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目的：探讨应用腹腔镜技术治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的可行性、有效性和手术方法。方法：1996～2002年收治急性胆源性胰腺炎39例，对20例有急性胆道梗阻者，行急诊或早期腹腔镜胆囊切除术．胆总管切开取石T管引流、小网膜囊腔胰腺区清创引流，术后予腹腔灌洗。对19例无胆道梗阻或经36h保守治疗胆道梗阻缓解者，待胰腺炎缓解后行延期腹腔镜确定性胆道手术。结果：急诊或早期手术的20例，18例胆总管结石取石顺利，2例探查阴性。延期手术19例，腹腔镜手术均予术中胆道造影。5例合并胆总管结石者行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T管引流。14例胆囊结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。39例均治愈。结论：腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎，体现了微创手术的优点，可在一定程度上替代外科剖腹手术治疗。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊断及外科治疗

目的 探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊断和外科处理方式。方法 对1999年9月～2004年9月收治的急性胆源性胰腺炎病人135例进行了回顾性分析。结果 引起急性胆源性胰腺炎的胆系疾病有：胆囊和胆总管下端多发结石、胆胰合流异常、Oddi括约肌炎性狭窄等；超声、CT等影像学对胆源性胰腺炎的诊断有决定性帮助；外科干预以简单有效的早期胆道或胰腺引流为主。结论 胆道梗阻引起胰液排出障碍是急性胆源性胰腺炎的重要原因；影像学检查是诊断和确定该病治疗原则的主要根据；胆源性胰腺炎的有效方法是胆囊切除和，或胆总管切开引流术、胰腺减压引流术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆总管置管引流治疗轻型急性胆源性胰腺炎

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆总管置管引流减压治疗轻型急性胆源性胰腺炎的可行性、有效性及手术方法。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2008年12月我院为16例轻型急性胆源性胰腺炎患者行急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术,经胆囊管插管至胆总管胆道减压的临床资料。结果:16例患者经上述方法治疗后均治愈,无胰腺炎复发。结论:轻型急性胰腺炎早期急诊行腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆道减压术,微创、安全,且治疗周期短、疗效好,值得推广应用。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎的外科治疗体会

目的： 探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎的手术时机和手术方式。方法： 回顾性分析了１４８ 例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者接受不同治疗方法后的复发率、病死率和平均住院时间。结果： 急性胆源性胰腺炎在同一住院期内行胆囊切除术加／不加胆总管探查术, 术后胰腺炎复发率明显降低;晚期手术病死率比早期手术要显著降低。结论： 对于急性胆源性胰腺炎应该强调同一住院期间内行针对胆道结石的手术治疗;如果坏死组织继发感染则加行坏死组织清除术;晚期手术则能保证术后较低的病死率。     

128例急性胆源性胰腺炎外科治疗分析

目的:总结急性胆源性胰腺炎外科治疗临床经验。方法:对5年来128例外科治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎进行回顾性分析。结果:保守治疗103例,死亡3例。早期手术5例,死亡2例。限期手术20例均无死亡。术后合并胆瘘2例。结论:大多数急性胆源性胰腺炎早期保守治疗均可痊愈,少数经保守治疗无效时,应根据胆胰各系疾病的轻重缓急不同,做出个体化处理,选择不同的手术时机及方法。     

胆源性急性胰腺炎的手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨胆源性急性胰腺炎的手术治疗的指征和时机。方法 回顾性分析1991年-2000年收治的胆源性急性胰腺炎77例。结果 轻型胆源性急性胰腺炎69例，均予早期急诊手术解除胆道梗阻，均获得痊愈。重症胆源性急性胰腺炎8例，病情迅速恶化出现胰腺坏死，感染，均予以手术引流，痊愈4例。死亡4例。结论 对胆源性急性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应当早期急诊手术解除胆道梗阻，可获得良好预后。对重症胆源性急性胰腺炎出现坏死感染者应当及时手术引流，但预后不良。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎外科治疗46例分析

目的 探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎外科治疗的时机与方法. 方法 回顾分析我院1994年1月至2005年8月收治的46例急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床资料. 结果 轻症急性胆源性胰腺炎31例,急诊后期手术6例;重症急性胆源性胰腺炎15例,其中非梗阻型6例,采用非手术治疗,梗阻型9例,均行急诊手术.本组痊愈45例,死亡1例. 结论 对急性胆源性胰腺炎的治疗应根据其病情与类型而定,伴有化脓性胆管炎和梗阻型重症急性胆源性胰腺炎者早期宜行急诊手术,其它类型胆源性胰腺炎早期宜非手术治疗,后期治疗胆石病,可以降低病死率,减少并发症的发生.     

