早期强化治疗与常规治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者β细胞功能与胰岛素抵抗变化的比较

目的 探讨强化治疗与常规治疗对初诊T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能和胰岛素抵抗(IR)的影响. 方法 初诊T2DM患者选用非胰岛素促泌药物治疗后,HbA_1c≤6.5%者53例,>6.5%者58例,对OGTT血糖、Ins、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR进行组间比较. 结果 与常规组比较,达标组OGTT的5个时点血糖均显著降低(P均<0.01);180min Ins明显降低(P<0.05),其他时点Ins也降低,但无统计学差异(P>0.05);HOMA-IR明显降低,HOMA-β明显升高(P均<0.05);葡萄糖处置指数显著升高(P<0.01);△I_(30)/△G_(30)和AUC_(Ins)组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 初诊T2DM患者早期血糖强化达标治疗比常规治疗更能有效改善高血糖状态,减轻IR程度,提高β细胞基础分泌功能.     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛素泵强化治疗血糖长期控制的效果及影响因素分析

目的 观察新诊断T2DM患者短期胰岛素泵强化降糖治疗后影响血糖长期控制的因素.方法 选取新诊断T2DM患者32例,胰岛素泵治疗2周,测定治疗前后OGTT 0.5、1、2 hPG及Ins,计算胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和第一时相胰岛素分泌（△I30/△G30）.观察3年后血糖控制情况,分析影响因素. 结果 胰岛素泵强化治疗后,FPG、0.5 hPG、2hPG、HOMA-IR均较治疗前下降,HOMA-β和△I30/△G30升高（P＜0.01）.3年后血糖控制率为28.1％ （9/32）.Logistic回归分析显示,强化治疗后有氧运动是血糖长期控制的重要因素（OR=24,P＜0.05）. 结论 新诊断T2DM患者短期胰岛素泵强化治疗可长期控制血糖,有氧运动是血糖长期控制的重要因素.     

优泌乐50R治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的观察初诊T2DM患者与口服降糖药失效T2DM患者优泌乐50R强化治疗的疗效。方法初诊T2DM患者与口服降糖药失效T2DM患者各30例,均给予优泌乐50R强化降糖治疗,分别于治疗前、后对血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素用量等指标进行组间比较。结果两组治疗后的空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）均明显下降,疗效显著,初诊组治疗达标时间短,胰岛素用量小。结论优泌乐50R治疗2型糖尿病疗效肯定,对餐后血糖的控制存在优势。初诊T2DM患者早期胰岛素治疗更能有效改善高血糖状态,提高β细胞基础分泌功能。     

预混胰岛素与长效胰岛素类似物治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效比较

目的 比较诺和灵30R与甘精胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)的疗效.方法 将200例初诊T2DM患者随机分为两组,分别采用诺和灵30R(A组)或甘精胰岛素(B组)进行24周的强化治疗,比较两组一般情况及血糖控制情况.结果 治疗后两组的血糖、血压均达到目标水平,降低程度相似.A组较B组低血糖发生率更高,体重增加幅度更大.结论 诺和灵30R与甘精胰岛素对初诊T2DM的降糖效果相似,但前者的低血糖风险大,体重增加幅度大,说明甘精胰岛素更适合于初诊T2DM患者.     

短期诺和锐强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　探讨短期诺和锐强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛β细胞功能和血糖控制的影响。　方法　对45例初诊T2DM患者进行为期两周的诺和锐强化治疗,分析比较治疗前后空腹(FPG)及餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、静脉葡萄糖耐量试验时第一时相胰岛素及C肽分泌和胰岛素及C肽曲线下面积、胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素敏感指数、空腹胰岛素(FIns)与FPG比值。　结果　诺和锐强化治疗后,FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01);空腹及第一时相胰岛素和C肽的分泌、胰岛素和C肽曲线下面积、FIns与FPG比值、胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素敏感指数均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.01)。胰岛素抵抗指数较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01)。　结论　短期诺和锐强化治疗可显著改善初诊T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能。     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者长期血糖控制的影响

