先天性多指畸形X线表现与临床分型对照分析

目的:探讨64排螺旋CT及后处理技术在判断中央型肺癌(CLC)对气管、支气管及肺门血管侵犯中的价值。方法:75例经纤支镜或病理确诊的CLC患者行64排螺旋CT扫描,运用多平面重组、曲面重组、容积再现、最大密度投影、CT仿真内窥镜等后处理技术观察肿瘤与气管、支气管及肺门血管的关系。结果:肿瘤对气管、支气管的侵犯表现为管外压迫型38例(50.7%),CT表现为肿瘤压迫并侵犯支气管,管腔内呈不均匀狭窄;管壁浸润型(28例,37.3%)CT表现为管壁不规则增厚,呈向心性狭窄;管内增生型(9例,12.0%)CT表现为肿块突入管腔,支气管管腔呈偏心性狭窄。肿瘤共侵犯117支肺门血管,其中95支(81.2%)CT可见血管明显狭窄或闭塞;12支(10.3%)CT可见肿瘤环绕血管生长;10支(8.5%)CT可见瘤栓形成。结论:64排螺旋CT及后处理技术能准确显示气管、支气管、肺门血管的解剖结构及其与中央型肺癌肿块的空间关系,对判断中央型肺癌侵犯气管、支气管、肺门血管有重要价值。     

早期中央型肺癌CT诊断与支气管镜及病理组织学对照

目的 研究中央型肺癌早期CT表现及其病理学基础，并评价CT在鉴别诊断中的作用。方法 对17例病理证实的早期中央型肺癌及10例类似中央型肺癌的良性病变进行分析，CT采用SR 700及（或）Lightspeed Plus扫描机，3．0或1．5mm层厚薄层扫描，将CT表现与支气管镜及手术病理组织学表现对照。结果 17例病变CT均显示，3例显示为局部支气管管壁增厚、管腔内壁不规则，支气管镜显示黏膜表面粗糙、红肿。14例显示管腔狭窄、闭塞，其中4例合并亚段支气管黏液栓，10例合并阻塞性肺炎或肺不张，支气管镜表现为腔内息肉样病灶。病理组织学显示1例累及黏膜，5例累及黏膜下，11例侵犯支气管软骨层。10例良性病变中，CT检查怀疑6例恶性病变，4例不排除恶性，支气管镜检查5例显示内壁不均匀增厚、粗糙，2例管腔内凝血块，1例管腔内结节，2例未见异常。结论 薄层CT扫描能可靠地显示支气管细微病变，是诊断早期中央型肺癌非常有用的方法。     

原发性气管支气管淀粉样变的MSCT诊断

目的：探讨原发性气管支气管淀粉样变的 MSCT 表现。方法：搜集本院经病理证实的5例原发性气管支气管淀粉样变性的影像资料，对病变气管支气管壁厚度、密度、管腔形态及病变范围进行回顾性分析。结果：弥漫型4例，受累气管支气管壁环形增厚，呈连续性分布，管壁厚度3～6mm，其中气管至3级支气管2例，气管至4级支气管2例。2例气道壁呈片状及环状钙化，以支气管明显，2例为局灶性小钙化。局限型1例，表现为右侧中间段支气管管壁增厚，管腔狭窄，气道壁未见明显钙化，患侧肺门淋巴结肿大并伴有蛋壳样钙化。气道内膜凹凸不平4例，1例尚光滑。5例管腔均出现不同程度狭窄，1例2级支气管闭塞伴肺不张，1例气管至2级支气管狭窄，3～5级支气管管腔相对扩大，继发感染。结论：原发性气管支气管淀粉样变性 MSCT 主要表现为气道壁结节样增厚，局灶性或弥漫性分布，伴或不伴有钙化，气管壁后部可以受累。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在大动脉炎中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）血管成像在诊断大动脉炎中的临床应用价值。方法 对临床拟诊大动脉炎的14例患者进行MSCT血管成像，扫描范围自颈2椎体水平至耻骨联合水平，图像后处理方法包括多平面重组、最大密度投影、容积重组、血管内镜及血管分析，充分显示受累血管的部位、范围及程度。结果 14例患者CT表现为不同程度的动脉管壁增厚，管腔狭窄或闭塞，管腔狭窄具有向心性的特点，部分伴狭窄后扩张。按管腔情况包括狭窄-阻塞型8例，混合型6例。重组图像结合轴面图像观察，可以清晰显示受累大血管及其分支血管的狭窄程度或闭塞情况以及侧支血管形成情况。依据Lupi-Herrea分类法包括Ⅰ型5例，Ⅱ型2例，Ⅲ型6例，Ⅳ型1例，CT结果均与其临床表现相符。结论 MSCT血管成像同时显示大动脉炎的管腔情况和管壁改变，后者对于早期诊断及治疗、改善预后具有重要意义，可以作为此病的首选检查方法。     

