玉米苞叶降低动脉硬化家兔白细胞凋亡及CD44表达

目的　探讨玉米苞叶对动脉粥样硬化模型动物外周血白细胞凋亡和CD4 4表达的影响。方法　将家兔分为正常对照组、动脉硬化模型组、低剂量组 (造模 9w后给予低剂量玉米苞叶煎剂 )、高剂量组 (造模 9w后给予高剂量玉米苞叶煎剂 )。 1 7w后测血脂和血中白细胞凋亡率及CD4 4表达量 ,观察主动脉形态变化。结果　①模型组白细胞凋亡率 (6 58± 2 53) % ,CD4 4表达量 6 97± 1 41 ,均显著高于正常组 (P <0 0 1 ) ,②白细胞凋亡率和CD4 4表达量在低剂量组分别为 3 1 1± 1 50、4 76± 0 57;高剂量组为 3 74± 1 66、4 64± 0 42 ,均显著低于模型组 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　玉米苞叶煎剂可显著降低动脉硬化家兔白细胞凋亡率和CD4 4表达量 ,且这种作用不是通过降血脂实现的。     

玉米苞叶对动脉粥样硬化家兔血管平滑肌细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和p53蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨玉米苞叶煎剂对实验性动脉粥样硬化(AS)家兔血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)凋亡及凋亡相关基因Bcl-2和p53蛋白表达的影响。方法选用大耳白家兔,利用高脂饲料复制家兔动AS模型,随机分为模型组、玉米苞叶煎剂组和正常对照组。实验9 w后确认两组动物造模成功,其中一组给予玉米苞叶煎剂治疗,28 m l/kg.d-1(玉米苞叶1.4 g/m l),实验17 w后,处死家兔,观察主动脉内膜的病理形态学改变,采用流式细胞术检测VSMCs凋亡率以及凋亡相关基因Bcl-2和p53蛋白表达。结果模型组VSMCs凋亡率明显高于对照组(P<0.05),p53和Bcl-2蛋白表达均增强(P<0.05),肉眼观察,主动脉内膜出现典型的AS斑块,动脉管腔极度狭窄。玉米苞叶煎剂组VSMCs凋亡率明显降低(P<0.05);p53和Bcl-2蛋白表达均下调(P<0.05);主动脉斑块面积较模型组明显减小,动脉管腔狭窄减轻。结论玉米苞叶通过影响p53和Bcl-2蛋白表达而影响AS家兔VSMCs凋亡;同时缩小AS斑块面积,具有显著治疗家兔AS作用。     

茶色素对兔实验性动脉粥样硬化的预防作用

为探讨茶色素对高胆固醇兔动脉粥样硬化的影响 ,将 2 4只新西兰雄性白兔按血脂水平随机分为对照组、茶色素低剂量组 [32 μg (g·d) ]和高剂量组 [96 μg (g·d) ],每组 8只 ,实验期间均以高胆固醇饮食。喂养 8周后处死动物 ,测定血脂水平、血浆内皮素水平和斑块面积比。结果发现 ,实验 4周及 8周后血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平明显高于实验前 ,但三组间没有明显差异。实验 8周后对照组、茶色素低剂量组和高剂量组血浆内皮素水平分别为 775 .5 8± 6 6 8.72 μg L、2 5 1.73± 2 41.5 7μg L和 6 5 .43± 17.18μg L。与对照组相比 ,茶色素低剂量组内皮素水平有所降低 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,茶色素高剂量组内皮素水平明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。对照组、茶色素低剂量组和高剂量组动物胸主动脉斑块面积百分比分别为 0 .793± 0 .0 77、0 .5 88± 0 .2 0 5和 0 .437± 0 .116 ,内膜面积与中膜面积百分比分别为 0 .6 2 5± 0 .2 0 6、0 .32 6± 0 .2 76和 0 .175± 0 .0 92 ,茶色素组斑块面积明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结果提示 ,茶色素能够防止兔实验性粥样斑块的形成 ,并降低血浆内皮素水平     

