The role of colonoscopy in patient follow-up after surgery for colorectal cancer. A retrospective study and review of the literature

To improve survival rate after colon or rectum resection for cancer patients should be strictly followed up in order to identify possible local disease relapse or metachronous neoplasia. From October 2002 to January 2006, 864 patients had undergone colonoscopy and 68 were treated surgically for colorectal adenocarcinoma. Of these, 36 were men and 32 women, with a mean age of 63 years. Nineteen of the patients underwent a left colectomy, 28 an anterior resection, 18 a right colectomy and 3 a resection of the transverse colon. For all these patients follow-up program include a colonoscopy performed annually for the first two years, and subsequently, if the results were negative, after a further three and then five years. Out of 68 patients, 2 showed suspect anastomotic recurrence, which proved to be granulomas at the histological examination. In addition, in 11 cases, there were 3 right colon adenomatous polyps, 2 transverse colon polyps (one villous and the other tubular), 5 descending colon polyps (three tubular and two villous) and 1 tubulo-villous polyp of the rectum. No metachronous neoplasias were observed. An examination of the data resulting from our own 68 cases shows that, in spite of the fact that no local disease relapse or metachronous neoplasia was observed, the identification of 11 polyps would suggest that the use of colonoscopy in such patients might be the gold standard for early diagnosis of recurrences and new polyps.     

Laparoscopic‐monitored colonoscopic polypectomy: a multimodality method to avoid segmental colon resection

Aim In some patients with adenoma, snare polypectomy may be technically impossible owing to angulation of the colon or after previous surgery. This may result in a segmental colonic resection, if malignant invasion is thought to be likely. Laparoscopic mobilization of the colon to enable a simultaneous colonoscopy can avoid this difficulty. Method A feasibility study was performed in 11 patients for whom endoscopic removal was technically impossible due to fibrosis after previous surgery or to anatomical difficulty. In 10, adenoma (histologically benign) had been diagnosed during diagnostic colonoscopy and in the remaining patient the indication was rectal bleeding. Results It was possible to perform a full colonoscopy after laparoscopic mobilization in all cases. In nine of the 10 patients with adenoma 11 tubulovillous adenomas were removed endoscopically, and in one the tumour was too large for endoscopic resection even after full mobilization. A laparoscopic segmental resection was performed in this case. In the patient with rectal bleeding, colonoscopy revealed an angiodysplasia of the caecum, also treated by resection. Apart from the two patients having resection, all patients were discharged within 24 h of the procedure. During endoscopic follow up (4–27 months) there were no recurrences. Conclusions Combined laparoscopy and endoscopy enabled removal of adenomas otherwise inaccessible for endoscopic techniques. Thus, segmental colon resections can be avoided in most of these patients.     

Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic colon resection versus open colon resection for adenocarcinoma

Laparoscopic colon resection (LCR) has been performed in the United States sine 1990. This procedure has been accepted by many as a reasonable alternative for nonmalignant, colonic, surgical disease, but the laparoscopic approach remains controversial for curative treatment of carcinoma. In this paper, the results of a nonrandomized series of two large experiences of laparoscopic colon resections were performed and followed for 3 1/2 years in a prospective fashion against an equal number of patients who underwent open resection. The setting was several large metropolitan hospitals in San Antonio, Texas. Over 194 patients were involved in this study. Each patient once diagnosed with resectable colonic cancer was allowed to choose their own procedure, laparoscopic or open colon resection, either of which was performed by the authors. Factors considered include age, sex, body habitus, stage of cancer, margins of resection, numbers of lymph nodes retrieved, hospitalization time, and follow-up period. Observations at this time indicate the following: (1) LCR allows for resection comparable to the classical approach, (2) equal numbers of mesenteric lymph nodes can be retrieved, (3) adequacy of margins of resection can be accurately determined by colonoscopy during LCR, and (4) brief follow-up periods show comparable survival and disease-free intervals. It is the conclusion of the authors that with proper training LCR will come to be recognized as a safe, effective surgical option for treatment of selected patients with colon cancer.     

