死腔分数导向急性呼吸窘迫综合征呼气末正压选择的临床研究

目的 探讨早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征( ARDS)患者采用死腔分数法选择呼气末正压(PEEP)的可行性.方法 选23例机械通气的早期ARDS患者行持续肺膨胀手法充分肺复张,PEEP递减过程中分别采用最小死腔分数法、最大顺应性法、最佳氧合法选择最佳PEEP,观察不同方法选择的PEEP对患者氧合、解剖死腔容积(VD)/潮气容积(VT)、静态肺顺应性(CLst)和功能残气量(FRC)等的影响.结果 最小死腔分数法[(10.1±2.8)cm H2O(1 cm H2O =0.098 kPa)]和最大顺应性法[(11.3±2.5) cmH2O]选择的最佳PEEP间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),均明显低于最佳氧合法[(15.0±3.4) cm H2O,P＜0.05].最小死腔分数法选择PEEP机械通气时患者VD/VT(0.53±0.09)较基础状态(0.59±0.09)明显下降,但最大顺应性法和最佳氧合法选择的PEEP机械通气时VD/VT较基础状态未见明显变化.最小死腔分数法选择的PEEP,其氧合指数明显低于最佳氧合法[(288±123) mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)比(356±119)mm Hg,P＜0.05],与最大顺应性法相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),均高于基础状态.最小死腔分数法选择PEEP机械通气时气道平台压[(24±4) cm H2O]明显低于最大氧合法[(31±9) cm H2O].最佳氧合法选择的PEEP机械通气时的FRC明显高于最小死腔分数法和最大顺应性法.结论 采用最小死腔分数法选择的最佳PEEP,可改善ARDS患者氧合和CLst,减少死腔通气、降低气道平台压,是床边选择最佳PEEP的可行方法.     

Volumetric capnography in patients with acute lung injury: effects of positive end-expiratory pressure.

The aim of the study was to analyse the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on volumetric capnography and respiratory system mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients. Eight normal subjects (control group), nine patients with moderate acute lung injury (ALI group) and eight patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS group) were studied. Respiratory system mechanics, alveolar ejection volume as a fraction of tidal volume (VAE/VT), phase III slopes of expired CO2 beyond VAE and Bohr's dead space (VD/VT(Bohr)) at different levels of PEEP were measured. No differences in respiratory system resistances were found between the ALI and ARDS groups. VD/VT(Bohr) and expired CO2 slope beyond VAE were higher in ALI patients (0.52+/-0.01 and 13.9+/-0.7 mmHg x L(-1), respectively) compared with control patients (0.46+/-0.01 and 7.7+/-0.4 mmHg x L(-1), p<0.01, respectively) and in ARDS patients (0.61+/-0.02 and 24.9+/-1.6 mmHg x L(-1), p<0.01, respectively) compared with ALI patients. VAE/VT differed similarly (0.6+/-0.01 in control group, 0.43+/-0.01 in ALI group and 0.31+/-0.01 in ARDS group, p<0.01). PEEP had no effect on VAE/VT, expired CO2 slope beyond VAE and VD/VT(Bohr) in any group. A significant correlation (p<0.01) was found between VAE/VT and expired CO2 slope beyond VAE and lung injury score at zero PEEP. Indices of volumetric capnography are affected by the severity of the lung injury, but are unmodified by the application of positive end-expiratory pressure.     

Compliance is nonlinear over tidal volume irrespective of positive end-expiratory pressure level in surfactant-depleted piglets

Between the lower and the upper inflection point of a quasistatic pressure-volume (PV) curve, a segment usually appears in which the PV relationship is steep and linear (i.e., compliance is high, with maximal volume change per pressure change, and is constant). Traditionally it is assumed that when positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and tidal volume (V T) are titrated such that the end-inspiratory volume is positioned at this linear segment of the PV curve, compliance is constant over VT during ongoing ventilation. The validity of this assumption was addressed in this study. In 14 surfactant-deficient piglets, PEEP was increased from 3 cm H(2)O to 24 cm H(2)O, and the compliance associated with 10 consecutive volume increments up to full VT was determined with a modified multiple-occlusion method at the different PEEP levels. With PEEP at approximately the lower inflection point, compliance was minimal in most lungs and decreased markedly over VT, indicating overdistension. Compliance both increased and decreased within the same breath at intermediate PEEP levels. It is concluded that a PEEP that results in constant compliance over the full VT range is difficult to find, and cannot be derived from conventional respiratory-mechanical analyses; nor does this PEEP level coincide with maximal gas exchange.     

Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: a clinical study.

In a model of acute lung injury, we showed that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and tidal volume (VT) are interactive variables that determine the extent of lung recruitment, that recruitment occurs across the entire range of total lung capacity, and that superimposed pressure is a key determinant of lung collapse. Aiming to verify if the same rules apply in a clinical setting, we randomly ventilated five ALI/ARDS patients with 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, and 45 cm H2O plateau pressure and 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O of PEEP. For each PEEP-VT condition, we obtained computed tomography at end inspiration and end expiration. We found that recruitment occurred along the entire volume-pressure curve, independent of lower and upper inflection points, and that estimated threshold opening pressures were normally distributed (mode = 20 cm H2O). Recruitment occurred progressively from nondependent to dependent lung regions. Overstretching was not associated with hyperinflation. Derecruitment did not parallel deflation, and estimated threshold closing pressures were normally distributed (mode = 5 cm H2O). End-inspiratory and end-expiratory collapse were correlated, suggesting a plateau-PEEP interaction. When superimposed gravitational pressure exceeded PEEP, end-expiratory collapse increased. We concluded that the rules governing recruitment and derecruitment equally apply in an oleic acid model and in human ALI/ARDS.     

ARDSnet ventilatory protocol and alveolar hyperinflation: role of positive end-expiratory pressure

RATIONALE: In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a focal distribution of loss of aeration in lung computed tomography predicts low potential for alveolar recruitment and susceptibility to alveolar hyperinflation with high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that, in this cohort of patients, the table-based PEEP setting criteria of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's ARDS Network (ARDSnet) low tidal volume ventilatory protocol could induce tidal alveolar hyperinflation. METHODS: In 15 patients, physiologic parameters and plasma inflammatory mediators were measured during two ventilatory strategies, applied randomly: the ARDSnet and the stress index strategy. The latter used the same ARDSnet ventilatory pattern except for the PEEP level, which was adjusted based on the stress index, a monitoring tool intended to quantify tidal alveolar hyperinflation and/or recruiting/derecruiting that occurs during constant-flow ventilation, on a breath-by-breath basis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In all patients, the stress index revealed alveolar hyperinflation during application of the ARDSnet strategy, and consequently, PEEP was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) to normalize the stress index value. Static lung elastance (P = 0.01), plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (P < 0.01), interleukin-8 (P = 0.031), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (P = 0.013) were significantly lower during the stress index as compared with the ARDSnet strategy-guided ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Alveolar hyperinflation in patients with focal ARDS ventilated with the ARDSnet protocol is attenuated by a physiologic approach to PEEP setting based on the stress index measurement.     

Expiratory flow limitation and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure at zero positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome

It has been suggested that in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) is generated by a disproportionate increase in expiratory flow resistance. Using the negative expiratory pressure (NEP) technique, we assessed whether expiratory flow limitation (EFL) and PEEPi were present at zero PEEP in 10 semirecumbent, mechanically ventilated ARDS patients. Because bronchodilators may decrease airway resistance, we also investigated the effect of nebulized salbutamol on EFL, PEEPi, and respiratory mechanics in these patients, and in seven patients we measured the latter variables in the supine position as well. In the semirecumbent position, eight of the 10 ARDS patients exhibited tidal EFL, ranging from 5 to 37% of the control tidal volume (VT), whereas PEEPi was present in all 10 subjects, ranging from 0.4 cm H(2)O to 7.7 cm H(2)O. The onset of EFL was heralded by a distinct inflection point on the expiratory flow-volume curve, which probably reflected small-airway closure. Administration of salbutamol had no statistically significant effect on PEEPi, EFL (as %VT), or respiratory mechanics. EFL (%VT) and PEEPi were significantly higher in the supine position than in the semirecumbent position, whereas the other respiratory variables did not change. Our results suggest that in the absence of externally applied PEEP, most ARDS patients exhibit EFL associated with small-airway closure and a concomitant PEEPi.     

