前路经寰枢关节解剖锁定钛板螺钉内固定系统的匹配性研究

目的通过模拟手术,观察新型前路经寰枢关节解剖锁定钛板螺钉内固定系统与寰枢椎复合体的匹配性,验证此内固定系统临床应用的可行性。方法对30具福尔马林浸泡的正常国人枕颈部标本模拟前路经寰枢关节解剖锁定钛板螺钉内固定术,术毕行计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、多平面重建(multi-planar reconstruction,MPR)及数字化X线摄影术(digital radiography,DR)。通过观察钛板位置,测量螺钉轨迹参数,不同平面上经寰枢关节螺钉与椎动脉及脊髓的距离、钉尖距寰椎侧块上关节面的距离,分析此内固定系统与寰枢椎复合体的匹配性。结果钛板与枢椎表面匹配,未超出枢椎体边缘,所有螺钉均在骨质内,无椎动脉、脊髓及寰枕关节损伤;经寰枢关节螺钉钉道冠状面上外偏角为(23.22±1.71)°,矢状面后倾角为(27.96±3.05)°,钉道长度为(27.50±1.55)mm,枢椎体螺钉横截面上内偏角为(9.55±0.80)°;矢状面上倾角为(25.35±2.36)°,钉道长度为(15.47±0.89)mm;在横截面A(寰椎横突孔上缘)经寰枢关节螺钉距椎动脉和脊髓最近,分别为(5.05±1.04)mm和(8.05±0.92)mm,与寰椎侧块上关节面距离为(3.15±0.67)mm。结论采用前路经寰枢关节解剖锁定钛板螺钉内固定系统,行寰枢椎固定具有临床可行性。     

经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的应用解剖学研究

目的通过60具寰椎标本的观察和测量,建立经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉技术。方法60具成年人体寰椎干骨标本,观察并确定前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点,测量其与寰椎上关节面、前正中矢状面及与横突孔内侧壁的距离,寰椎侧块宽度,侧块长度,前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的骨性钉道长度,椎弓根厚度,安全的进钉方向(向外倾斜角度)。结果经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点为:与前正中矢状面的距离为(14.1±1.0)mm,寰椎侧块长度为(20.8±2.8)mm,宽度(19.6±2.4)mm;与横突孔内侧壁的距离为(10.1±2.0)mm。前路寰椎椎弓根的骨性钉道长度为(28.8±1.8)mm,椎弓根的高度为(5.6±0.8)mm。安全置钉方向为向外倾斜(9°±3°)。结论①经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的最佳进钉点为距离前正中失状面14mm处;②安全进钉方向为向外倾斜9°置入的寰椎椎弓根螺钉均位于骨性钉道内,安全可靠。     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点与枢椎椎弓根内壁水平间距关系的研究

目的:建立以枢椎椎弓根内壁为解剖标志的寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点定位技术.方法:选择100例(男女各50例)正常成人寰枢椎CT片.在CT横断面扫描上分别应用Tan等的进钉方法(方法一)和马向阳等的进钉方法(方法二)模拟出寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉通道,建立以枢椎椎弓根内壁为解剖标志的寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点定位技术,临床应用该定位技术进行后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗寰枢椎不稳.结果:寰椎椎弓根进钉点与枢椎椎弓根内壁的水平间距在方法一男性为(6.0±0.8)mm,女性为(5.5±0.8)mm;方法二男性为(9.4±1.1)mm,女性为(8.2±1.3)mm.4例患者应用枢椎椎弓根内壁作为解剖标志行寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定,术中无脊髓和椎动脉损伤等并发症,术后影像学显示螺钉位置均良好.结论:枢椎椎弓根内壁可作为寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点的解剖标志.该解剖标志较以往的解剖标志恒定明确,结合术前CT扫描能较准确指导螺钉进钉.     