原发性气管支气管淀粉样变的MSCT表现

目的 :探讨原发性气管支气管淀粉样变的MSCT表现。方法 :回顾性分析经病理证实的6例原发性气管支气管淀粉样变患者的MSCT资料,包括气管支气管病变部位管壁密度、厚度、病变范围及管腔形态等。结果:6例中弥漫型5例,管壁厚度3~6 mm,其中累及气管至3级支气管者3例,累及气管至4级支气管者2例。3例支气管气道壁钙化方式呈片状或环状,2例呈局灶性小钙化。1例为局限型,主要表现为右侧中间段支气管管壁增厚,管腔变狭窄,气道壁无明显钙化现象,其淀粉样变侧肺门有淋巴结肿大且伴蛋壳样钙化。5例出现凹凸不平的气道内膜,1例气道内膜尚光滑。6例管腔均不同程度变窄,1例出现2级支气管闭塞伴肺不张,1例气管至2级支气管狭窄,3~5级支气管管腔扩大并继发感染。结论:原发性气管支气管淀粉样变的MSCT表现主要为气道壁呈结节样增厚,分布呈局灶型或弥漫型,伴或不伴钙化。     

多层螺旋CT仿真支气管镜对气管支气管病变的诊断价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT仿真支气管镜（CTVB）对气管、支气管病变的诊断价值。方法对42例患者进行多层螺旋CT检查，在工作站得到仿真支气管图像，采用螺距1．35，重组间隔1mm，重组层厚1．25mm。其中35例为中央型肺癌、3例支气管内膜结核、3例支气管良性肿瘤经病理证实，1例支气管异物经临床证实。所有图像均经2名熟悉气管支气管解剖的放射科医师进行分析。结果42例中，35例中央型肺癌CTVB表现为气管支气管腔内结节状或丘状隆起者22例，狭窄13例，以上35例中央型肺癌横断面CT均显示病变部位支气管壁呈不同程度增厚。3例支气管内膜结核CTVB均表现为支气管腔狭窄，横断面CT显示管壁增厚，管壁增厚范围长。3例气管支气管良性肿瘤CTVB表现为腔内结节，横断面CT无相邻支气管壁的增厚。另1例支气管腔内异物CTVB表现为支气管腔内隆起性阻塞，横断面CT无相邻支气管壁的增厚。CTVB可以越过狭窄部位对远端支气管进行观察。结论多层螺旋CTVB可以反映气管支气管腔内病变的形态，结合横断面CT对气管支气管病变的诊断具有参考价值。     

