脑室出血的三级治疗方案

目的探索脑室出血的分级治疗方案。方法按修改Graeb评分标准观察了237例脑室出血（IVH）患者的积血评分、出血后脑积水（PHH）及病程21d内病死率。用Logistic回归法建立并发PHH的预测方程，以5％与95％二概率点将观察样本分为三个段别，提出初步三级治疗方案。应用X^2检验比较各评分点组治疗方法对病死率的影响，修正上述三级治疗方案。结果按修改Graeb评分标准，评分1—4段中各点PHH发生概率小于5％，内科保守治疗的病死率在各点均为0；PHH发生概率大于95％的评分点于11-12间，外科引流能显著降低10-12段内各评分点组的病死率；而评分5～9者，PHH发生概率为9．6％～81．0％，内科保守或外科引流对该段内各评分点组的病死率影响差异无统计学意义。结论按修改Graeb评分标准，据IVH评分大小分三级治疗：一级即评分1～4者行内科保守治疗；二级即评分5～9者可在有外科引流准备的条件下行内科保守治疗；三级即评分10～12者应予以积极的外科引流。     

修改Graeb评分标准预测脑室积血并发急性梗阻性脑积水

目的 寻找一种客观实用的方法,预测脑室积血（IVH）并发急性梗阻性脑积水（AOH）的发生概率。方法 用原Graeb及修改Graeb2种评分标准,对积血为主要部位的第四脑室组15例、第三脑室组19例及基底节出血所致侧脑室组38例,根据有无AOH,用四格表确切概率法及Logistic回归分析法分析积分与脑积水的关系。结果 按修改Gradb标准在敏感性和特异性二曲线交点时,敏感性、特异性、误诊率、漏诊率、诊断效率、Youclen和K值分别为0.952、0.90、0.1、0.048、0.93、0.852和0.85。用Logisticl回归分析5-12分者并发AOH的概率分别为：0.02、0.07、0.26、0.62、0.88、0.97、0.99及1.0。结论 修改Graeb标准能较好地预测第三、第四脑室及幕上出血量小于30ml所致IVH并发AOH的发生概率。     

修改Graeb评分标准预测脑室积血并发急性梗阻性脑积水

目的寻找一种客观实用的方法,预测脑室积血(IVH)并发急性梗阻性脑积水(AOH)的发生概率.方法用原Graeb及修改Graeb 2种评分标准,对积血为主要部位的第四脑室组15例、第三脑室组19例及基底节出血所致侧脑室组38例,根据有无AOH,用四格表确切概率法及Logistic回归分析法分析积分与脑积水的关系.结果按修改Graeb标准在敏感性和特异性二曲线交点时,敏感性、特异性、误诊率、漏诊率、诊断效率、Youclen和K值分别为0.952、0.90、0.1、0.048、0.93、0.852和0.85.用Logistic回归分析5～12分者并发AOH的概率分别为: 0.02、 0.07、 0.26、 0.62、 0.88、 0.97、 0.99及1.0.结论修改Graeb标准能较好地预测第三、第四脑室及幕上出血量小于30 ml所致IVH并发AOH的发生概率.     

侧脑室出血后并发急性脑积水预测方法研究

目的 探讨侧脑室出血后并发急性脑积水(PHH)的预测方法。方法 67例原发性及幕上脑出血继发侧脑室出血患，分别用Graeb标准和修改Graeb标准给脑室出血评分，以CT复查及侧脑室外引流有无急性梗阻性脑积水(PHH)为金标准，用四格表确切概率法分析各积分区段的敏感性(Se)与特异性(Sp)值，以及诊断界点值时各统计学参数的效度，用L0gistic回归分析法探讨各积分点与PHH发生的关系。结果 按修改Graeb标准其诊断界点时、Se、Sp、Kappa值、诊断效率与诊断指数值分别为0．90、0．87、0．74、0．88与1．77；而从3—12相应各积点并发PHH的概率分别为0．0ll、0．031、0．083、0．204、0．418、0．669、0．850、0．941、0．978与0．993。结论 用Logistic回归分析法结合修改Graeb标准，对侧脑室出血后PHH的预测是可取的，而且具有较高预测价值。     