A decremental PEEP trial for determining open-lung PEEP in a rabbit model of acute lung injury

A positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) above the lower inflection point (LIP) of the pressure-volume curve has been thought necessary to maintain recruited lung volume in acute lung injury (ALI). We used a strategy to identify the level of open-lung PEEP (OLP) by detecting the maximum tidal compliance during a decremental PEEP trial (DPT). We performed a randomized controlled study to compare the effect of the OLP to PEEP above LIP and zero PEEP on pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange, hemodynamic change, and lung injury in 26 rabbits with ALI. After recruitment maneuver, the lavage-injured rabbits received DPTs to identify the OLP. Animals were randomized to receive volume controlled ventilation with either: (a) PEEP = 0 cm H2O (ZEEP); (b) PEEP = 2 cm H2O above OLP (OLP + 2); or (c) PEEP = 2 cm H2O above LIP (LIP + 2). Peak inspiratory pressure and mean airway pressure were recorded and arterial blood gases were analyzed every 30 min. Mean blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously. Lung injury severity was assessed by lung wet/dry weight ratio. Animals in OLP + 2 group had less lung injury as well as relatively better compliance, more stable pH, and less hypercapnia compared to the LIP + 2 and ZEEP groups. We concluded that setting PEEP according to the OLP identified by DPTs is an effective method to attenuate lung injury. This strategy could be used as an indicator for optimal PEEP. The approach is simple and noninvasive and may be of clinical interest.     

应用肺动态压力-容积曲线低位转折点选择最佳呼气末正压的研究

目的探讨根据动态肺压力-容积曲线低位转折点压力(Pinf)选择急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者最佳呼气末正压(PEEP)的可行性.方法以8例早期ARDS患者为研究对象,测定动态肺压力-容积曲线及Pinfd.采用低流速法测定准静态肺压力-容积曲线,并确定静态肺压力-容积曲线低位转折点压力(Pinfs).调整PEEP水平,观察患者血流动力学、肺机械力学和氧代谢的变化.结果当PEEP从Pinfd-6cmH2O水平增加到Pinfd+6cmH2O时,动脉血氧分压、动脉血氧饱和度、气道平均压和气道峰压均显著增加.与Pinfd+6cmH2O比较,Pinfd-4cmH2O时的动态肺顺应性显著增高.Pinfd+6cmH2O时的心脏指数有降低趋势,Pinfd-4cmH2O时的氧输送有升高趋势.当Pinfd为(12.8±3.2)cmH2O,Pinfs为(11.0±3.2)cmH2O,两者具有正相关性(r=0.99,P《0.05).回归方程为Pinfd=1.66+1.01×Pinfs.结论当ARDS患者行机械通气治疗时,Pinfd-4cmH2O或Pinfs-2cmH2O为最佳PEEP,可获得最大氧输送.     

ARDSNet lower tidal volume ventilatory strategy may generate intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

The ARDSNet trial revealed that the use of a smaller tidal volume (VT) reduced mortality by 22%. However, three earlier studies that lowered VT did not find a decrease in mortality. We tested the hypothesis that the increased respiratory rate used in the ARDSNet lower VT strategy might have led to intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP(i)), raising total PEEP (PEEP(total)). Ten patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were ventilated using the ARDSNet lower VT protocol. Respiratory rate was then reduced (10-15 breaths/minute) to obtain a VT of 12 ml/kg (ARDSNet traditional VT). PEEP on the ventilator (PEEP(nominal): 10.1 +/- 0.7 cm H2O), FIO2 (0.7 +/- 0.1), and minute ventilation (VE: 12.4 +/- 1.7 L/minute) were set using the ARDSNet protocol and maintained constant during the two ventilatory strategies. Values of airway pressure at end-expiration of a regular breath (PEEP(external)) and 3-5 seconds after the onset of an end-expiratory occlusion (PEEP(total)) were measured. PEEP(i) was calculated by subtracting PEEP(external) from PEEP(total). PEEP(total) and PEEP(i) were, respectively, 16.3 +/- 2.9 and 5.8 +/- 3.0 cm H2O during the lower VT strategy and 11.7 +/- 0.9 and 1.4 +/- 1.0 cm H2O during the traditional VT strategy (p < 0.01). The reduced mortality observed with the ARDSNet strategy may have been due to the protective effect of a higher PEEP(total).     