支气管壁增厚在中央型肺癌诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值

目的　评价支气管壁厚度在中央型肺癌诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法　对照分析 5 7例中央型肺癌、2 8例支气管内膜结核及 10例支气管腔内肿瘤的支气管壁厚度 ,测量支气管壁厚度 (T)及管壁增厚长度(L) ,计算出T/L比值。结果　 5 7例中央型肺癌能够显示支气管壁增厚 4 5例 (占 78.9% ) ,T/L为 0 .6 4。 2 8例支气管内膜结核表现支气管壁增厚 6例 (占 2 1.4 % ) ,T/L为 0 .2 2。 5 7例中央型肺癌与 2 8例支气管内膜结核支气管壁增厚检出率有非常显著性统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1)。 4 5例中央型肺癌与 6例支气管内膜结核支气壁厚度统计学有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,L及T/L有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。 4例支气管腔内恶性肿瘤表现腔内结节伴有支气管壁增厚 ,5例支气管腔内良性肿瘤及 1例支气管转移瘤表现支气管腔内结节不伴支气管壁的增厚。结论　支气管壁增厚是诊断中央型肺癌和鉴别支气管腔内良恶性肿瘤的依据。T/L比值有助于中央型肺癌的鉴别诊断     

多层螺旋CT及其三维重组对中央型肺癌的诊断价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及其三维重组对中央型肺癌(CLC)的诊断价值。方法:58例CLC患者,经MSCT平扫,增强动、静脉期扫描,二维多平面及曲面重组(MPR及CPR),三维容积重组(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)及仿真内窥镜重组(CTVE),同时均经支气管镜及其病理检查,44例经术后病理证实。并将各种重组诊断结果与横断面扫描结果进行统计学对比分析。结果:58例CLC MSCT三维重组、支气管镜及手术分三型:腔内结节型5例,环状狭窄型19例,偏心狭窄截断型34例。MPR及CPR、MIP、CTVE诊断结果与横断面扫描相比,差异无显著性;VR差异则有显著性。结论:MSCT三维重组能准确分型诊断CLC,评价气管、支气管树肿瘤侵犯程度与范围,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

16层螺旋CT血管成像在肺癌诊治中的价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT(16 MSCT)血管成像(CTA)在肺癌诊断和治疗上的价值。方法:对28例经手术病理证实的肺癌病例作回顾性分析。其中中央型肺癌18例,周围型肺癌10例。采用层厚1 mm、螺距0.9375进行连续螺旋CT扫描,用CT自带软件Vitrea 2三维重组软件,重组方法包括CTA及多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、遮盖表面显示(SSD)、容积再现(VR)。结果:18例中央型肺癌中,全部肿块均可见由肿瘤性支气管动脉供血,其中1 例见肿瘤性支气管动脉和肿瘤性肋间动脉同时供血。10例周围型肺癌中有5例由肿瘤性支气管动脉供血,其中2例同时由肿瘤性支气管动脉和肿瘤性肋间动脉供血,5例找不到明确的供血血管。28 例肺癌病例中,肺血管有形态改变者23 例,中央型肺癌15例,周围型肺癌8例。其中鼠尾征10例,血管受压及狭窄者12例。上腔静脉狭窄或阻塞3例。结论:MSCT血管成像对肺癌特别是中央型肺癌的诊断及肿块区肺血管的侵犯情况有极重要的临床价值。     

支气管色素沉着纤维化的MSCT表现

目的 探讨支气管色素沉着纤维化(BAF)的MSCT表现特征.方法 搜集经支气管镜确诊的60例BAF患者的MSCT资料,回顾性分析其CT表现.所有患者均于支气管镜检查前后1～2周内行胸部MSCT扫描,其中46例行胸部平扫+增强扫描.结果 60例中MSCT显示支气管狭窄或闭塞48例,其中呈平滑狭窄30例,不规则或结节样狭窄18例;支气管狭窄伴远端肺不张40例;纵隔和/或肺门淋巴结增大40例;淋巴结钙化27例.肺内其他异常情况:肺内磨玻璃及实变7例,纤维索条26例,结节12例,肿块3例,肺内间质性病变7例,胸膜病变14例.结论 支气管管壁增厚,管腔呈光滑向心性狭窄或闭塞,纵隔和/或肺门多发增大、钙化的淋巴结是BAF主要的MSCT特征性表现.     