Hepatic portal venous gas after endoscopy in a patient with anastomotic obstruction

A 72-year-old male underwent a laparoscopic low anterior resection for advanced rectal cancer.A diverting loop ileostomy was constructed due to an anastomotic leak five days postoperatively.Nine months later,colonoscopy performed through the stoma showed complete anastomotic obstruction.The mucosa of the proximal sigmoid colon was atrophic and whitish.Ten days after the colonoscopy,the patient presented in shock with abdominal pain.Abdominal computed tomography scan showed hepatic portal venous gas(HPVG) and a dilated left colon.HPVG induced by obstructive colitis was diagnosed and a transverse colostomy performed emergently.His subsequent hospital course was unremarkable.Rectal anastomosis with diverting ileostomy is often performed in patients with low rectal cancers.In patients with anastomotic obstruction or severe stenosis,colonoscopy through diverting stoma should be avoided.Emergent operation to decompress the obstructed proximal colon is necessary in patients with a blind intestinal loop accompanied by HPVG.     

Colonoscopic surveillance after curative colorectal resection: Results of an empirical surveillance programme

Introduction Colonoscopic surveillance after colorectal cancer resection is widely practised despite little evidence that it improves survival. The optimum protocol for colonoscopic follow‐up after colorectal cancer resection has not yet been elucidated. We audited the outcome of an empirical colonoscopic follow‐up programme in a cohort of patients who underwent colorectal resection with a minimum of five years follow‐up to establish patterns of metachronous neoplasia and suitable surveillance intervals. Methods The colonoscopic records, biopsy results and follow‐up details of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer between June1990 and June1996 were reviewed. The number and type of metachronous neoplastic lesions diagnosed was recorded. Rates of development of new neoplasms were estimated by calculating the time from operation to their first discovery. Factors predictive of further development of polyps or cancer were sought. Results were compared to published reports of intensive follow‐up programmes. Results Seven hundred and ninety‐eight patients underwent colorectal resection with curative intent during the study period. 226 patients had one or more follow‐up colonoscopies (mean time post resection 48.8 months). In total 352 colonoscopies, encompassing 1437 patient years of surveillance, were performed. Nine metachronous cancers in eight patients, five of which were asymptomatic were diagnosed by colonoscopy at a mean of 63 months. Three asymptomatic recurrences were diagnosed but all were inoperable. 70 (31%) patients had adenomatous polyps diagnosed after a mean time from operation of 34 months for simple adenomatous polyps and 21 months for those with advanced features. Patients with multiple polyps or advanced polyps at the initial colonoscopy were more likely to form subsequent polyps. Only 5.8% of patients with a single adenoma or a normal colon formed an advanced adenoma over the next 36 months of surveillance. Conclusion The results of an empirical colonoscopic follow‐up programme compared favourably to the results of the intensive programmes reported in the literature. Most patients are at very low risk of developing significant colonic pathology over the first five years after resection. Colonoscopic surveillance intervals need not be less than five years unless the patient has multiple adenomas or advanced adenomas at the first colonoscopy. Three yearly surveillance intervals are most probably adequate in these individuals.     

Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Appendix Invading the Ascending Colon with Fistula Formation: Report of a Case

Based on colonoscopy findings, we made a preoperative diagnosis of primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix with features of a submucosal tumor (SMT) in the ascending colon. A 59-year-old woman who presented with right lower quadrant abdominal pain underwent colonoscopy, which revealed an SMT with three nodules covered with mucus in the ascending colon. Examination of colonoscopic biopsy specimens indicated “very” well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with mucus lakes. Abdominal computed tomography showed irregular wall thickness from the cecum to the ascending colon. The adjacent appendix had an enhanced wall and unclear border against the ascending colon. Thus, we performed right hemicolectomy, with good results. Histopathological examination revealed mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix, invading the ascending colon with fistula formation. Appendiceal tumors can manifest with a variety of colonoscopic features, and curative surgical resection should be attempted even if there is fistula formation.     