甘薯的抗家兔主动脉粥样硬化形成作用

为观察甘薯糖蛋白对家兔实验性动脉粥样硬化形成的影响并探讨其可能的发病机制。将 4 0只新西兰白兔随机分为正常组 (饲以普通饲料 )、高脂组 (饲以胆固醇饲料 )、低剂量甘薯糖蛋白 (简称低剂量 )组 [饲以胆固醇饲料 +糖蛋白 0 .0 6g/ (kg·d) ]和高剂量甘薯糖蛋白 (简称高剂量 )组 [饲以胆固醇饲料 +糖蛋白 0 .1g/ (kg·d) ]。在实验开始时和 12周时分别检测血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛含量。第 12周末处死动物 ,行主动脉病理形态学观察。结果发现 ,实验前各组血清检测指标无明显差异。实验 12周 ,高脂组、低剂量组和高剂量组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及丙二醛含量均高于或明显高于正常组 (正常组、高脂组、低剂量组和高剂量组的总胆固醇分别为 1.2 7± 0 .73、2 0 .2 6± 0 .13、15 .2 7± 0 .83和 11.2 8± 1.6 2mmol/L ;甘油三酯分别为 0 .85± 0 .18、1.85± 0 .35、1.71± 0 .2 8和 1.5 1± 0 .11mmol/L ;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇分别为 0 .5 0± 0 .0 7、18.99± 2 .6 5、14 .2 7± 3.0 4和 12 .13± 3.5 6mmol/L ;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇分别为 0 .5 4± 0 .11、0 .75± 0 .10、0 .81± 0 .0 6和 0 .94± 0 .0     

何首乌总甙抑制动脉粥样硬化病变形成

的　研究何首乌总甙对载脂蛋白E基因缺陷小鼠实验性动脉粥样硬化病变形成的保护作用。方法　将载脂蛋白E基因缺陷小鼠随机分为4组:何首乌总甙高剂量组[15 0mg/ (kg·d) ]、低剂量组[2 5mg/ (kg·d) ]、阿托伐他汀阳性药物组[5mg/ (kg·d) ]及空白对照组,给药第10周后全部处死,酶法检测四组血清脂质含量,图象分析法测定主动脉粥样硬化斑块面积和管腔面积,计算斑块面积与管腔面积的比值。结果　(1)何首乌总甙高、低剂量组及阳性药物组总胆固醇分别为6 4 9.3±72 .2mg/dL、6 32 .6±5 5 .1mg/dL和4 97.4±14 0 .8mg/dL ,均显著低于空白对照组(80 9.4±4 2 .6mg/dL ,P <0 .0 1) ;甘油三酯分别为12 6 .6±4 8.1mg/dL、14 5 .6±37.9mg/dL和172 .1±15 .7mg/dL ,均显著降低于空白对照组(2 5 3.3±4 2 .6mg/dL ,P <0 .0 1) ;而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇分别为117.1±14 .9mg/dL、113.5±2 3.3mg/dL和12 6 .7±12 .8mg/dL ,均显著高于空白对照组(6 7.3±10 .6mg/dL ,P <0 .0 1) ;治疗组间无显著性差异(P >0 .0 5 )。(2 )何首乌总甙高剂量组、低剂量组及阳性药物组载脂蛋白E基因缺陷小鼠主动脉粥样硬化病变减轻且动脉粥样硬化斑块面积/管腔面积比值分别为3.97%±0 .6 2 %、3.11%±0 .0 1%和0 .86 %±0 .0 7% ,均小于空     