多层面CT仿真内镜对中央气道良性病变的评价

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT仿真内镜（virtual endoscopy,VE)在中央气道良性病变评价中的价值。材料和方法：29例中央气道良性病变，包括解剖性异常5例（气管性支气管2例、气管憩室1例、先天性支气管闭锁1例、食管气管瘘1例），炎症性病变14例（支气管内膜结核9例、复发性多软骨炎3例、慢性炎症瘢痕2例）和其他10例（外伤性气管支气管撕裂2例、支气管腔内血凝块1例、支气管腔内痰栓5例、血管压迫2例）。痰液经CT复查或纤维支气管镜证实，其余病例均经纤维支气管镜（Fibrobronchoscope,FOB)及活检证实。采用多层面CT机，准直2．5mm或5mm,p=1.25或1．75，重建间隔1.6mm或2mm，容积性VE观察。结果：解剖性异常和痰液栓VE明确诊断（12／12），显示详细；其他气道良性疾病能一定程度上显示补充信息，对有辅助定位及判断良性狭窄的程度或范围有一定的诊断价值。与FOB有较好的一致性（22／24）。结论：VE能充分显示良性病变，对横断面起很好的补充说明作用。解剖性异常和多数痰液栓能明确诊断，可免除FOB或重复检查。     

Diagnostic potential of virtual bronchoscopy: advantages in comparison with axial CT slices, MPR and mIP?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of virtual endoscopy (VE) and to compare it with axial CT slices, multiplanar reconstructions (MPR), minimal intensity projections (mIP), and bronchoscopy in patients diagnosed with bronchogenic carcinoma. Thirty patients underwent a spiral CT. Axial CT images were transferred to an Onyx workstation (Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems, Mountain View, Calif.) for performing virtual endoscopy. Accuracy for this procedure was tested by three radiologists on a monitor in comparison with axial CT slices, MPR, mIP, and bronchoscopy concerning the localization and degree of stenoses. Endoluminal tumors were identified by virtual bronchoscopy with no statistically significant difference of localization or grading of stenosis in comparison with bronchoscopy, axial CT slices, MPR and mIP. Axial CT slices, MPR, and mIP showed poorer results with over- or underestimation of stenoses compared with VE and bronchoscopy. Passing of stenoses was only possible with VE in 5 patients. Virtual endoscopy is a non-invasive method for identification of endoluminal tumors and is comparable to real bronchoscopy. Received: 18 March 1999; Revised: 21 May 1999; Accepted: 22 July 1999     

Comparison of three-dimensional virtual endoscopy with bronchoscopy in patients with oesophageal carcinoma infiltrating the tracheobronchial tree.

Virtual endoscopy (VE) is a technique for performing simulated bronchoscopy using helical CT data of the tracheobronchial tree. In order to evaluate a virtual three-dimensional (3D) endoluminal procedure for the tracheobronchial tree, comparison was made between bronchoscopy, axial CT images and minimal intensity projections (MIP). 21 patients were referred for helical CT because of oesophageal carcinoma shown by bronchoscopy to infiltrate into the trachea or bronchi. Axial CT images obtained on a helical scanner were transferred to a Sparc20 workstation. VE was compared with the axial CT images and the MIP concerning additional information on the location and degree of stenosis gained after 3D reconstruction of the inner surface of the tracheobronchial tree. The accuracy of this VE system was compared with bronchoscopy. Follow-up was performed in two patients to evaluate the tracheobronchial system after stent implantation. All stenoses were identified by VE with no statistically significant difference in detection of location or grading of the stenosis to real time bronchoscopy. Passage of subtotal stenosis was only possible with VE. VE is suitable for following up stent implantation. Submucosal lesions of the tracheobronchial tree could not be detected by VE. There was no statistically significant difference regarding the location of the stenoses between VE, axial CT slices, MIP and bronchoscopy. The VE showed only a statistically significant difference with regard to the degree of stenosis which was underrated on axial CT slices and MIPs. Pitfalls including mucus plugs and wall defects due to the wrong threshold value were a limitation of VE. VE is presently too time-consuming to use in every patient with an infiltrating tumour into the tracheobronchial tree. In conclusion, while VE cannot replace endoscopy of the tracheobronchial tree or the oesophagus, it is an accurate and non-invasive method for identifying endoluminal tumours, grading stenoses and visualizing the tracheobronchial tree beyond stenoses in a small number of patients who are not amenable to endoscopy.     