Intraoperative colonoscopy for anastomosis assessment in laparoscopically assisted left-sided colon resection: is it worthwhile?

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative colonoscopy in laparoscopically assisted left-sided colon resection for the assessment of anastomosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive laparoscopically assisted left-sided colon resections performed at our department between May 2001 and February 2006 were included in this study. After colon resection and reanastomosis, an intraoperative colonoscopy was performed to detect anastomosis risk. RESULTS: A total of 122 patients were enrolled in this study. In 73 patients (59.84%), the anastomosis was checked via colonoscopy (the study group, (SG), whereas the control group (CG) consisted of 49 (40.16%) patients without colonoscopy. Of the 122 patients, 65 (53.28%) underwent a laparoscopically assisted sigmoid resection, 45 (36.89%) a laparoscopically assisted sigmoid rectum resection, 4 (3.28%) a laparoscopically assisted anterior rectum resection, and 8 (6.56%) a laparoscopically assisted left hemicolectomy. In the study group, 5 (6.85%) anastomotic leakages were intraoperatively detected and oversewn. A total of 6 (4.92%) anastomotic leakages occurred in the early postoperative period (SG: 4 [5.47%] vs. CG: 2 [4.08%]; P = 0.541). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative evaluation of anastomosis prevents early anastomotic insufficiency because intraoperative identification of leaks allows for repair during surgery. Nevertheless, a certain rate of anastomotic dehiscence occurs in every kind of colon resection. The sometimes increased rate of dehiscence in laparoscopic-assisted colon resection can be reduced by intraoperative colonoscopy.     

Peri-operative colonoscopy detects synchronous tumours in patients with colorectal cancers

The aim of this study was to assess the value of colonoscopy as a peri-operative investigation in patients treated for colorectal cancer by surgical excision. Patients (134 male, 83 female) undergoing curative resection for colorectal carcinoma between August 1984 and January 1989 had colonoscopy within 3 months of surgery. Eleven patients (5%) had a synchronous cancer, which was diagnosed by colonoscopy in eight. In six of these eight, the diagnosis was made after surgery and 3 patients needed a second colectomy. However, in 3 patients the synchronous cancer was removed endoscopically without the need for further surgical resection. Most synchronous cancers had an earlier pathological stage than the index tumour. The rate of synchronous cancers was higher in patients with synchronous benign polyps (16%) than in those without polyps (3%). Colonoscopy is clearly justified as a peri-operative investigation in all patients undergoing potentially curative resection of colorectal cancer. If possible, the examination should be carried out prior to surgery, to guide the extent of resection.     

腹腔镜结肠镜诊治直肠癌合并结直肠息肉22例分析

目的:探讨直肠癌合并结直肠息肉的发生率及腹腔镜结合结肠镜处理直肠癌合并结直肠息肉的方法。方法:回顾分析腹腔镜、结肠镜处理直肠癌合并结直肠息肉22例患者的临床资料。结果:9例直肠癌患者结肠镜检查结直肠息肉检出率为24.10%,显著高于同期结肠镜检查结直肠息肉的总检出率12.19%(P<0.01)。直肠癌患者行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术,术前、术中行结肠镜息肉切除术14例;术前结肠镜下注射亚甲蓝标记或术中结肠镜引导下,腹腔镜行直肠癌根治术的同时行含息肉结肠部分切除术5例;直肠癌合并升结肠息肉恶变行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术同时行右半结肠切除术1例;息肉靠近直肠癌一并行直肠癌根治性切除术2例。结直肠息肉切除率为100%,无并发症发生。22例术后随访0.5~4年,2例死于肿瘤转移,20例存活,无肿瘤或息肉复发。结论:直肠癌患者合并结直肠息肉的发生率较高。腹腔镜直肠癌根治性切除术的术前或术中有必要行结肠镜检查,根据息肉情况选择结肠镜息肉切除或腹腔镜下息肉切除。     