Positive end-expiratory pressure preserves surfactant function in preterm lambs.

Ventilation style influences lung injury and the amount of large-aggregate biophysically active surfactant in adult lungs. We asked how positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) would influence clinical responses and surfactant pools in surfactant-treated preterm lambs ventilated for 7 h with tidal volumes (VT) of 10 ml/kg. The 126-d gestation preterms were delivered and treated with 100 mg/kg recombinant human surfactant protein C (rSP-C) containing surfactant and ventilated with zero, 4, or 7 cm H(2)O of PEEP. A comparison group was treated with natural sheep surfactant and ventilated with zero PEEP. Physiologic measurements were similar for lambs treated with rSP-C surfactant and natural surfactant. PEEP 4 and 7 improved oxygenation and compliance relative to either group of lambs ventilated with PEEP zero. The maximal lung volumes measured at 40 cm H(2)O pressure after 7 h ventilation for the PEEP 4 and 7 groups were more than double those measured for either PEEP zero group. Alveolar surfactant pools were larger for the PEEP 7 group, and the large-aggregate fraction was increased for the PEEP 4 and 7 groups, resulting in large-aggregate pool sizes that were 3-fold higher for the PEEP 4 and 4-fold higher for the PEEP 7 groups relative to the PEEP zero group treated with rSP-C surfactant. All large-aggregate surfactants lowered minimal surface tensions of a captive bubble to less than 5 mN/m. In preterm surfactant-treated lambs PEEP improved lung function and maintained more of an rSP-C surfactant in the biophysically active form.     

压力-容量曲线对急性肺损伤家兔实行个体化保护性通气的应用

目的研究以压力容量（P-V）曲线确定通气参数对急性肺损伤家兔肺的保护作用。方法新西兰家兔24只,随机分为4组（V1P1、V1P2、V2P1、V2P2）,每组4只。用油酸复制急性肺损伤模型,测定P-V曲线,以下曲点压力（Pinf）和上曲点压力（Pdef）分别选择呼气末正压（PEEP）的两水平：P1＝PinfP2＝Pinf－3cmH2O,潮气量（VT）两水平：V1＝15ml／kg,V2下调使平台压小于上曲点压力（Pplat＜Pdef）。观察肺力学、血气、血循环及肺病理改变。结果4组氧合效果基本相同,动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）和pH主要受VT影响。平均动脉压在大PEEP和（或）大VT时有所下降。呼吸系统静态顺应性（Cst）则以PEEP为Pinf时改善最明显,但大VT抵消了其作用且对肺泡有明显的损伤。小PEEP组肺泡透明膜变加重。结论以呼吸系统P-V曲线选择PEEP和VT进行个体化通气,对肺的力学特性和肺的病理性损伤有明显的保护作用,可能有利于改善急性肺损伤的预后。     

压力—容量曲线对急性肺损伤家兔实行个体化保护性通气？…

OBJECTIVE: To explore the lung-protective effect of ventilation with tidal volume and PEEP determined on pressure-volume curve in oleic acid rabbit models of acute lung injury. METHODS: 24 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups (V1P1, V1P2, V2P1, V2P2). After inducing lung injury, the P-V curves were measured and drawn. The low and upper inflection point pressure (Pinf and Pdef respectively) were manually determined. Two levels of tidal volume (V1 = 15 ml/kg, V2 reduced for Pplat < Pdef) and two levels of PEEP (P1 = Pinf, P2 = Pinf - 3 cm H2O) were selected. The peak airway pressure (PIP), plateau pressure (Pplat), mean pressure (PAW), static compliance (Cst), heart rate, arterial blood pressure and blood-gas analysis were measured. The lung tissues were pathologically analyzed with light microscope. RESULTS: The oxygenation was not significantly different among 4 groups. The reduced VT significantly raised PaCO2 and lowered pH. Larger VT reduced arterial blood pressure. VT and PEEP synergetically raised airway pressure. Larger PEEP improved Cst, which was counteracted by larger VT. Reduced VT significantly lessened alveolar barotrauma. Larger PEEP lightened alveolar hyaline membrane formation and hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: The ventilation with VT and PEEP determined on P-V curve has significant protective effect on the acutely injured lung.     

Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure versus positive end-expiratory pressure in piglets after saline lung lavage

Recent reports have suggested that substituting continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP) for positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may result in clinical benefits to infants with pulmonary disease. Other studies have suggested potential hemodynamic advantages. We compared the effects of CNEP and PEEP in 13 mechanically ventilated newborn piglets after acute lung injury induced by saline lavage. The piglets were instrumented, salinelavaged, and exposed to 15 minute periods of incremental CNEP (–3, –6, –9, –12 cmH₂O) (n = 7) or PEEP (3, 6, 9, 12 cmH₂O) (n = 6). We measured and/or calculated dynamic lung compliance (C_Ldyn), lung resistance (R_L), end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), blood gases, cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), transmural vascular pressures, and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance. Pulmonary function abnormalities after saline lavage included decreased P_ao2, C_Ldyn, EELV, and increased P_aco₂ and R_L (P < 0.05). Except for decreased CO, lung inflation with both CNEP and PEEP resulted in large increases in P_aO₂ without major pulmonary or hemodynamic effects. Other than differences in EELV at 3, 6, and 9 cmH₂O distending pressure, there were no differences in pulmonary function or hemodynamics between sequences of incremental CNEP and PEEP. We conclude that CNEP and PEEP are physiologically equivalent in this model of acute lung injury. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:161–168. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Variations in end-expiratory pressure during partial liquid ventilation: impact on gas exchange, lung compliance, and end-expiratory lung volume

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during partial liquid ventilation (PLV) on gas exchange, lung compliance, and end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING: Animal physiology research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Nine piglets. INTERVENTIONS: Animals underwent saline solution lavage to produce lung injury. Perflubron was instilled via the endotracheal tube in a volume estimated to represent functional residual capacity. The initial PEEP setting was 4 cm H(2)O, and stepwise changes in PEEP were made. At 30-min intervals, the PEEP was increased to 8, then 12, then decreased back down to 8, then 4 cm H(2)O. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: After 30 min at each level of PEEP, arterial blood gases, aortic and central venous pressures, heart rates, dynamic lung compliance, and changes in EELV were recorded. Paired t tests with Bonferroni correction were used to evaluate the data. There were no differences in heart rate or mean BP at the different PEEP levels. CO(2) elimination and oxygenation improved directly with the PEEP level and mean airway pressure (Paw). Compliance did not change with increasing PEEP, but did increase when PEEP was lowered. EELV changes correlated directly with the level of PEEP. CONCLUSIONS: As previously reported during gas ventilation, oxygenation and CO(2) elimination vary directly with PEEP and proximal Paw during PLV. EELV also varies directly with PEEP. Dynamic lung compliance, however, improved only when PEEP was lowered, suggesting an alteration in the distribution of perflubron due to changes in pressure-volume relationships.     

Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on right ventricular function in humans.

The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on right ventricular (RV) function in humans is complex. Previous studies have been limited in their interpretation by not defining either pericardial pressure (Ppc) or RV volumes. Accordingly, we measured RV volumes and pressures and Ppc as PEEP was increased from zero to 15 cm H2O in 12 patients after thoracotomy, using a pulmonary arterial catheter equipped with a rapid responding thermistor that allowed measurement of RV ejection fraction (ef), while Ppc was measured via a pericardial balloon catheter. RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) was estimated as the ratio of stroke volume (SV) to RVef, whereas RV end-systolic volume (ESV) was estimated as RV EDV-SV. Right atrial pressure (Pra) was defined as end-diastolic pressure, and pulmonary arterial pressures (Ppa), both peak and mean, were used as end-systolic pressures. PEEP increased Ppc, Pra, and lung compliance (Cl). Cardiac output also decreased but not significantly. Neither mean nor peak systolic Ppa, nor RVef was significantly altered by PEEP. There was no relation between either RV filling pressure (Pra-Ppc) and EDV or the change in RV filling pressure and EDV, although EDV varied significantly as PEEP varied for individuals (p less than 0.05). Similarly, there was no relation between Ppa and ESV when either mean or peak Ppa values relative to Ppc were used. The relations between EDV and both SV and RVef were weak (r = 0.54 and 0.55, respectively). RVef varied inversely with ESV (r = -0.77), although it showed no relation to transmural peak Ppa (r = 0.28).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