非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎的病因及手术时机的探讨

目的：探讨非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎的病因及手术时机。方法：总结38例非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎的发病原因及治疗经验。结果：本组共行手术13例，早期手术6例，术后无并发症及死亡；中期重型急性胰腺炎手术5例，1例合并胰瘘，1例合并高位小肠瘘死亡；晚期手术2例，1列死亡。本组手术死亡率15％（2/13）。非手术治疗重型胰腺炎4例，早期死亡1例。轻型胰腺炎21例均经非手术治疗痊愈。结论：非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎合并存在胆道感染时应早期手术，否则应先试行积极的支持治疗。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊治体会

目的探讨胆囊微小结石引发的胆源性胰腺炎的诊断及治疗。方法 56例急性胰腺炎患者入院后行B超和/或CT检查,显示胆囊内微小结石和/或胆总管内微小结石或扩张,血淀粉酶或尿淀粉酶超过正常,确诊为胆源性胰腺炎后,经积极手术前准备,急诊行胆囊切除、胆总管探查、T型管引流术;5例重症胰腺炎加行胰腺被膜切开、胰腺周围放置引流管,手术后行腹腔灌洗。手术后坚持禁食、胃肠减压、补液、抑制胰腺外分泌和应用胰酶抑制剂、纠正水电解质平衡及酸碱平衡等治疗。结果全组患者中除2例死于MODS,1例术后T型管脱出,胆总管下端狭窄经PTCD后带管出院外,其余患者均顺利治愈出院。结论胆囊微小结石引发的胆源性胰腺炎的诊断需根据临床表现、结合影像学检查及实验室检查。一经确诊,急诊手术效果良好。     

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目的探索重症急性胰腺炎的治疗流程,寻找最佳治疗方案。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院ICU1999年1月至2012年1月期间收治的57例重症急性胰腺炎病人的临床资料。结果 26例病人在治疗期间未接受任何介入或手术治疗,病死率为11.1%(3/26),1例出现肠穿孔,发生率为3.8%(1/26)。22例病人在治疗期间至少接受1次CT下经皮置管引流(PCD),其中19例(88.6%)在PCD术前后接受了手术治疗。所有接受PCD治疗病人3d后体温下降,有效率为77.3%(17/22),病死率为22.7%(5/22),1例PCD术后出现腹腔内出血,发生率为4.5%(1/22)。28例病人在治疗期间接受手术治疗,其中11例胆源性胰腺炎行胆囊切除、胆总管切开、T管引流术,1例胆源性胰腺炎行十二指肠乳头切开取石术(EST),16例因非手术治疗失败或PCD治疗7 d后仍发热,行外科坏死组织清除术。总的手术治疗病人病死率为35.7%(10/28),手术并发症发生率为46.4%(13/28)。逻辑回归分析提示,感染性休克和多脏器功能衰竭是影响重症急性胰腺炎预后的独立因素。结论重症急性坏死性胰腺炎治疗是综合性的。梗阻性胆源性胰腺炎应积极手术解除梗阻。非梗阻性胰腺炎早期应积极采取非手术治疗。在非手术治疗过程中出现持续高热、病情进展者,应采取PCD引流与手术相结合的治疗方案。     