Postoperative follow-up studies on cancer of the colon and rectum

We followed up 790 patients with cancer of the colon and rectum treated at our hospital since 1962. The curative resection rate in the rectum and anus was 78 percent but decreased as the distance of the lesion from the anus increased. In the ascending colon the rate was 59.8 percent. The patients undergoing curative resection had a 5 year survival rate of 65 percent and a 10 year survival rate of 45 percent. The closer to the anus, the poorer the prognosis. Prognosis is greatly influenced by the stage at diagnosis. Surgical results have improved annually due to progress in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Factors greatly influencing prognosis were the presence of lymph node metastasis, the degree of invasion of the intestinal wall and the site of the primary lesion. Lymph node metastasis was an especially important prognostic factor. In cancer of the rectum primary recurrences were most often found in local sites (66 percent of cases), followed by metastasis to the liver and the lung. However, in cancer of the colon metastasis to both the liver and the peritoneum was observed in 67 percent of the cases. On the basis of these results, methods to prevent local recurrence of cancer of the rectum as well as metastasis to the liver from cancer of the colon must be developed. When extended abdominopelvic wide dissection was performed, the incidence of local recurrence decreased.     

Colonoscopy as a routine preoperative procedure for carcinoma of the colon

Ninety patients with cancer of the colon who had total colonoscopy in the perioperative period have been reviewed. Almost half of the examinations revealed positive findings, three being unsuspected synchronous carcinomas in an area that would not have been resected with the proposed primary cancer. In addition, 79 polyps in 36 patients, the majority of which were also undetected by barium enema, were found and removed at colonoscopy. Thus, patients with carcinoma of the colon, in view of its tendency to be associated with synchronous polypoid disease, should have colonoscopy in the perioperative period. Whenever possible, this should be carried out preoperatively to confirm the diagnosis, to remove suspected or unsuspected polyps, and to detect unsuspected synchronous carcinoma.     

Surgical therapy in Barrett's esophagus.

Seventy-six patients with Barrett's esophagus were cared for during a 10-year period. Fifty-six patients (74%) presented with complications of the disease. There were 20 strictures, 7 giant ulcers, 11 cases of dysplasia, and 29 patients with carcinoma. In patients with benign disease, 93% had mechanically defective sphincters and 83% had peristaltic failure of the lower esophageal body. Esophageal pH monitoring showed excessive esophageal exposure to pH less than 4 in 93% and excessive exposure to pH more than 7 in 34% of the patients tested. Ninety-three per cent of patients with excessive alkaline exposure had complications, compared to only 44% with normal alkaline exposure (p less than 0.01). Gastric pH monitoring, serum gastrin levels, and gastric acid analysis supported a duodenal source for the alkaline exposure. Antireflux surgery was performed using Nissen fundoplication in 30, Belsey partial fundoplication in 3, and Collis-Belsey gastroplasty in 2. Six required resection with colon interposition. Good symptomatic control was achieved in 77% after antireflux surgery. Four patients had symptoms and signs of duodenogastric reflux; three required a bile diversion procedure. Fifteen patients had an en bloc curative resection with colon interposition. One patient with high-grade dysplasia on biopsy was found to have intramucosal carcinoma after simple esophagectomy. Five tumors were intramucosal, seven were intramural, and four were transmural. Lymph node involvement occurred only in the latter two. Actuarial survival 5 years after curative resection was 53%. Median survival time for patients after palliative resection or no resection was 12 months. Study of en bloc specimens indicated that extent of resection should be adapted to extent of disease: esophagectomy for intramucosal disease, en bloc esophagectomy with splenic preservation for intramural and transmural disease. Serum CEA was useful in detecting recurrent disease after surgery when the primary tumor stained positively for CEA.     