后路枕颈部4种螺钉技术的应变电测研究

目的：比较枕颈部后路4种不同植入方式的螺钉在施加生理载荷时所承受的应力,评价各自在生理环境中的机械性能。方法对16例新鲜人体枕颈部标本（含Oc-C3）,采用后路枕寰枢复合体经关节螺钉固定和SUMMIT系统枕颈固定。对固定后的经寰枕关节螺钉（Oc-C1组）、经寰枢关节螺钉（C1-C2组）、枢椎椎弓螺钉（C2 PS组）和枕骨螺钉（Oc Screw组）在生理载荷下三维六自由度运动时,运用应变电阻测定法测定4种螺钉的应力,数据进行统计学处理。结果在侧屈状态下,电测法测得的4种螺钉局部应变均接近于0。在前屈、后伸、左旋和右旋运动时,随着加载载荷增大,测得的应力均逐步增大。在前屈和旋转时螺钉不同程度承受拔出应力,在后伸时,螺钉所受的为压应力。枕骨螺钉（Oc Screw组）在屈伸和旋转运动状态下,在所有3种载荷下所承受的应力均大于其它3种植钉方法,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论生理环境下,枕骨螺钉承受的拔出应力最大,其可能更易出现内植物相关并发症,具体应用时应结合临床实际。     

寰枢椎及寰枢关节后路内固定术临床应用的解剖学研究

目的：观察成人寰椎、枢椎及寰枢关节的解剖学特征,探讨寰枢关节内固定手术的前后入路术式及其临床要点,为国人寰枢人工关节积累资料。方法：利用42例成人干燥骨学标本进行测量,使用精度0.02 mm的游标卡尺、精度0.1°的量角器分别测量寰椎前、后弓半长、高度和厚度,前、后结节的高度和厚度,后结节与横突孔的距离,枢椎的椎弓根的宽度、高度、上倾角和内倾角,螺钉在枢椎内的长度、上倾角和内倾角,椎弓根的内侧高度,侧块的内、外侧高度,枢椎横突孔的外倾角和后倾角、枢椎椎板的长度、厚度和高度,枢椎体的横径和矢径、枢椎体前方的高度和后方高度。结果：寰椎前弓半长为10.37±4.18 mm,高度10.05±2.20 mm,厚度为8.39±1.35 mm;前结节的高度为10.11±3.22 mm,前结节的厚度8.06±1.24 mm;后结节的高度为9.50±2.88 mm,后结节的厚度7.39±2.58 mm,前结节与横突孔之间的距离为25.67±3.15 mm,后弓半长内侧半距和外侧半距分别为11.47±2.26 mm、19.58±2.04mm,后弓高度、厚度为7.28±2.67 mm、7.35±2.19 mm,枢椎椎弓根（PAVA）的宽度、高度分别为8.02±2.20 mm、8.51±1.99 mm;椎弓根的上倾和内倾角分别为26.92±4.40°,24.94±3.41°,螺钉在枢椎内的长度为23.46±3.08 mm,螺钉的上倾角和内倾角分别为39.17±4.95°、39.56±5.07°,枢椎椎板长度、高度和厚度分别为20.53±2.49 mm、12.53±1.84 mm和6.78±0.82 mm,枢椎体的横径和矢径分别为18.59±3.16 mm、15.93±3.11 mm;枢椎体前方高度和后方高度结果为18.51±2.81 mm、15.08±3.72 mm。结论：寰枢关节后路手术时,可以使用直径3.5 mm的螺钉进行椎弓根的Magerl螺钉手术。     

后路经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定的疗效评价

目的:评价后路经关节螺钉内同定治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床价值.方法:对2005年1月至2009年6月入我院的寰枢椎不稳定43例患者采用后路经关节螺钉内同定治疗,术后进行系统随访,复查影像学及进行日本矫形外科协会颈椎功能评分(Japanese orthopedic association,JOA)及视觉模拟疼痛量表(Visual analogue scale,VAS)评分.结果:共置入枢椎椎弓根螺钉43枚,术中无并发症发生.术后X线片示寰枢椎获解剖复位39例,旋转脱位大部分矫正4例,所有内同定位置良好.脊髓受压者复查MRI显示脊髓形态恢复正常.术后2～3个月获得寰枢椎骨性融合.术后6月时,患者的颈椎功能(t=14.099,P=0.000)和疼痛情况(t=19.335,P=0.000)较术前有明显改善,患者的颈椎功能平均改善率为86.1%±5.2%.结论:后路经关节螺钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳定,疗效可靠、并发症少,可作为其有效的常规术式.     