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration is gaining favor in the treatment of patients with gallstones and CBD stones. Our aim is to report our results with this procedure, focusing on the technical aspects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with proven CBD stones undergo laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration, preferably, or a choledochotomy if the former is not feasible. According to CBD stone load and diameter, a biliary drainage tube is positioned for postoperative biliary decompression. RESULTS: Among 284 patients who underwent laparoscopic CBD exploration, 4 (1.4%) were converted to open surgery. Transcystic CBD exploration was feasible in 163 cases (58.2%), but a choledochotomy was required in 117 (41.8%). Biliary drains were positioned in 204 patients (72.8%). Minor complications included hyperamylasemia (11; 3.9%) and minor subhepatic bile collection (7; 2.5%). Major complications were bile leakage (5; 1.8%), hemoperitoneum from cystic artery bleeding (2; 0.7%), subhepatic abscess (2; 0.7%), acute pancreatitis (1; 0.3%), and jejunal perforation (1; 0.3%). Retained CBD stones in 15 patients (5.3%) were removed through the biliary drainage sinus tract (8) or after endoscopy and sphincterotomy (6). In one patient, a small stone passed spontaneously (overall success rate 94.6%). Death from a cardiovascular complication was observed in one elderly high-risk patient (0.3%). Recurrent ductal stones in 5 patients (1.8%) were treated with ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy. One patient with re-recurrent ductal stones underwent hepaticojejunostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic CBD exploration during LC in unselected patients solves two problems during the same anesthesia with high success rates (94.6%), low minor (6.4%) and major (3.8%) morbidity rates, and a low mortality rate (0.3%). Standardization of the technique is mandatory to achieve high success rates.     

同期三镜、鼻胆管引流选择性治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎92例

目的探讨同期三镜(腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜)、鼻胆管引流术(LCDND)选择性治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石合并急性胆源性胰腺炎的应用体会。方法回顾性分析2010年4月至2016年9月期间,符合入选标准的92例胆囊结石继发胆总管结石合并急性胆源性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。先游离胆囊至胆总管汇合部,经胆囊管汇合部切开或胆总管前壁切开,采用胆管镜取石网取石或液电碎石术;经胆管切口插入引导管进入肠腔,引导十二指肠镜行乳头切开术和鼻胆管引流术;结石取净后,行胆管切口的一期缝合术,切除胆囊。结果腹腔镜下切除胆囊、胆管镜探查、内镜乳头切开92例。胆管镜取石后留置鼻胆管82.6%(76/92),胆管镜联合十二指肠镜取石后留置鼻胆管9.8%(9/92),因胆总管残石而腹腔镜下留置T形管2.2%(2/92),因乳头狭窄未解除留置鼻胆管失败而腹腔镜下留置输尿管导管3.3%(3/92),因腹腔镜下取石失败而中转为开腹胆总管探查取石术并留置鼻胆管2.2%(2/92)。术后发现残石1例(1.1%),胆汁漏3例(3.3%),应激性溃疡出血3例(3.3%)。无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、重症胰腺炎等并发症,无死亡。术后总并发症发生率为7.6%(7/92)。结论初步研究发现,只要病例选择合适,同期三镜、鼻胆管引流术治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石合并急性胆源性胰腺炎是可行、有效和安全的。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎的早期内镜治疗与保守治疗的对比分析

目的 探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎的早期内镜下逆行胰胆管造影检查和治疗与保守治疗的临床疗效及安全性.方法 64例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者,其中36例合并急性胆管炎患者采取急诊实施内镜下十二指肠乳头切开和取石术,28例采取保守治疗者为对照组.结果 36例胆源性胰腺炎合并胆管炎患者顺利实施ERCP;且较保守治疗组病情得到及时有效控制;同对照组相比所有患者均未出现严重并发症.结论 ERCP对于治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎合并急性胆管炎具有微创、安全、有效,是治疗急性胆源性合并急性胆管炎的有效方法之一.     

Single-stage definitive laparoscopic management in mild acute biliary pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Population-based studies have shown that nearly one third of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) before undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) (two-stage approach). The present study was designed to evaluate the safety of single-stage laparoscopic management to avoid preoperative ERCP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 1998 and June 2002, 35 female patients and 10 male patients (median age, 59 years) with uncomplicated mild acute biliary pancreatitis were studied prospectively and reviewed retrospectively. LC with fluoroscopic intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) or with fluoroscopic IOC and laparoscopic CBD exploration in cases of concomitant choledocholithiasis was performed as the definitive treatment (single-stage approach). Patients underwent surgery electively when symptoms had subsided and laboratory parameters had improved. RESULTS: LC alone was performed in 39 patients, and an additional laparoscopic CBD exploration was performed in the remaining six. In one patient, IOC yielded a false-positive result. CBD stones were detected in four cases, and debris in the CBD in one case, for an 11% incidence of concomitant choledocholithiasis. The conversion rate was zero, and single-stage laparoscopic treatment was successful in all cases. The overall morbidity rate was 4%. The 30-day postoperative mortality rate was zero. CONCLUSION: Although preoperative ERCP and sphincterotomy still have a role in complicated cases of mild acute biliary pancreatitis, laparoscopic single-stage definitive treatment is feasible and safe in uncomplicated cases of disease when local experience is available.     