Curative Resection Performed Twice for Circular-Staple-Line Recurrence After Colorectal Carcinoma Surgery: Report of a Case

Staple-line recurrence is an important pattern of recurrence after colorectal carcinoma surgery, occurring in approximately 1% of patients. We report the case of a 44-year-old woman who underwent resection of carcinoma recurrence in a circular-staple-line twice within 34 months. Initially, she underwent sigmoidectomy for carcinoma of the sigmoid colon, followed by end-to-end anastomosis, done using a circular stapler. Subsequently, she underwent an anterior resection, then a low anterior resection, 12 and 34 months after the initial operation, respectively, both to treat a circular-staple-line recurrence of the tumor. Histological examination of all resected specimens revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with clear surgical margins and no lymph node metastasis. The patient remains well with no evidence of disease 48 months after her initial operation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of curative surgical resection being performed twice for circular-staple-line recurrence of colorectal carcinoma. Based on our experience and our review of the literature, early detection by follow-up colonoscopy and surgical resection may improve the prognosis of patients with a staple-line recurrence after the resection of colorectal carcinoma.     

Colorectal cancer patterns of care in the Western Sydney and Wentworth Area Health Services

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia. Recent clinical trials show that the recurrence of colorectal cancer decreases with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in advanced disease. The present study aimed to document the patterns of care by the type of treatment, document the preoperative investigations and provide results to the Area Health Services. METHODS: A prospective data collection was initiated in May 1994 and ended in May 1996 in the Western Sydney and Wentworth Area Health Services of New South Wales. Deaths and recurrences were followed up until July 2002. RESULTS: There were 253 colon cancers, 107 rectal cancers and 10 patients with tumours in both the colon and rectum. Forty-one surgeons performed 299 curative procedures with 78% of them performing one to four procedures annually. One hundred and twenty-two patients had non-fatal complications and six (2%) died postoperatively. Twenty-eight per cent of rectal cancer patients underwent abdomino-perineal resection and 56% underwent low anterior resection. Forty-five per cent of rectal cancer patients and 51% of colon cancer patients who were potentially eligible received appropriate adjuvant therapy. Ninety-one per cent of patients who received chemotherapy had no or mild toxicity. By the end of follow-up period, 30% of rectal cancer patients and 24% of colon cancer patients had developed recurrence. At last follow up, 197 patients had died. Median overall survival from time of diagnosis was 73 months. Overall 5-year survival for colonic and rectal cancers was 50% and 57%, respectively. For the 299 patients who had curative procedures, the 5-year survival was 63% and 62% for colonic and rectal cancers, respectively. CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancer patients who were eligible for and received adjuvant therapy had significantly better survival. Rectal cancer patients whose tumours only required low anterior resection had a better survival than those who needed an abdomino-perineal resection. High-volume surgeons have less postoperative complications than low-volume surgeons. The high proportion of late presentations seen in colon cancer patients supports the need for screening to improve early detection.     

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??Impact of lymph node dissection on prognosis in patients performed curative resection of colon cancer DAI Dong-qiu. Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract Lymph node metastasis is one of the main metastatic paths of colon cancer cells, also contributed to the major cause of recurrence and death in patients performed curative resection of colon cancer. Radical surgery may play a key role in comprehensive treatment of colon cancer, especially in advanced cases with lymph nodes metastasis. Systematic en bloc dissection of regional lymph nodes is a central aspect of colon cancer radical surgery, including paracolic/epicolic lymph nodes, intermediate lymph nodes along the artery and the main lymph nodes at the origin of the artery. A minimum of 12 lymph nodes should be retrieved in each colon cancer specimen. Accurate staging of colon cancer depends on rational standard lymph nodes dissection of radical operation and adequate lymph nodes harvesting of colon cancer specimen, which is important for determining prognosis and planning further treatment in patients performed curative resection of colon cancer.     