High inflation pressure pulmonary edema. Respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure

The respective roles of high pressure and high tidal volume to promote high airway pressure pulmonary edema are unclear. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was shown to reduce lung water content in this type of edema, but its possible effects on cellular lesions were not documented. We compared the consequences of normal tidal volume ventilation in mechanically ventilated rats at a high airway pressure (HiP-LoV) with those of high tidal volume ventilation at a high (HiP-HiV) or low (LoP-HiV) airway pressure and the effects of PEEP (10 cm H2O) on both edema and lung ultrastructure. Pulmonary edema was assessed by extravascular lung water content and microvascular permeability by the drug lung weight and the distribution space of 125I-labeled albumin. HiP-LoV rat lungs were not different from those of controls (7 cm H2O peak pressure ventilation). By contrast, the lungs from the groups submitted to high volume ventilation had significant permeability type edema. This edema was more pronounced in LoP-HiV rats. It was markedly reduced by PEEP, which, in addition, preserved the normal ultrastructural aspect of the alveolar epithelium. This was in striking contrast to the diffuse alveolar damage usually encountered in this type of edema. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first example of a protective effect of PEEP during permeability edema.     

Oleic acid vs saline solution lung lavage-induced acute lung injury: effects on lung morphology, pressure-volume relationships, and response to positive end-expiratory pressure

OBJECTIVE: To compare two lung injury models (oleic acid [OA] and saline solution washout [SW]) regarding lung morphology, regional inflation, and recruitment during static pressure-volume (PV) curves, and the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) below and above the lower inflection point (Pflex). METHODS: Fourteen adult pigs underwent OA or SW lung injury. Lung volumes were measured using CT. PV curves were obtained with simultaneous CT scanning at lung apex and base. Fractional inflation and recruitment were compared to data on PEEP above and below Pflex. RESULTS: Severity of lung injury was comparable. At zero PEEP, SW showed an increased amount of edema and poorly aerated lung volume, recruitment during inspiration, and a better oxygenation response with PEEP. Whole-lung PV curves were similar in both models, reflecting changes in alveolar inflation or deflation. On the inspiratory PV limb, recruitment and inflation were on the same line, while there was a substantial difference between deflation and derecruitment on the expiratory limb. PEEP-induced recruitment at lung apex and base was at or above the derecruitment line on the expiratory limb and showed no relationship to the whole-lung expiratory PV curve. CONCLUSIONS: The following conclusions were made: (1) OA and SW models are comparable in mechanics but not in lung injury characteristics; (2) neither inspiratory nor expiratory whole-lung PV curves are useful to select PEEP in order to optimize recruitment; and (3) after recruitment, there is no difference in derecruitment between the models at high PEEP, while more collapse occurs at lower PEEP in the basal sections of SW lungs.     

Alveolar derecruitment at decremental positive end-expiratory pressure levels in acute lung injury: comparison with the lower inflection point, oxygenation, and compliance.

We examined the hypothesis that recording multiple elastic pressure-volume (Pel/V) curves and calculating alveolar derecruitment (V(DER)) induced by decreasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may allow determination of alveolar closing pressures, thus helping to select the optimal PEEP level. V(DER) measured in 16 patients with acute lung injury (ALI) was compared with the lower inflection point (LIP) and oxygenation changes. A modified automated method was used to record multiple Pel/V curves at low constant flow. PEEP was decreased in 5-cm H(2)O steps, from 20 or 15 cm H(2)O to 0 cm H(2)O (ZEEP). V(DER) was the volume loss between the curves recorded from PEEP and from ZEEP at the same Pel. Derecruitment occurred at each PEEP decrement, being spread almost uniformly over the 20/15 to 0 cm H(2)O range. V(DER) was not correlated with LIP. V(DER) changes correlated with Pa(O(2))/FI(O(2)) changes (rho = 0.6, p = 0.02). Linear compliance at ZEEP was correlated to V(DER) at PEEP 15 cm H(2)O (rho = 0.9, p = 0.001), suggesting that compliance above LIP may reflect the amount of recruitable lung. Thus, alveolar closure in ALI occurs over a wide range of pressures, and LIP is a poor predictor of alveolar closure.     

Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: an experimental study.

We aimed to elucidate the relationships between pleural (Ppl), esophageal (Pes), and superimposed gravitational pressures in acute lung injury, and to understand the mechanisms of recruitment and derecruitment. In six dogs with oleic acid respiratory failure, we measured Pes and Ppl in the uppermost, middle, and most dependent lung regions. Each dog was studied at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 and 15 cm H2O and three levels of tidal volume (VT; low, medium, and high). For each PEEP-VT combination, we obtained a computed tomographic (CT) scan at end-inspiration and end-expiration. The variations of Ppl and Pes pressures were correlated (r = 0.86 +/- 0.07, p < 0.0001), as was the vertical gradient of transpulmonary (PL) and superimposed pressure (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001). Recruitment proceeded continuously along the entire volume-pressure curve. Estimated threshold opening pressures were normally distributed (mode = 20 to 25 cm H2O). The amount of end-expiratory collapse at the same PEEP and PL was significantly lower when ventilation was performed at high VT. End-inspiratory and end-expiratory collapse were highly correlated (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001), suggesting that as more tissue is recruited at end-inspiration, more remains recruited at end-expiration. When superimposed pressure exceeded applied airway pressure (Paw), collapse significantly increased.     

肺泡复张后不同呼气末正压和潮气量调节策略对防止肺泡再萎陷效果的实验研究

目的探讨肺泡复张(RM)后再萎陷的机制以及呼气末正压(PEEP)和潮气量(VT)的调节策略。方法健康杂种犬18只,建立油酸所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),行容量控制通气(VCV)、PEEP 16 cm H2O、VT10 m l/kg、通气频率(RR)30次/m in,稳定后作为基础状态(0 m in)。以压力控制通气[气道峰压(PIP)50 cm H2O,PEEP 35 cm H2O,持续60 s]行RM,然后随机分为小VT中等PEEP组(LVMP组,VT10 m l/kg、PEEP 16 cm H2O、RR 30次/m in),小VT低PEEP组(LVLP组,VT10 m l/kg、PEEP 10 cm H2O、RR 30次/m in)和中等VT低PEEP组(MVLP组,VT15 m l/kg、PEEP 10cm H2O、RR 20次/m in)。观察4 h后处死动物,行支气管肺泡灌冼。监测氧合、呼吸力学、血流动力学及肺损伤指标。结果(1)LVMP、LVLP、MVLP组低位拐点(LIP)分别为(16.0±1.3)、(15.8±3.0)、(16.3±1.9)cm H2O。(2)在RM后30、60 m in,LVMP组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)[(371±64)、(365±51)mm Hg]显著高于LVLP组[(243±112)、(240±108)mm Hg]及MVLP组[(242±97)、(232±87)mm Hg,P均<0.05],但直至RM后4 h 3组比较差异无统计学意义;LVLP与MVLP组在RM后各个时间点的PaO2与基础状态比较差异均无统计学意义;MVLP组的通气功能较其他两组显著改善。(3)与基础状态比较,RM后LVMP组平均动脉压(mABP)显著降低,平均肺动脉压(mPAP)显著增加,而其他两组mABP保持稳定,mPAP降低。(4)与基础状态比较,3组PIP和气道平台压(Pp lat)在RM后均显著降低,呼吸系统静态顺应性(Cst)显著改善。在RM后同一时间点比较,MVLP组PIP、Pp lat和Cst均显著好于LVMP组。MVLP组与LVLP组相比,Cst有增加趋势。(5)在相同部位的支气管肺泡灌冼液中,肺损伤指标在各组之间无显著差异。结论与LIP相近的高PEEP有助于防止复张肺泡的再萎陷,但对血流动力学和呼吸力学产生不利影响;早期应用RM能有效“节约”PEEP,并为上调VT提供了较肺泡复张之前更大的空间。