复合TCI异丙酚时瑞芬太尼抑制纤维支气管镜检查患者气道反应的半数有效血浆靶浓度

目的 确定复合TCI异丙酚时瑞芬太尼抑制纤维支气管镜检查患者气道反应的半数有效血浆靶浓度(EC50).方法 择期行纤维支气管镜检查患者40例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20).两组均以TCI瑞芬太尼和异丙酚麻醉,异丙酚效应室靶浓度3μg/ml,瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度采用序贯法确定,第1例患者瑞芬太尼的效应室靶浓度5μg/L,相邻靶浓度之比为1.1.A组以检查过程中BIS≤60为合适麻醉深度,B组以检查过程中气道反应≤Ⅱ级为合适麻醉深度.分别计算两组瑞芬太尼抑制气道反应的EC50及其95%可信区间(CI).结果 A组和B组瑞芬太尼的EC50及其95%CI分别为4.50μg/L(95%CI 3.88～5.36μg/L)和4.10ug/L(95%CI 3.31～5.00μg/L),A组EC50高于B组(P＜0.05).结论 复合TCI异丙酚(效应室靶浓度为3μg/L)时,瑞芬太尼抑制纤维支气管镜检查患者气道反应的EC50为4.10μg/L.BIS不适宜作为反映异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉深度的指标.     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注用于小儿无肌松气管插管的半数有效效应室浓度

目的测定丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)时瑞芬太尼用于小儿无肌松气管插管的半数有效效应室浓度(EC50)。方法 (6.6±1.0)岁ASAⅠ级择期行整形外科手术患儿28例,丙泊酚以效应室靶浓度6μg/ml输注,血浆和效应室浓度达平衡后开始TCI瑞芬太尼,在瑞芬太尼血浆和效应室浓度达平衡后气管插管。瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度按Dixon序贯法法则确定,起始浓度为4.0 ng/ml,相邻效应室靶浓度梯度为0.2 ng/ml。结果瑞芬太尼用于小儿无肌松气管插管的EC50为4.67ng/ml,95%可信区间为4.52~4.87 ng/ml。结论在复合丙泊酚效应室靶浓度6μg/ml输注条件下,瑞芬太尼用于小儿无肌松气管插管的EC50为4.67 ng/ml,95%可信区间4.52~4.87 ng/ml。     

人工流产术患者复合异丙酚时靶控输注瑞芬太尼的药效学

目的 探讨人工流产术患者复合异丙酚4.5 μg/ml时靶控输注瑞芬太尼的药效学.方法 拟行人工流产术患者135例,年龄18～30岁,ASAI级,孕6～10周.随机分为9组(n=15):瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度分别为0.5、0.8、1.1、1.4、1.7、2.0、2.3、2.6和2.9 ng/ml(Ⅰ组～Ⅸ组).各组异丙酚效应室靶浓度均为4.5 μg/ml.采用概率单位回归分析法,计算麻醉效果达优时瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度EC50、EC95及其95%可信区间(CI)和呼吸抑制时瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度EC50、EC95及其95%CI.结果 麻醉效果达优时瑞芬太尼的效应室靶浓度EC50为1.67 ng/ml,其95%CI为1.45～1.90 ng/ml,EC95为3.88 ng/ml,其95%CI为3.08～5.89 ng/ml;呼吸抑制时瑞芬太尼效应室靶浓度EC50为2.44 ng/ml,其95%CI为2.28～2.64 ng/ml,EC95为3.36 ng/ml,其95%CI为2.99～4.34 ng/ml.麻醉效果达优时瑞芬太尼的效应室靶浓度EC95高于呼吸抑制时效应室靶浓度EC95(P＜0.05).结论 人工流产术患者复合异丙酚4.5 μg/ml时,麻醉效果达优时瑞芬太尼的效应室靶浓度EC50、EC95,分别为1.67、3.88 ng/ml,呼吸抑制时瑞芬太尼的效应室靶浓度EC50、EC95,分别为2.44、3.36 ng/ml.     