多层面CT重建诊断中央大气道良性病变

目的 :分析多层面CT三维重建诊断中央大气道良性病变的价值。材料和方法 :用多层面CT对 3 5例中央气道良性病变 (解剖性异常 5例 ,炎症性病变 18例及其它 12例 )扫描 ,并全部完成三维表面遮盖显示、容积显示和仿真内窥镜检查。所有病例第一次读片时仅有横断面图像 ,第二次读片时增加重建图像。结果 :三维重建帮助 4例横断面漏误诊的解剖性异常获得确诊 ,16例炎症性病变进一步详细显示 ,2例气管支气管裂伤明确范围和程度 ;虚拟内窥镜帮助 5例横断面上不能确诊的痰液获得确诊。结论 :CT三维重建可用于解剖性异常和痰液的诊断 ,对其它良性疾病主要是对病变的另一种形式的进一步显示。     

Multidetector CT virtual bronchoscopy to grade tracheobronchial stenosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of noninvasive multidetector CT (virtual bronchoscopic images, axial CT slices, coronal reformatted images, and sagittal reformatted images) in depicting and allowing accurate grading of tracheobronchial stenosis with that of flexible bronchoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multidetector CT and flexible bronchoscopy were used to examine 200 bronchial sections obtained from 20 patients (15 patients with bronchial carcinoma and five without central airways disease). Multidetector CT was performed using the following parameters: collimation, 4 x 2 mm, pitch, 1.375; and reconstruction intervals, 2 mm. Postprocessing was performed using surface rendering and multiplanar reformatted images. CT images were independently interpreted by two radiologists. The tracheobronchial stenoses revealed on flexible bronchoscopy were graded by a pulmonologist. RESULTS: Virtual bronchoscopic findings, axial CT scans, and multiplanar reformatted images were highly accurate (98% accuracy for virtual bronchoscopic images, 96% for axial slices and coronal reformatted images, and 96.5% for sagittal reformatted images) in revealing tracheobronchial stenosis. In allowing accurate grading of tracheobronchial stenosis, images from virtual bronchoscopy correlated closely (r = 0.91) with those of flexible bronchoscopy. Because use of virtual bronchoscopic images reduced the overestimation of stenosis, these images allowed better assessment of stenosis than did axial CT slices (r = 0.84) or multiplanar reformatted images (r = 0.84) alone. CONCLUSION: Multidetector CT virtual bronchoscopy is a reliable noninvasive method that allows accurate grading of tracheobronchial stenosis. However, it should be combined with the interpretation of axial CT images and multiplanar reformatted images for evaluation of surrounding structures and optimal spatial orientation.     

CT仿真内窥镜成像技术临床应用的初步探讨

目的探讨ＣＴ仿真内窥镜成像技术的原理、方法及临床应用价值。材料与方法将螺旋ＣＴ容积扫描数据传输到工作站。通过软件功能调整ＣＴ值阈值和透明度，显示含气器官或主动脉的内腔，赋予人工伪彩色，重建出沿空腔器官中轴行程一致的多幅器官内表面图像。再用电影功能依次回放，获得仿真内窥镜效果。用此方法检查２１例患者及正常人，其中喉部８例，气管支气管３例，结肠５例，主动脉５例。全部病例均经纤维内窥镜或手术病理证实。结果喉、气管支气管及结肠ＣＴ仿真内窥镜获得类似纤维内窥镜显示管腔器官腔壁或腔内病变形态的效果。尚能从梗阻远端观察病变情况。主动脉ＣＴ仿真内窥镜能显示血管内壁、假性动脉瘤的破口、夹层动脉瘤的内膜瓣。结论ＣＴ仿真内窥镜提供了一种无创伤性的诊断方法，可作为纤维内窥镜的补充手段，但其敏感性及特异性有待今后进一步研究提高。     