自发性脑室出血后脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨自发性脑室出血后形成脑积水的相关危险因素,以指导临床治疗决策。方法回顾性分析南京医科大学附属逸夫医院2016-06—2020-05收治的152例自发性脑室出血患者的临床资料,其中脑室出血后发生脑积水67例,未发生脑积水85例。将2组患者性别、年龄、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、原发出血部位、有无脑疝、Graeb评分、受累及的脑室数量和颅内感染等指标进行比较,多因素Logistic回归分析脑室出血后发生脑积水的危险因素。结果与未发生脑积水组相比,发生脑积水组患者GCS评分≤8分、Graeb评分≥6分、受累及的脑室数量和颅内感染比例较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组性别、年龄、脑疝、原发出血部位差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析表明GCS评分≤8分、Graeb评分≥6分和颅内感染是自发性脑室出血后发生脑积水的独立危险因素。结论 GCS评分、Graeb评分以及是否并发颅内感染是影响自发性脑室内出血后发生脑积水的重要因素。     

原发性脑室出血的治疗与选择

目的探讨原发性脑室内出血的病因及其治疗效果。方法从临床角度分析、比较了原发性脑室内出血患者的病因及疗效。结果病因首推高血压（占58.1%）,其次为动静脉畸形（占9.7%）,外伤及其它原因（占9.7%）,不明病因者占22.6%。疗效①保守治疗18例;GOS5分者15例,4分者1例,1分者2例。②侧脑室外引流10例;GOS5分者4例,3分者3例,2分者1例,1分者2例。③采取急诊开颅血肿清除、AVM切除、脑室外引流者4例;GOS5分者3例,4分者1例。①与②之间疗效经t检验,P＜0.05,具有显著差异。结论对于非AVM的PIVH治疗方法选择,我们认为①只要没有伴发急性梗阻性脑积水,即使患者为全脑室出血和（或）伴有轻度意识障碍,也应暂时采用保守治疗。②对于伴发轻或中度脑积水者,是否手术应结合患者意识障碍及动态CT所见决定。③对于无伴发急性梗阻性脑积水的患者,过分积极的脑室外引流有加重脑室内再出血的危险。     

双侧脑室引流灌洗加脑脊液置换治疗重型脑室出血的观察

目的探讨重症脑室出血的救治方法。方法采用双侧脑室引流灌洗加腰穿脑脊液置换的联合方法，治疗重型脑室出血52例，并依据其治疗效果，与以前常规单侧引流的45例资料对照。结果本组救治52例重症脑室出血病人（Graeb评分≥5分）的脑室通畅时间、神志转清时间、脑脊液正常时间较对照组明显缩短，病死率明显下降。结论双侧脑室引流灌洗加腰穿脑脊液置换，能解除脑室内压力急骤上升，是一种安全、可行、有效的方法。     

脑室外引流结合储液囊埋植引流术治疗重度脑室内出血

目的 探讨脑室外引流结合储液囊埋植引流术治疗重度脑室内出血（IVH）的临床疗效。方法 对26例重度IVH病人行一侧脑室引流术，对侧脑室置入引流管接Ommaya囊埋植于头皮下备用。先行常规脑室外引流1周左右。再拨除脑室外引流管，作Ommaya囊穿刺外引流。结果 26例患者中，25．例有充足的时间引流至脑脊液变清，无1例发生颅内感染。出院时根据GOS评级，预后良好18例，中残6例，重残1例，死亡1例。结论 脑室外引流结合储液囊埋植引流术是对常规脑室外引流治疗重度IVH的安全、有效的改进，能有效减少重度IVH治疗过程中的并发症，提高疗效。     

神经导航下内镜手术与脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血的比较

目的 比较神经导航下内镜手术与脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血（IVH）的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月手术治疗的69例IVH的临床资料，其中31例行神经导航下内镜手术（内镜组），38例行脑室外引流术（引流组）。结果 根据自发性IVH分级方法:内镜组Ⅰ级1例，Ⅱ级15例，Ⅲ级13例，Ⅳ级2例；引流组Ⅰ级2例，Ⅱ级19例，Ⅲ级15例，Ⅳ级2例。低级别组（IVH分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级）中，内镜组和引流组血肿清除率、引流管放置时间、并发症发生率和术后3个月GOS评分均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。高级别组（IVH分级Ⅲ~Ⅳ级）中，内镜组血肿清除率、引流管放置时间、并发症发生率和术后3个月GOS评分均明显优于引流组（P<0.05）。结论 两种手术方式均可有效治疗IVH。对高级别IVH，内镜手术效果更好。     