目的观察短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者长期血糖控制的影响。方法随访216例接受短期胰岛素强化治疗的初诊T2DM患者,至强化治疗后12个月、24个月、36个月末,分别观察脱药率、血糖、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-IS)的变化趋势。结果 216例T2DM患者接受胰岛素强化治疗后的12个月、24个月、36个月时,仅靠饮食、运动保持血糖平稳的患者例数分别是116例(71.6%)、61例(54.9%)、22例(37.3%);脱药组与未脱药组比较,脱药组强化治疗后HOMA-IR、HOMA-IS改善更加显著(均P<0.01)。结论短期胰岛素强化治疗可改善初诊T2DM患者胰岛功能,β细胞功能得到较好恢复的初诊T2DM患者血糖获得长期缓解的可能性较大。     

胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病疗效观察

对我院52名FPG》11．1mmol/L的初诊T2DM患者，随机分为2组，一组采用CSII，另一组用MSII，结果：CSII组治疗后各时间点血糖显著下降，且平均血糖低于MSII组，血糖达标所需时间短，胰岛素用量少，低血糖发生率低。结论：短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对初诊FPG较高的T2DM患者疗效满意。     

持续皮下胰岛素注射后延长胰岛素治疗时间对胰岛功能影响的临床观察

目的观察持续皮下胰岛素注射后延长胰岛素治疗时间对伴高血糖的新诊断T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法根据胰岛素治疗时间,将90例新诊断T2DM患者随机分成2周、3月及5月组,各30例,检测并比较各组治疗前后及治疗结束1年后胰岛β细胞功能。结果各组治疗后血糖均下降,胰岛β细胞功能改善,3月组和5月组△I_(30)/△G_(30)高于2周组[(1.87±0.44)vs(1.95±0.49)vs(1.63±0.51),P0.01]。治疗结束1年后,3月组和5月组缓解率高于2周组(53.3%vs63.3%vs 40.0%,P0.05),5月组高于3月组(P0.01);与非缓解组相比,缓解组HbA在c控制更好[(5.57±0.27)%vs(7.76±0.55)%,P0.05],△I_(30)/△G_(30)增加[(1.39±0.78)vs(1.82±0.29),P0.05],胰岛β细胞分泌功能下降更少[(303.71±46.12)vs(200.69±29.42),P0.05]。结论胰岛素强化治疗可改善新诊断T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能,治疗延长至3~5个月可更好地延缓胰岛β细胞功能减退。     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的探讨短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法将62例初诊T2DM患者随机分为两组,其中观察组32例,采用胰岛素强化模式治疗2周,之后根据患者具体情况改为口服降糖药物单用或联用进行治疗,对照组只给予口服降糖药物单用或联用治疗,两组患者疗程均为1个月。结果与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患者FPG、2h PG、Hb A1c、FINS、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR均明显改善,治疗前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);且观察组患者上述指标改善情况优于对照组,其中FINS、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊T2DM能在控制患者血糖水平的同时,显著改善患者胰岛β细胞功能、缓解胰岛素抵抗状态。     

甘精胰岛素联合诺和灵R强化治疗初发2型糖尿病的疗效与安全性

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合诺和灵R强化治疗初发2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的疗效及安全性。方法选择36例初诊、未使用降糖药物的T2DM患者,随机分为甘精胰岛素组18例、精蛋白人胰岛素(NPH)组18例,每日22:00分别皮下注射1次甘精胰岛素或NPH,每日3餐前均注射诺和灵R,疗程12周。观察两组治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、3:00血糖、空腹C肽(FCP)、餐后2 h C肽(PCP)及血糖达标率、低血糖发生率等。结果两组治疗后FPG、2 h PG、3:00血糖均明显下降,但治疗前后比较均无统计学差异(P均>0.05)。甘精胰岛素组血糖达标率为83.3%、NPH组为50.0%,两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.01);甘精胰岛素组低血糖发生率为5.6%、NPH组为22.2%,两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论甘精胰岛素联合诺和灵R短期强化治疗初发T2DM不但可以获得良好的降糖效果,还可改善胰岛功能,且低血糖发生率较低。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.