CT仿真内窥镜临床应用体会

目的探讨CT仿真内窥镜临床应用价值。方法共完成各种体腔(气道、消化道、鼻、咽、喉及血管腔)CTVE60例,所有病例先行螺旋CT扫描,将源图像传至工作站,经特殊软件处理,模拟纤维内镜检查。部分病例有纤维内窥镜对照。结果30例气道CTVE均清晰显示至段及部分亚段支气管,其中20例肿瘤性病变显示了狭窄或阻断面处理情况,但对纤支镜下肿瘤周围粘膜侵犯及肿块表面细节均显示不良。20例消化道CTVE显示中晚期胃癌、结肠癌良好,但对1例小息肉及2例胃溃疡均漏诊。鼻咽及喉部7例中1例鼻咽癌显示咽隐窝肿块,2例喉癌示声门不对称,3例血管CTVE显示2例主动脉夹层瘤及内膜瓣,1例显示前交通动脉瘤颈、体情况。结论CTVE显示病变部位明确,观察病变组织全面,可部分替代纤维内窥镜检查。但其肿块表面“菜花”状改变及其粘膜下浸润显示均不良,容易漏诊胃肠道良性溃疡及小息肉,说明CTVE分辨率仍不够高。鼻、咽、喉CTVE显示解剖细节十分逼真,血管CTVE在诊断主动脉夹层内膜瓣及破口,动脉瘤颈、体腔的显示方面独辟蹊径,做好消化道CTVE前的准备十分重要,以免造成误诊和漏诊。     

螺旋CT仿真支气管内窥镜成像方法及其临床应用

评价螺旋CT仿真支气管内窥镜(CTVB)临床应用价值。材料和方法对52例气管、支气管行螺旋CT(GE HiSoeedAdvantageCT/i)扫描,将其数据传至AdvantageWindows3.1版本工作站,用NavigatorSmooth软件建成酷似纤维支 气管镜所见的CTVB图像,并与纤维支气管镜对照。其中4例与病理标本对照。结果CTVB能100％地观察到段以上支 气管和80％以上亚段支气管。27例中心型肺癌发现支气管狭窄23例,闭塞4例,肺癌术后支气管残端4例,气管狭窄2 例,右中间段支气管憩室1例。结论CTVB是一种新的无创性观察气管、支气管腔的方法,酷似纤维支气管镜所见,但在 观察支气管粘膜的表浅病变和获取组织学标本方面不能取代纤维支气管镜。     

2D and 3D CT imaging correlated to rigid endoscopy in complex laryngo-tracheal stenoses

The aim of this study was to compare 2D and 3D CT imaging in the pre- and postoperative evaluation of complex benign larynges-tracheal airway stenoses with rigid endoscopy, considered as the gold standard. Six patients (aged 5–72 years) with a total of nine complex laryngo-tracheal stenoses underwent non-contrast helical CT scans (slice thickness 3 mm, pitch 1.3, reconstruction interval 1.5 mm) before and after surgical resection. With prototype software, virtual endoscopy (VE) post-processing algorithms were applied to the imaging data sets. The VE and multiplanar 2D findings were compared with rigid endoscopy, considered as standard of reference. All nine stenoses were correctly identified on 3D images and their anatomical locations correctly assessed on 2D reconstructions. Artifacts were met when patients were unable to suspend their breath, leading to one false-positive result. Two-dimensional images and 3D VE of tracheal stenoses proved to be efficient and complementary to the rigid endoscopy, permitting a reliable endoluminal 3D view and evaluation of the surrounding anatomical structures. Limitations of this technique relate to the maximal spatial resolution of 1.5 mm, the lack of color, and the inability to assess the mucosa. Virtual endoscopy is for complex laryngo-tracheal stenoses an excellent complement for rigid endoscopy, remaining the method of reference, and may be indicated with complicated pathological structures. Received: 15 September 1999 Revised: 11 February 2000 Accepted: 8 June 2000