异丙酚麻醉下瑞芬太尼抑制病人气管插管和切皮时心血管反应的效应室靶浓度

目的测定异丙酚麻醉期间瑞芬太尼抑制病人气管插管和切皮时心血管反应的效应室靶浓度(EC50和EC95)。方法择期全麻手术病人60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄加～65岁,体重40～75 kg,随机分为6组(n=10):瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI),血浆靶浓度分别为1、2、3、4、5、6 ng/ml;异丙酚TCI,效应室靶浓度均为4.0μg/mI。病人意识消失后静脉注射维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,气管插管。插管后2 min暂停瑞芬太尼TCI,切皮前10 min再以诱导时相同浓度瑞芬太尼TCI。记录入室安静时(基础值)、诱导后最低、插管后2 min内最高、切皮前1 min、切皮后2 min内最高的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。MAP和HR诱导后最低值与插管后2 min内最高值、切皮前1 min与切皮后2 min内最高值比较升高>15%为心血管阳性反应。采用Probit法计算瑞芬太尼EC50和EC95。结果瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管时心血管反应的EC50为4.41 ng/ml,95%可信区间(95%CI)为3.97～5.05 ng/ml;相应的EC95为6.42 ng/ml,95%CI为5.54～8.09 ng/ml。瑞芬太尼抑制切皮时心血管反应的EC50为2.05 ng/ml,95%CI为1.36～2.59 ng/ml;相应的EC95为3.89 ng/ml,95%CI为3.20～5.71 ng/ml。结论异丙酚效应室靶浓度为4.0μg/ml时,靶控输注瑞芬太尼抑制病人对气管插管和切皮诱发的心血管反应呈剂量依赖性,其效应室EC50分别为4.41 ng/ml和2.05 ng/ml。     

小儿麻醉诱导期舒芬太尼对丙泊酚镇静作用的影响

目的本研究通过观察小儿麻醉诱导期意识消失(LOC)时脑电双频指数(BIS)以及丙泊酚的效应室浓度(EC)变化,了解不同剂量的舒芬太尼对丙泊酚镇静作用的影响。方法 45例患儿择期接受手术.年龄3～8岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。随机均分为三组:S_1、S_2组分别输注舒芬太尼0.01、0.02 μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1);C 组,生理盐水持续输注。所有患儿均不使用术前药,入室后开放静脉,稳定5 min 后分别输注舒芬太尼或生理盐水。输注30min 后,开始丙泊酚靶控输注,所有患儿的丙泊酚起始 EC 设定为 1 μg/ml,以后再逐渐递增至2、3、4 μg/ml。分别于基础时点、舒芬太尼输注30 min 后、丙泊酚每次达到预设 EC 稳定1 min 后以及 LOC 即刻记录 BIS、丙泊酚 EC、OAA/S 评分、HR、SBP及 MAP。结果患儿 LOC 时 S_1组丙泊酚 EC_(50)[1.28 μg/ml,95%可信区间(CI):0.99～1.53μg/m1]和 S_2组丙泊酚 EC_(50)(0.98 μg/ml,95%CI:0.52～1.33 μg/ml)均显著低于 C 组(2.02 μg/ml,95%CI:1.70～2.28 μg/ml)(P<0.05),S_2组 BIS_(50)(83,95%CI:78.7～92.9)明显高于 C 组(74,95%CI:70.2～79.8)(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼与丙泊酚复合应用可以降低患儿意识消失所需要的丙泊酚效应窒浓度,两者之间存在协同作用,舒芬太尼可以加强丙泊酚的镇静作用。     

复合TCI异丙酚时瑞芬太尼抑制支撑喉镜诱发心血管反应的EC50

目的 探讨复合TCI异丙酚时瑞芬太尼抑制支撑喉镜诱发心血管反应的半数有效血浆靶浓度(EC50).方法 择期拟行全麻下声带息肉摘除术患者20例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄20～51岁,体重52～83 kg,TCI瑞芬太尼和异丙酚行麻醉诱导,异丙酚血浆靶浓度4μg/ml,瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度采用序贯法确定,第1例患者瑞芬太尼的血浆靶浓度5ng/ml,相邻靶浓度之比为1.2,以HR或MAP变化幅度超过基础状态15%为心血管反应阳性的判断标准.气管插管后3 min置人支撑喉镜.计算瑞芬太尼抑制支撑喉镜诱发心血管反应的EC50及其95%可信区间(CI).结果 所有患者均未见胸壁僵硬,均未发生术中知晓.瑞芬太尼抑制支撑喉镜诱发心血管反应的EC50为3.50 ng/ml,95%CI为3.47～3.60 ng/ml.结论 复合TCI异丙酚4μg/ml时瑞芬太尼抑制支撑喉镜诱发心血管反应的EC50为3.50 ng/ml,95%CI为3.47～3.60 ng/ml.     