双侧脑室外引流加腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换术治疗重症自发性脑室出血的死因分析

目的：分析双侧脑室外引流加腰穿脑脊液置换术治疗自发性脑室出血（IVH）的死亡原因，并提出相应治疗和预防措施。方法：对1996年12月至2000年12月收治的76例重型IVH病人进行回顾性分析及结合文献进行复习。结果：脑室铸形，四脑室梗阻致高颅压和术后再出血，脑梗死，急性梗阻性脑积水及持续中枢性高热，消化道出血，呼吸衰竭等并发症是IVH的主要死亡原因。结论：采用积极有效的手术方法，术后合理治疗及预防措施能进一步降低IVH的死亡率。     

A priority treatment of the intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) should be performed in the patients suffering intracerebral hemorrhage with large IVH

Background

In patients suffering from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with ventricular hemorrhage (IVH), the IVH severity is thought to be associated with prognosis. Therefore, treating IVH may be a beneficial therapeutic target. In this study, by examining the associations among IVH severity, hydrocephalus, initial level of consciousness and prognosis, we attempted to identify which grade of IVH severity should be considered for surgical treatment.

Methods

One hundred twenty-nine patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH treated in our hospital between 2005 and 2006 were screened in this study. Of these patients, 100 with an ICH volume less than 60 ml were categorized into either the ICH patients without IVH (no-IVH) group (n = 65) or the ICH patients with IVH (IVH) group (n = 35). The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale assessed at the time of discharge was employed as an outcome index, and a KPS score of ≤40 was defined as the bedridden state. Age, gender, hemorrhage location, volume of ICH, IVH grade (according to the Graeb score), acute hydrocephalus, surgical ICH removal, and ventricular drainage were selected for univariate analyses with logistic regression.

Results

Elderly patients, IVH volume, acute hydrocephalus, and poor initial level of consciousness were significantly associated with an unfavorable prognosis in the IVH group. Poor level of consciousness was significantly dependent on acute hydrocephalus, and significantly more occurrences of acute hydrocephalus were found in patients with a high IVH volume (Graeb score ≥6) than in patients with low to moderate IVH volume (Graeb score ≤6).

Conclusions

IVH severity influenced the occurrence of acute hydrocephalus and initial level of consciousness, which was significantly associated with prognosis. Our results suggest that priority treatment of the IVH should be given to those ICH patients with IVH admitted with a Graeb score of 6 or more.     

Safety of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) Thrombolysis Based on CT Localization of External Ventricular Drain (EVD) Fenestrations and Analysis of EVD Tract Hemorrhage

Background

The purpose of the study is to review the CT findings associated with ventriculostomy placement in regards to the safety of an EVD plus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for IVH.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted for patients receiving intraventricular rt-PA for IVH from January 2004 to September 2009. Safety was assessed by the presence of EVD tract hemorrhage by CT at baseline after EVD placement, worsening hemorrhage after rt-PA, and CSF infection. IVH volumetrics were assessed by the Le Roux score and outcomes by Glasgow Outcome Scale and modified Rankin Scale.

Results

Twenty-seven patients received rt-PA for IVH. Median dose was 2 mg (range 0.3–8) and a median of two doses (range 1–17) were given. Worsening EVD catheter tract hemorrhage after rt-PA was 46.7 %, with a significantly higher incidence of worsening tract hemorrhage seen with incorrectly placed EVDs (p = 0.04). IVH hematoma burden decreased by a median Le Roux score of 10 (range 3–16) prior to rt-PA to 4 (range 0–16) after rt-PA. There were no central nervous system bacterial infections.

Conclusion

Intraventricular rt-PA appears to be relatively safe especially when all EVD fenestrations are within the ventricle and reduces IVH burden similar to other studies. We describe a CT-based EVD tract hemorrhage grading scale to evaluate EVD tract hemorrhage before and after thrombolysis, and a bone-window technique to evaluate EVD fenestrations prior to IVH thrombolysis. Further research is needed evaluating these imaging techniques in regard to intraventricular thrombolytic safety and EVD tract hemorrhage.     