辛伐他汀的调脂及抗动脉粥样硬化作用

采用食饵性兔动脉粥样硬化为模型 ,以舒降之为阳性对照药 ,研究辛伐他汀的调脂及抗动脉粥样硬化作用。将 5 6只雄性新西兰兔 (体重 1.96± 0 .16kg)随机分为对照组 (颗粒饲料 12 0～ 15 0g d ,n =14 )、动脉粥样硬化模型组 [颗粒饲料 +胆固醇 0 .5g (kg·d) ,n =14 ]、舒降之组 [颗粒饲料 +胆固醇 +舒降之片 5mg (kg·d) ,n =14 ]和辛伐他汀组 [颗粒饲料 +胆固醇 +辛伐他汀片 5mg (kg·d) ,n =14 ]。在实验前、实验第 8、12周末分别测定血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯 ,并分别处死 7只兔取主动脉染色测定主动脉粥样硬化斑块面积。结果发现 ,与对照组相比 ,第8、12周末时动脉粥样硬化模型组血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯均显著增高 ,总胆固醇第 8周末为 14 .86± 4 .15mmol L ,第 12周末时为 18.8± 7.6 8mmol L ;甘油三酯第 8周末为 1.83± 0 .4 9mmol L ,第 12周末时为 2 .5 9± 0 .6 3mmol L。第8、12周末时对照组主动脉粥样硬化斑块面积均为零 ,而动脉粥样硬化模型组主动脉粥样硬化斑块面积分别为 35 .2 9%± 9.4 1%和 4 2 %± 9.6 9% ;辛伐他汀组和舒降之组血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯及主动脉粥样硬化斑块面积均显著低于同期动脉粥样硬化模型组 (P <0 .0 1) ,且该两组同期总胆固醇和甘油三酯及主动脉粥样硬化斑块面     

玉米苞叶煎剂对高脂血症模型大鼠血管内皮及平滑肌增殖与凋亡的干预作用

目的 观察高脂血症大鼠主动脉内皮和平滑肌细胞增殖与凋亡对玉米苞叶煎剂作用的药效反应.方法 选用雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照、病理模型、阳性对照及玉米苞叶煎剂组,复制食饵性高脂血症,玉米苞叶煎剂预防性给药,以吉非罗齐为阳性药对照.观察血脂及主动脉壁病理变化,流式细胞术定量检测内皮及平滑肌细胞增殖指数及凋亡率.结果 玉米苞叶煎剂组总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)较模型组降低明显(均P＜0.05);与模型组相比,内皮凋亡率下降和平滑肌凋亡率升高均有显著性差异(均P＜0.05),内皮增殖指数轻度上升(P＞0.05),平滑肌增殖指数低于模型组(P＜0.05).结论 玉米苞叶煎剂可通过调节脂代解,阻断AS早期的内皮-平滑肌效应.     

玉米苞叶煎剂对动脉粥样硬化家兔血管外器官病变的形态学影响

目的 观察玉米苞叶煎剂对AS家兔血管外各器官病变的形态学影响.方法 选用大耳白家兔,雌雄各半,随机分为对照组、高脂组、玉米苞叶煎剂组,复制高脂食饵性家兔AS模型,观察玉米苞叶煎剂预防性用药后对家兔血脂及内脏各器官的病理形态学影响.结果 玉米苞叶煎剂组TC、TG较高脂组明显降低(P<0.01);高脂组各脏器(心、肝、脾、肺、肾)与对照组相比均有明显病理变化,玉米苞叶煎剂组各脏器病变较高脂组明显减轻.结论 玉米苞叶煎剂不但可以减轻AS家兔血管病变,且对心、肝、脾、肺、肾各脏器的高脂损伤同样有干预作用.     