手术治疗老年人自发性乙状结肠穿孔39例

目的：探讨老年人自发性乙状结肠穿孔的病因、临床特点和手术治疗方法。方法：完善术前准备剖腹探查,术中快速病理检查。根据病灶位置、大小及腹腔污染情况,行病变肠段切除远端关闭加近段结肠造瘘或穿孔修补加近段结肠双腔造瘘或穿孔段乙状结肠外置造痿。结果：行穿孔段乙状结肠外置造瘘1例,穿孔修补加近段结肠双腔造瘘3例,病变肠段切除远端关闭加近段结肠造瘘：35例。行切口减张缝合30例。术后发生切口感染18例,切口裂开再手术2例,死亡16例。结论：便秘是老年人自发性乙状结肠穿孔主要病因,泛影葡胺灌肠造影有利定性和定位诊断,及时手术是提高疗效的关健,手术方式应以病变肠段切除远端关闭加近段结肠造瘘为首选。     

Mediastinoscopy and bronchial carcinoma: experience with 600 mediastinoscopies.

Of 600 mediastinoscopies carried out from 1966 to 1973, 479 were performed to assess the operability of a pulmonary carcinoma. Of these, 206 (43%) were positive and 273 (57%) were negative. Of the 161 patients found positive during an initial period, 147 were refused operation; the remaining 14 were considered suitable candidates for operation, either because only one homolateral lymph node site was involved or because there was a concomitant osteoarthropathy. The tumour was irresectable in one of these 14 patients who died after 3-5 months; curative resection was possible in one and palliative resection in 12 patients. These 12 patients all died within a year. Of the 184 patients found negative during an initial period, 149 were treated by operation. The tumour proved irresectable in seven (5%), while curative resection was possible in 113 (76%) and palliative resection in 29 (19%) patients. Comparison with the period 1957-63, when in the same hospital resection was performed after a negative Daniels' (scalene node) biopsy, shows that the tumour was irresectable in 25 (20%) of the 124 patients with a negative biopsy, while curative resection was possible in 43 (35%) and palliative resection in 56 (45%) patients. During a second period, patients with a positive mediastinoscopy were in principle refused operation. Of 89 negative patients, 81 were treated by operation. No tumour was found to be irresectable; curative resection was possible in 63 (78%) and palliative resection in 18 (22%) patients. An operation for bronchial carcinoma was performed on 167 patients between September 1970 and September 1973 after a negative mediastinoscopy in 95, and without mediastinoscopy in 71 patients, either because of a peripheral tumour (70) or because of a tumour relapse after two years (1). The resection was palliative in 11% of the 71 cases, but in only one patient with a peripheral tumour could a mediastinoscopy have been positive. Finally, an operation was performed on one patient with a positive mediastinoscopy and a tumour relapse after six years. A survival study was made of the first 100 patients with pulmonary carcinoma, operated on between September 1970 and March 1972 and with a follow-up from a minumum of two years to a maximum of 3-5 years. The early mortality averaged 10% and was higher after pneumonectomy than after lobectomy. The late mortality was 16% after curative lobectomy, 38% after curative pneumonectomy, and 83% after palliative pneumonectomy. The survival after 2 to 3-5 years was 63%.     

Outcome of aggressive surveillance colonoscopy in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