中低速率输注瑞芬太尼不改变脑电双频指数监测下维持麻醉所需靶控输注丙泊酚的浓度

背景本文旨在观察不同速率输注瑞芬太尼是否会降低使脑电双频指数（bispectral index，BIS）≤50的丙泊酚EC50（半数有效浓度）值。方法将72例ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级拟行气管内插管并靶控输注（TCI）丙泊酚维持麻醉的成人患者，随机分为6组。瑞芬太尼输注速率分别为：B组0．1μg·kg^-1·min^-1,C组0．15μg·kg^-1·min^-1,D组0．2μg·kg^-1·min^-1,E组0．3μg·kg^-1·min^-1,F组0．4μg·kg^-1·min^-1,A组作为对照组不使用瑞芬太尼。在同一浓度瑞芬太尼组中，以第1例患者对TCI4μg/ml丙泊酚的反应决定岳一例患者的效应室浓度（Dixon的“序贯法”）。如果BIS〉50，后一例患者TCI丙泊酚的效应室浓度增加，如果BIS≤50，后一例患者TCI丙泊酚的效应室浓度则减少。同时研究了联合用药的血流动力学效应。结果EC50变化范围为2．4-2．9μg/ml.未发现瑞芬太毫对丙泊酚EC50的累加效应。但是未使用瑞芬太尼的空白对照组对丙泊酚的反应差异较大。使用瑞芬太尼组患者心率下降。结论瑞芬太昆输注不会减少无刺激麻醉患者丙泊酚需求量。在联合输注瑞芬太尼时不应当降低丙泊酚TCI浓度．     

丙泊酚麻醉下舒芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的半数有效浓度

目的探讨丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)时舒芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的半数有效浓度(Ce50)。方法择期全麻手术患者29例,以效应室浓度TCI舒芬太尼,3 min后给予血浆靶浓度为3μg/ml丙泊酚,意识消失后给予维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg。舒芬太尼效应室靶浓度按序贯法确定,舒芬太尼靶控浓度从0.4 ng/ml开始,相邻靶浓度之间比率为1.2。结果丙泊酚3μg/ml麻醉下,舒芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的Ce50为0.32 ng/ml,95%可信区间(CI)为0.3～0.36 ng/ml。结论在复合TCI丙泊酚3μg/ml时,舒芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的Ce50为0.32 ng/ml。     

阿片类药物对大脑状态指数和丙泊酚的效应室靶浓度的影响

目的 研究靶控输注(TCI)阿片类药物对丙泊酚麻醉时大脑状态指数(CSI)和改良警觉镇静评分(MOAA/S)的影响.方法 80例全麻患者随机分为四组.每组20例.A、B、C组分别TCI芬太尼1.5 ng/ml、雷米芬太尼6 ng/ml和舒芬太尼0.2 ng/ml;D组仅TCI丙泊酚.效应室浓度(EC)稳定10 min后TCI丙泊酚(维持靶控阿片类药物).丙泊酚靶浓度从0.5μg/ml开始,每5分钟递增0.5 μg/ml.试验开始后每20秒行改良警觉镇静评分(MOAA/S)评分,并由电脑实时记录EC值、CSI值及血流动力学各参数值.至MOAA/S为0分后调整以原靶浓度继续5 min停止研究.计算各组5%、50%及95%的患者出现丧失语言反应(LVC)、意识消失(LOC)时(LSI和丙泊酚的EC及其95%可信区间.结果 与对照组比较.各阿片类药物组LVC和LOC出现在更高的CSI值和更低的丙泊酚的EC值(P<0.05).结论 阿片类药物明显增强丙泊酚的临床镇静效果.     