雌激素对兔动脉粥样硬化形成及某些体液因子的影响

目的　建立雌激素抗兔动脉粥样硬化模型 ,阐明雌激素作用的可能机制。　方法　 2 1只纯种新西兰兔随机分入 :A组 (切除卵巢未补充雌激素 )、B组 (切除卵巢补充雌激素 )、C组 (未切除卵巢 ) ,给予 1%胆固醇饮食 ,8周时比较动脉形态学变化 ,测定动脉一氧化氮及一些体液因子。　结果　 (1) A组兔主动脉内膜面积〔(1.35± 0 .44 ) m m2 〕高于 B、C组〔(0 .2 0± 0 .2 9)及 (0 .34± 0 .2 9) mm2 〕(P<0 .0 5 ) ;(2 ) A组兔内皮素 - 1高于 B组及 C组 (P<0 .0 5及 P<0 .0 1) ,血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素 高于 C组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;(3) B、C组血浆雌二醇〔(2 12± 78)及 (2 2 9± 10 3) ng/ L〕和主动脉一氧化氮〔(0 .41± 0 .18)及 (0 .44± 0 .16 ) nmol/ m g〕高于 A组〔(10 3± 6 9) ng/ L及 (0 .2 5± 0 .0 6 ) nm ol/ m g〕(P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　雌激素可明显抑制动脉粥样硬化形成 ,可能与促进一氧化氮生成、抑制内皮素生成、抑制肾素血管紧张素系统活性有关。     

玉米苞叶对动脉粥样硬化家兔平滑肌细胞凋亡及p53和Fas蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨玉米苞叶防治动脉粥样硬化（AS）的机制。方法：选用大耳白家兔，复制家兔AS模型，随机分为动脉粥样硬化模型组，玉米苞叶组和正常对照组，成模后给予玉米苞叶煎剂治疗，8w后处死家兔，采用流氏细胞术检测平滑肌细胞的凋亡率以及凋亡相关基因p53和Fas蛋白表达。结果：模型组血管平滑肌细胞的凋亡率明显高于对照组（P＜0．05），p53和Fas蛋白的表达增强（P＜0．05），主动脉壁肉眼观测出现典型斑块。玉米苞叶组平滑肌细胞的凋亡率明显低于模型组（P＜0．05），p53和Fas蛋白表达下调（P＜0．05）；主动脉斑块面积较模型组明显减小，结论：玉米苞叶通过调节p53和Fas蛋白表达而调节AS家兔平滑肌细胞凋亡。     

TIMP-1和TIMP-2在原发性肝癌生长、浸润及转移中的作用

目的：了解基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(tissue inhibitou of metalloproteinase-1，TIMP-1)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2(TIMP-2)mRNA及相关抗原在肝癌组织中的定位和表达状态，探讨TIMP-1和TIMP-2在肝癌组织生长、浸润及转移中所起的作用。方法：以TIMP-1和TIMP-2探针及单克隆抗体（McAb）为试剂，采用原位杂交技术及免疫组织化学法检测原发性肝癌、肝高分化腺癌的肝组织中TIMP-1和TIMP-2mRNA及相关抗原的表达，并与10例正常肝组织做对照。结果：20例原发性肝癌患者的肝组织中TIMP-1和TIMP-1mRNA及相关抗原表达的阳性率为90%;9例肝高分化腺癌的腺癌组织中无TIMP-1和TIMP-2mRNA及相关抗原的表达；10例正常肝组织中TIMP-1和TIMP-2mRNA及相关抗原表达均为阴性；TIMP-1和TIMP-2mRNA及相关抗原阳性信号呈现为棕黄色颗粒状，分布在肝细胞浆内，未见细胞核着色；无论是原发性肝癌癌组织还是癌周组织中,TIMP-1的表达强于TIMP-2的表达，癌周组织中TIMP-1和TIMP-2mRNA和相关抗原的表达与肝组织病理改变相关，即肝硬化者表达强，慢性肝炎者表达弱，正常肝组织无表达。结论：原发性肝癌的癌组织中存在TIMP-1和TIMP-2mRNA及相关抗原的表达，其表达强度可能与原发性肝癌的分型有关，它可能通过抑制MMP的活性使ECM降解减少从而阻止癌细胞通过基底膜移出而抑制肝癌细胞向周围浸润及转移。     