PURPOSE: Emergent repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs) is associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. One of the significant complications of this surgery is bowel ischemia. Reports detail mortality as high as 80% when this condition is realized. The objective of this project was to determine both the incidence and the effect of mandatory postoperative colonoscopy on outcome of colon ischemia after rAAA. METHODS: From July 1995 to September 2002 all patients with an rAAA who underwent emergent aortic reconstruction were included in this review. All colonoscopies were performed within 48 hours, ischemia was graded consistently, and treatment was initiated per protocol based on grade of ischemia. Patients with grades I and II ischemia were followed up with medical management and repeat colonoscopy. All patients with grade III ischemia underwent bowel resection. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were collected to assess possible independent risk factors for and predictors of bowel ischemia. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients underwent emergent aortic reconstruction because of rAAA in the study period. Their mean age was 73 years, and 64 patients (72%) were men. Operative mortality was 42%. Eighteen percent of patients died within 24 hours, and 24% died between 1 and 30 days after surgery. Colonoscopy was performed in 62 of 72 patients who survived more than 24 hours. Bowel ischemia was documented in 26 of the 72 patients (36%). Of these, 16 patients had grade I or grade II ischemia at both initial and repeat endoscopy. Nine patients underwent exploratory laparotomy with bowel resection because of grade III ischemia; two procedures were performed because of worsening ischemia discovered at repeat colonoscopy. In patients with colonoscopic findings of bowel ischemia the mortality rate was 50% (13 of 26 patients). In those with grade III necrosis who underwent resection the mortality rate was 55%. Elevated lactate levels, immature white blood cells, and increased fluid sequestration were all variables associated with the occurrence of colon ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Bowel ischemia is a frequent postoperative complication (42%) of repaired rAAA. Performing mandatory surveillance colonoscopy in these patients may be associated with a decrease in overall mortality and improved survival in patients with transmural bowel necrosis with no comorbid condition.     

电子结肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗结肠侧向发育型肿瘤的临床分析(附80例报告)

目的:探讨电子结肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗结肠侧向发育型肿瘤的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2011年8月至2013年4月为80例巨大广基、特殊类型、特殊部位暴露不清、怀疑恶变或节段性多发结肠侧向发育型肿瘤患者应用结肠镜辅助腹腔镜、腹腔镜辅助结肠镜及混合术式治疗的临床资料。结果:80例患者均在双镜联合下顺利切除病变,无中转开腹;其中腹腔镜辅助结肠镜下病变切除43例,2例发生迟发性出血,1例发生肠漏,均于内镜下保守治疗康复;结肠镜辅助腹腔镜下治疗35例,2例癌变加行根治术;2例行混合式切除病变。术后3个月、6个月及1年行电子结肠镜复查,未发现病变残留与复发。结论:电子结肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗难治性结肠侧向发育型肿瘤是安全、有效、可行的。术者应根据病变大小、形态、位置合理应用结肠镜辅助腹腔镜术式,术中既可完整切除病变,又能将患者的创伤、应激反应、术后并发症降至最低,使患者肠道功能、机体免疫功能得到最大限度的保留;尤其术中病理提示恶变的患者,可于腹腔镜下行结肠癌根治术,提高了治愈率。     

DIAGNOSTIC FAILURE IN COLONOSCOPIES FOR MALIGNANT DISEASE

Background: While colonoscopy has become established as more accurate than double contrast barium enema for detecting colonic polyps and cancers, as well as offering the opportunity for therapy, there are occasional instances where colonoscopy is misleading. The present study is to determine what problems occur, with a view to finding a solution. Methods: The records of the Colorectal Project at the Princess Alexandra Hospital indicate retrospectively that 346 patients have been correctly diagnosed with cancer of the colon and rectum by colonoscopy in the 5 years up to October 1996. During the same time eight patients (2.3%) were recorded at the same hospital as being misdiagnosed by colonoscopy, the lesion being either missed completely or misplaced. Results: In five of these patients there was failure to recognize that the whole colon had not been examined endoscopically, thereby missing a more proximal lesion. In two patients the lesion was missed although the entire colon was examined. In one patient the lesion was discovered but inaccurately sited. Six of these mistakes would have been obviated by the routine use of fluoroscopy to confirm the totality of the colonoscopy and to site any lesions found. The other two cases occurred because of failure to remember that colonic examination during withdrawal should be performed meticulously back as far as the anal canal. Failure to diagnose a colon cancer on the initial colonoscopy led to an average delay of 6 months for definitive care. Conclusions: It is recommended that fluoroscopy be used routinely during colonoscopy to site accurately any lesions found, and to confirm the completeness of insertion if reliable landmarks, including terminal ileum, are not clearly identified.