前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳定(附14例疗效观察)

目的探讨前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳定的效果。方法对14例创伤性寰枢椎不稳定患者施行了前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术，在齿状突与寰椎前结节间或寰枢关节间植入颗粒状松质骨。结果1例颈脊髓完全损伤患者术后1月死于肺部感染。其余13例病例获得随访，时间5个月～3年，平均17个月，无椎动脉及脊髓损伤，所有病例获得骨性融合。结论前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术操作简便，损伤脊髓或椎动脉的风险较小。     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床疗效及影像学评估

目的:探讨后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床疗效及影像学评估.方法:2005年2月至2009年6月,采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位24例,其中齿状突陈旧性骨折7例,先天性游离齿突4例,新鲜齿突骨折9例(Anderson Ⅱ C型),寰椎横韧带损伤4例.术前CT及三维重建评估寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的进钉点、进钉方向等参数.枢椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点为枢椎下关节突中点,探及椎弓根上内侧缘,钉道内侧倾约25°,头侧倾约25°.寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点为枢椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点外侧1mm纵垂线与其后弓下缘以上2mm的交点处,钉道内侧倾约5°,头侧倾约5°.螺钉直径3.5mm/4.0mm,寰椎椎弓根螺钉长22-30mm,枢椎椎弓根螺钉长22～28mm.术后摄X线、CT及三维重建评估椎弓根螺钉的情况.结果:24例患者共置入寰、枢椎椎弓根螺钉95枚,1枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉植入困难,改用椎板钩.术后CT扫描发现1枚螺钉穿入寰椎椎管,1枚螺钉穿入枢椎横突孔,患者均未发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.随访时间6～29个月,平均16个月.患者神经系统症状有不同程度改善,新鲜齿突骨折均骨性愈合,植骨于术后3～6个月骨性融合;无内固定物松动、断裂.结论:后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定技术是治疗寰枢椎脱位或不稳的有效方法,术前应充分评估患者寰枢椎椎弓根的影像学特点及植入椎弓根螺钉的风险.     

基于三维CT重建的寰椎椎弓根解剖学测量及临床意义

目的:研究螺旋CT三维重建测量人正常状态下寰椎椎弓根形态及其相关解剖学数据。方法:选取150例正常成人志愿者,年龄18~52岁(平均36.3岁),对其寰椎进行螺旋CT扫描,三维重建后观察椎弓根形态,并测量其双侧椎弓根各主要解剖数值:椎弓根高度、宽度、进钉点距后正中矢状面距离、椎根弓内倾角及上倾角。结果:根据椎弓根高度分为正常型,相对狭窄型,狭窄型,无椎弓根型。正常寰椎椎弓高度(4.10±1.17)mm,上倾角(8.24±1.31),°内倾角(6.53±2.35),°椎弓根宽度(8.24±1.31)mm,长度(28.73±1.66)mm,进钉点距后正中矢状面距离(19.36±1.27)mm。结论:三维CT重建能够全面观察寰椎影像解剖的立体结构,准确提供寰椎椎弓根的解剖学形态、解剖学参数,为寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术提供解剖学依据。     

枕下极外侧人路手术路径显微解剖研究

目的 研究枕下极外侧手术入路中的显微解剖结构,以提高颅颈交界区病变经枕下极外侧入路手术的安全性.方法 在手术显微镜下,对11个尸体头颅标本经枕下极外侧入路模拟手术操作进行显微解剖,观测相关结构.结果 该径路中可观察到的解剖结构主要有:①椎动脉第Ⅱ段的上部及第Ⅲ、Ⅳ段的走行及其分支.②寰枕关节及其周围结构;③后组颅神经根丝及其走行和相互之间的关系.其中,椎动脉第Ⅲ段右侧长度为(23.6±2.9)mm(17.5～26.6 mm);左侧长度为(24.1±2.1)ram(19.2～25.6 mm);椎动脉穿硬膜处到枕骨大孔后正中缘的距离,右侧(22.1士3.1)ram(18.2～28.3 mm);左侧(22.0±2.9)ram(17.4～26.8 mm).寰椎横突是重要的骨性标志.枕下三角和C2神经根腹侧支是确定椎动脉的重要标志.结论 枕下极外侧入路磨除枕髁后、内1/3就可以较好地显露颅颈交界区腹外侧.熟悉掌握该区椎动脉走行及枕髁的毗邻关系,可以预防枕下极外侧人路手术中损伤重要的结构.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.