紧贴胃食管壁的贲门周围血管离断术联合涤纶片覆盖治疗食管胃底静脉曲张

目的探讨食管胃底静脉曲张的有效治疗方法.方法将需施行贲门周围血管离断术的食管胃底静脉曲张患者61例随机分成两组.对照组30例,采用传统脾切除术 贲门周围血管离断术;观察组31例,在脾切除术后,紧贴胃食管壁行贲门周围血管离断术,保留自胃冠状静脉→食管旁静脉丛→奇静脉的侧支通畅;创面用生物胶止血,将医用涤纶片覆盖在剥离后的食管下段、胃底.结果术后3、5年,两组食管静脉曲张程度均有明显差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);食管胃底静脉曲张再破裂出血率,观察组分别为6.5%(2/31)、9.7%(3/31),对照组分别为30%(9/30)、53.3%(16/30),两组相比均有明显差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).术后5年食管胃底静脉曲张再破裂出血致死率,观察组为3.2%(1/31)、对照组为23.3%(7/30),两组相比P＜0.05.结论紧贴胃食管壁的贲门周围血管离断术联合涤纶片覆盖,能有效阻止食管胃底周围新生侧支循环的建立,明显降低贲门周围血管离断术后食管、胃底静脉曲张再破裂出血率.     

Clinical, radiological and pathological study of 88 cases of typical and complicated scleroma

Background: Scleroma is a chronic specific granulomatous disease. It is considered endemic in Central America, Egypt, tropical Africa, India, and Indonesia. The most common complaint is nasal obstruction, other symptoms include; rhinorrhea, epistaxis, dysphagia, stridor, and dysphonia. Aim: So our objective was to focus on the various clinical and radiological manifestations of scleroma in an endemic area, with some atypical symptoms and signs, and to alert physicians to suspect scleroma or its complications in any case of unexplained nasal lesion. Material and methodology: Our study included 88 cases who were admitted in our otorhinolaryngology department. They presented with various manifestations of Rhino‐pharyngo‐laryngo scleroma, out of these patients 16 cases showed atypical presentations. Our diagnosis was based on clinical and radiological examination, aided by bacteriological and pathological examination. Results: Patients with typical rhinoscleroma (72 patients) presented with various nasal and laryngo‐tracheal symptoms. 16 patients (18%) presented complaining of various nasal symptoms and signs, which were not suspected to be rhinoscleroma, so our workup was directed to diagnose those patients, and their final diagnosis was reached to be rhinoscleroma, we sub classified those patients according to their presentation. Conclusion: Rhinoscleroma can present clinically with atypical features, so in order to avoid misdiagnosis, it is important to keep in mind these atypical manifestations. Please cite this paper as: Fawaz S, Tiba M, Salman M, and Othman H. Clinical, radiological and pathological study of 88 cases of typical and complicated scleroma. Clin Respir J 2011; 5: 112–121.     

Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity: Review and Optimization of Effects of Nanoparticles

This review was focused on expressing the effects of base liquid, temperature, possible surfactant, concentration and characteristics of nanoparticles including size, shape and material on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. An increase in nanoparticle concentration can lead to an increase in thermal conductivity and viscosity and an increase in nanoparticle size, can increase or decrease thermal conductivity, while an increase in nanoparticle size decreases the viscosity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants at low concentrations can increase thermal conductivity, but at high concentrations, surfactants help to reduce thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants can decrease the nanofluid viscosity. Increasing the temperature, increased the thermal conductivity of a nanofluid, while decreasing its viscosity. Additionally, the effects of material of nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of a nanofluid need further investigations. In the case of hybrid nanofluids, it was observed that nanofluids with two different particles have the same trend of behavior as nanofluids with single particles in the regard to changes in temperature and concentration. Additionally, the level of accuracy of existing theoretical models for thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids was examined.     