Determinants of External Ventricular Drain Placement and Associated Outcomes in Patients with Spontaneous Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Background

External ventricular drain (EVD) usage in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is variable in current practice and in clinical trials, and its impact on outcome remains controversial. The objective of this study was to identify the clinical predictors of EVD utilization, and associated outcome in adults with spontaneous IVH with or without intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

Retrospective review of 183 consecutive IVH patients admitted to a University Hospital between 2003 and 2010. Clinical and radiographic data were analyzed for associations between EVD placement and mortality, poor outcome, and improvement in Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) using multivariate logistic regression models.

Results

Average age was 62 ± 15.6 years, and average ICH and IVH volumes were 35.8 ± 40.9 cc and 19.7 ± 25.3 cc, respectively. Independent predictors of EVD placement within first 5 days of admission were GCS ≤ 8 (OR 11.5; P < 0.001), Graeb score >5 (OR 4.6; P = 0.001), and non-lobar ICH ≤ 30 cc (OR 9.7; P < 0.001). Median GCS increased from 5 (IQR 3–7) 48 h post-EVD (P < 0.001). EVD placement was an independent predictor of reduced mortality (OR 0.31; P = 0.04) and modified Rankin score 0–3 (OR 15.7; P = 0.01) at hospital discharge. In patients with hydrocephalus on presentation, EVD was associated with reduced mortality for patients with GCS > 3 after controlling for ICH and IVH severity (OR 0.02; P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Patients with lower GCS, higher IVH severity, and lower ICH volume are more likely to have an EVD placed. EVD placement is associated with reduced mortality and improved short-term outcomes in patients with IVH after adjusting for known severity factors. EVD use should be protocolized in clinical trials of ICH management where IVH is included.     

Minimally invasive evacuation of intraventricular hemorrhage with the Apollo vibration/suction device

Intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) can occur as a consequence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, aneurysm rupture, arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage, trauma, or coagulopathy. IVH is a known risk factor for poor clinical outcome with up to 80% mortality. The current standard treatment strategy for IVH consists of the placement of an external ventricular drain. We report our early experience with using the Apollo suction/vibration aspiration system (Penumbra, Alameda, CA, USA) for minimally invasive evacuation of IVH with a review of the pertinent literature. Medical records of patients with IVH who were admitted to Rush University Medical Center, USA, from July to November 2014 were queried from the electronic database. Patients with Graeb Scores (GS) >6 were selected for minimally invasive IVH evacuation with the Apollo aspiration system. Patient demographics, pre- and post-operative GS, pre- and post-operative modified Graeb Score (mGS), as well procedure related complications were analyzed and recorded. A total of eight patients (five men) were identified during the study period. The average age was 55.5 years. The mean GS was 9.6 pre-operatively and decreased to 4.9 post-operatively (p = 0.0002). The mean mGS was 22.9 pre-operatively and decreased to 11.4 post-operatively (p = 0.0001). Most of the IVH reduction occurred in the frontal horn and atrium of the lateral ventricle, as well the third ventricle. One (1/8) procedure-related complication occurred consisted of a tract hemorrhage. The Apollo system can be used for minimally invasive IVH evacuation to achieve significant blood clot volume reduction with minimal procedure-related complication.     

Dynamic evolution of D-dimer level in cerebrospinal fluid predicts poor outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage combined with intraventricular hemorrhage

The risk of mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) significantly increases when complicated by intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). We hypothesize that serial measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) D-dimer levels in patients with both ICH and IVH may serve as an early marker of IVH severity. We performed a prospective study of 43 consecutive ICH patients combined with IVH and external ventricular drainage placement admitted in our institution from 2005–2006. IVH severity (Graeb score) and fibrinolytic activity were evaluated continuously for 7 days using CT scans and CSF D-dimer levels. The primary outcome was 30 day mortality. Overall 30 day mortality was 26% (n = 11), with eight deaths (72.7%) after 3 days (D3). Graeb score and CSF D-dimer on admission (D0) were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. The temporal profiles of both parameters were distinctly different, with a downward trend in survivors and an upward trend in non-survivors. A mortality rate of 54% was observed between D0–D3 when both scores increased during this interval. In contrast, the mortality was only 4% when both measures decreased during this interval. Early phase (D0–D3) CSF D-dimer or Graeb score change demonstrated high sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 81% when predicting 30 day mortality. Early phase CSF D-dimer change in patients with both ICH and IVH is accurate in predicting mortality and may be utilized as a cost-effective surrogate indicator of IVH severity. Serial monitoring of CSF D-dimer dynamic changes is useful for early identification of patients with hematoma progression and poor outcome.     

