损伤病理学评分明显低于N组水平(P＜0.05);再灌注后6 h,N组大鼠肝组织的MPO含量明显高于P组(P＜0.05);供肝再灌注后2 h、6 h,P组大鼠肝组织TNF-a及ICAM-1 mRNA的相对表达水平明显低于N组(P＜0.05).结论 门静脉、肝动脉双重血流同时开放.有利于减轻肝移植物胆管组织的I/R损伤;其机制可能与TNF-a和ICAM-1表达水平的降低以及中性粒细胞浸润的减少有关.