Influence of socio-demographic, clinical and functional factors on the severity of dementia

Dementia is one of the most relevant illnesses due to its functional impact on the elderly. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of socio-demographic, clinical, cognitive and functional factors on the severity of dementia in elderly individuals. One hundred six elderly individuals with a diagnosis of dementia as determined by the DSM-IV/APA participated in the study. Cognition was assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE); functional performance of basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADLs and IADLs) was assessed by the Katz index (KI), Lawton-Brody index (LBI) and Pfeffer index (PI). The severity of dementia was established through the clinical dementia rating (CDR). In order to determine the influence of factors on the degree of dementia, ordinal regression analysis was performed. Age, MMSE, KI, LBI and PI scores had statistically significant associations to the severity of dementia. However, only the age (odds ratio (OR) = 0.197; confidence interval (CI) = 0.060-0.643) and performance in IADLs (LBI: OR = 1.237, CI = 1.077-1.422; PI: OR = 0.641, CI = 0.548-0.750) were maintained in the final ordinal regression model, R² = 0.818. The results show that elderly individuals over 80 years of age and those with a more compromised performance in IADLs have a greater chance of exhibiting more severe degrees of dementia. These findings suggest that the ability to perform IADLs may be an important variable in differentiating degrees of the severity of dementia.     

Processes of care and outcomes for community-acquired pneumonia

Background

Although processes of care are common proxies for health care quality, their associations with medical outcomes remain uncertain.

Methods

For 2076 patients hospitalized with pneumonia from 32 emergency departments, we used multilevel logistic regression modeling to assess independent associations between patient outcomes and the performance of 4 individual processes of care (assessment of oxygenation, blood cultures, and rapid initiation [<4 hours] and appropriate selection of antibiotic therapy) and the cumulative number of processes of care performed.

Results

Overall, 141 patients (6.8%) died. Mortality was 0.3% to 1.7% lower for patients who had each of the individual processes of care performed (P ≥.13 for each comparison); mortality was 7.5% for patients who had 0 to 2 processes of care, 7.2% for those with 3 processes of care, and 5.8% for those with all 4 processes of care performed (P = .39). Mortality was not significantly associated with either individual or cumulative process measures in multivariable models.

Conclusion

Neither the individual processes of care nor the cumulative number performed is associated with short-term mortality for pneumonia.     

植物油乳治疗胃溃疡的实验与临床研究

目的：对两种植物油乳──鸦胆子油乳（简称鸦乳）和豆油乳治疗胃溃疡的作用进行观察。方法：首先观察鸦乳对四种胃溃疡动物模型的疗效，进而探讨其对动物胃粘膜内源性PGE2、MDA、SOD活性和氧自由基相对含量的影响，然后通过开放性临床观察和随机双盲对照试验观察其临床疗效。结果：鸦乳对四种胃溃疡动物模型均有疗效（P＜0．01）；豆油乳对应激性胃溃疡动物模型亦有疗效，作用与鸦乳比较，差异无显著性（P＞0．05）；鸦乳增加动物及人体胃粘膜内源性PGE2（P＜0．01），降低动物胃粘膜SOD活性（P＜0．01），减低动物胃粘膜MDA和氧自由基相对含量（P＜0．01）。开放性临床观察及随机双盲对照临床观察均显示，鸦乳治疗胃溃疡的8周有效率＞91．62％，8周愈合率＞75％，疗效优于对照剂西咪替丁（国产）和石蜡油乳（P＜0.01），未发现不良反应。结论：鸦乳和豆油乳治疗胃溃疡的疗效是肯定的，其主要作用机理是增加胃粘膜内源性PGE2、减轻氧自由基对胃粘膜的损害。     

病原生物学研究生培养模式改革的实践与思考

为了探讨目前我同病原生物学研究生的培养模式，提高培养质量，自2009年9月对该专业硕士研究生的培养措施进行了改革，包括基础课程、教学实践、现场培训、专业英语教学、分类指导、学位论文审查和师生互动等方面。结果表明，改革后研究生的学位论文质量、发表论文及获得科学研究项目情况均比改革前有明显提高，毕业后从事寄生虫学相关工作的研究生数量呈现上升趋势。