Drainage Efficiency with Dual Versus Single Catheters in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Background

Little is known about the efficacy of single versus dual extraventricular drain (EVD) use in intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), with and without thrombolytic therapy.

Methods

Post-hoc analysis of seven patients with dual bilateral EVDs from two multicenter trials involving 100 patients with IVH, and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume <30?ml requiring emergency external ventricular drainage. Seven ??control?? patients with single catheters were matched by IVH volume and distribution and treatment assignment. Head CT scans were obtained daily during intraventricular injections for quantitative determination of IVH volume.

Results

Median [min?Cmax] age of the 14 subjects was 56 [40?C73] years. Median duration of EVD was 7.9 days (single catheter group) versus 12.2 days (dual catheter group) (P?=?0.34). Baseline median IVH volume was not significantly different between groups (75.4?ml [22.4?C105.1]??single EVD vs. 84.5?ml [42.0?C132.0]??dual EVD; P?=?0.28). Comparing the change in IVH volume on time-matched CT scans during dual EVD use, the median decrease in IVH volume in dual catheter patients was significantly larger (52.1 [31.7?C81.1]?ml) versus single catheter patients (34.5 [13.1?C73.9]?ml) (P?=?0.004). There was a trend to greater decrease in IVH volume during dual EVD use in both rt-PA (P?=?0.9) and placebo-treated (P?=?0.11) subgroups.

Conclusion

The decision to place dual EVDs is generally reserved for large IVH (>40?ml) with casting and mass effect. The use of dual simultaneous catheters may increase clot resolution with or without adjunctive thrombolytic therapy.     

Intraventricular Fibrinolysis for Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Severe Ventricular Involvement

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Several factors contribute to the deleterious effects of IVH, including direct mass effects of the ventricular blood clot on ependymal and subependymal brain structures, mechanical and inflammatory impairment of the Pacchioni granulations by blood and its breakdown products, and disturbance of physiological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation. Acute obstructive hydrocephalus represents a major life-threatening complication of IVH and is usually treated with an external ventricular drainage (EVD). However, treatment with EVD alone is frequently not sufficiently effective due to obstruction of the catheter by blood. In the past two decades, intraventricular fibrinolysis (IVF) has been increasingly used for maintenance of EVD functionality and acceleration of ventricular clot resolution in such patients. Unfortunately, there is no prospective, randomized controlled trial addressing the effect of IVF on clinical outcome. The available data on IVF consist of small retrospective case series, case reports, and a few prospective case–control studies, which are the subject of the present review article. All these studies, when considered in their entirety, suggest that IVF has a positive impact on mortality and functional outcome, and could be considered as a treatment option for selected patients.     

External Ventricular Drainage for Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for only 10% to 15% of all strokes; however, it is associated with devastating outcomes. Extension of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) into the ventricles or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has been consistently demonstrated as an independent predictor of poor outcome. In most circumstances the increased intracranial pressure and acute hydrocephalus caused by ICH is managed by placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD). We present a systematic review of the literature on the topic of EVD in the setting of IVH hemorrhage, articulating the scope of the problem and prognostic factors, clinical indications, surgical adjuncts, and other management issues.     

Uncommon causes of intraventricular hemorrhage

The advent of CT has lead to discovery of a wide variety of unusual causes of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hence to the shifts in the proportional incidence of its different etiologies. From 96 patients with IVH, 7 uncommon cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) associated with IVH, including 2 due to anticoagulation treatment, 1 because of thrombolytic therapy, 1 due to thrombocytopenia, 2 as operative complications and 1 due to metastatic brain tumor are presented. In patients with blood disorders-related IVH the clinical presentation was similar to 'stroke in evolution', and the severity of IVH correlated with neurological deficit on admission and outcome of 3/4. All of the patients were treated with external ventricular drainage (EVD), 1 underwent partial evacuation of ICH in addition. 4 (57%) patients, including 3 with coagulation defect deceased. The peculiar aspects of uncommon causes of IVH are discussed on the basis of a review of the literature. The authors suggest that a standardized differentiated protocol should be adopted for the management of every uncommon type of IVH. An active attitude towards the evacuation of blood disorders-related ICHs and IVHs seems to be justified.