腰椎手术静-吸复合麻醉脑电双频指数为50时的丙泊酚半数有效血浆靶浓度

目的观察腰椎手术静-吸复合麻醉脑电双频指数(BIS)维持50时丙泊酚半数有效血浆靶浓度(Cp50)。方法择期行腰椎间盘髓核摘除术患者,年龄40~56岁,术中麻醉维持采用吸入0.5 MAC七氟醚、静脉泵注瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)和维库溴铵0.08mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),同时TCI丙泊酚。采用序贯法确定丙泊酚靶浓度,初始血浆靶浓度为1.8μg/ml,相邻浓度比为1∶1.1;若患者术中平均BIS值50,则下一例患者靶浓度为1.98μg/ml;若BIS≤50,则下一例患者靶浓度为1.64μg/ml,以此类推。计算丙泊酚Cp50及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果共有26例患者完成序贯试验。丙泊酚Cp50为1.61μg/ml(95%CI 1.52~1.70)μg/ml。结论腰椎手术中0.5 MAC七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼及TCI丙泊酚麻醉,术中维持BIS值为50时所需丙泊酚的Cp50为1.61μg/ml。     

Rules for allocation of livers for transplantation

Previous rules of allocation of livers for transplantation were based mainly on local priorities, with final management left to the local team. This created substantial regional disparities. A prospective survey of waiting list deaths and dropouts due to aggravation of liver disease (2003-2005) validated the MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) score on French data. A new allocation score (Liver Score) for liver transplants, based on specific variables for each liver disease, was introduced in March 2007. An initial evaluation, based on the first 5 months of practice, clearly shows that the Liver Score reduces the rates of deaths, dropouts, and futile transplantations; it also accelerates access to transplantation for the sickest patients. Several points remain unresolved: both the MELD and Liver scores may be improved. The variability of the MELD score related to different laboratory assay methods requires harmonization between laboratories.     

Risk factors for osteoporosis for residents of Kiwa

We evaluated 207 individuals (49 men and 158 women) living in a small town in central Japan to identify the risk factors for, and the etiology of, osteoporosis. Female sex, advanced age, short stature, low body weight, and deficiencies in calcium and protein intake were associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis. Nutrition appeared to be strongly related to a decrease in bone mass, because subjects who lived solitary lives were more likely to have decreased bone mass and bone mass was similar between husbands and wives.     

Survey of arrangements for anaesthesia for interventional neuroradiology for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage

The management of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is changing. The recent introduction of endovascular occlusion of the aneurysm using detachable coils offers an alternative to craniotomy and clipping of the aneurysm for the prevention of recurrent aneurysmal haemorrhage. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the current provision of peri-operative care for patients with an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. A survey was conducted of the 34 neuroscience centres which provide an adult neurosurgery service in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Most centres reported an increasing role for coiling, and a decreasing role for clipping in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. The provision of peri-operative care for patients undergoing interventional neuroradiology procedures varied greatly between centres. Neurovascular services in the UK are being reorganised and adequate staff and facilities should be available for the peri-operative care of patients undergoing interventional neuroradiology procedures.     

昏迷患者气管切开术后气管套管的选择

目的探讨昏迷患者气管切开术后应用不同类型气管套管预防肺部感染的效果。方法将102例昏迷气管切开患者按入院时间分为对照组（50例）和观察组（52例），对照组采用不带气囊的金属气管套管；观察组采用一次性低压气囊气管套管，均予气管切开术后常规护理。两组分别在气管切开后第3天、第15天，从气管套管内留取痰标本进行细菌培养。结果两组气管切开术后第15天细菌阳性率比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）；观察组气管切开术后15d总菌株少于对照组（P〈0．01）；第3天与第15天总菌株比较，对照组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01），观察组差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。观察组肺部感染率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论采用一次性低压气囊气管套管能有效降低昏迷气管切开术患者的肺部感染率。     

Criteria for selection of patients for bariatric surgery

Because of the high prevalence of co-morbid conditions and poor life expectancy a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 40 kg/m(2) or more is an indication for surgery in a fully informed, consenting adult in optimal medical condition to tolerate general anaesthesia. Patients with BMI of 35-40 kg/m(2) and the existence of one or more serious obesity-related conditions ameliorated by weight loss, such as hypertension, pulmonary insufficiency, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus etc., are also candidates for surgical treatment. The bariatric surgeon should use these international criteria as guidelines only, not strict rules. Attempts on the part of internists and more frequently insurance carriers to require documented failure of previous non-operative treatment is not meaningful.