急诊ERCP在急性胆源性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的探讨急诊ERCP在急性胆源性胰腺炎(ABP)急性反应期中的作用与地位。方法回顾分析92例ABP患者,根据是否早期接受急诊ERCP分为ERCP组(ERCP组,52例)和非ERCP组(N-ERCP组,40例)。观察ERCP组中胆总管微小结石或胆泥发生率;比较两组重症胰腺炎发生率、腹痛缓解时间、血清淀粉酶及肝功能变化。结果 ERCP组中49例急诊ERCP治疗成功,成功率达94.2%。ERCP组中,胆总管微小结石及胆泥共6例,占胰腺炎病因11.5%(6/52);ERCP组重症胰腺炎发生率[5.8%(3/52)]明显低于N-ERCP组[20%(8/40)](P<0.05)。ERCP组腹痛缓解时间(3.5±1.1 d vs 5.0±1.5 d)、血清淀粉酶下降速度(50±135 U/L vs 201±120 U/L)、肝功能(TBIL:125±114μmol/L vs 250±140μmol/L;ALT:210±183 U/L vs 452±215 U/L;GGT:241±198 U/L vs 450±285 U/L)改善情况均优于N-ERCP组(P<0.05)。结论急诊治疗性ERCP可显著缓解临床症状和降低重症胰腺炎发生率。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎复发的预防方法

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎复发的预防方法。方法回顾性分析1999年1月-2001年7月我院治愈的急性胆源性胰腺炎112例的临床资料。所有患者入院前均无胆源性胰腺炎病史且未行胆囊切除术。根据是否行内镜下Oddi括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）、胆囊切除术，将112例分为保守组45例、EST组22例、胆囊切除组29例、EST联合胆囊切除组16例。比较各组胆源性胰腺炎复发率。结果112例随访16—30个月，平均18．5月。保守组12例胰腺炎复发，复发率为26．7％（12／45）；EST组、EST联合胆囊切除组均无胰腺炎复发；胆囊切除组2例胰腺炎复发，复发率为6．9％（2／29）。与保守治疗组比较，EST、胆囊切除能显著降低胆源性胰腺炎复发率。胆囊切除术后复发的2例行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholanginpancreatography，ERCP），均发现有胆总管小结石。结论胆总管结石是胆囊切除术后胰腺炎复发的主要原因。EST、胆囊切除术均能有效预防胆源性胰腺炎复发；EST具有创伤小、恢复快等优点，适合于高龄、一般情况差、不能耐受手术的患者。     

The role of clinical and biochemical criteria and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the urgent diagnosis of common bile duct stones in acute pancreatitis

The role of clinical and biochemical criteria in predicting common bile duct (CBD) stones was analyzed in 76 patients with acute pancreatitis undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during the same hospital admission. Forty patients had ERCP within 72 hours; cholangiography was successful in 92%. Fifty patients had biliary pancreatitis; 25 patients had CBD stones and all were successfully removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES). Twenty-six patients had nonbiliary pancreatitis. Two patients had complications from ERCP and/or ES; two patients died (no CBD stones) but ERCP was noncontributory. Significant differences were found between the biliary and nonbiliary disease groups with respect to age, and bilirubin. gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and amylase levels. The first four factors also discriminated between those patients with and without CBD stones. Logistic discriminant functions were estimated providing probabilities for the presence of CBD stones for each patient but were too cumbersome for clinical use. A simple scoring system was devised on the basis of cut-off levels: bilirubin greater than or equal to 40 mumol/L, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase greater than or equal to 250 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase greater than or equal to 225 IU/L, and age greater than or equal to 70 years, indicating CBD stones. Bilirubin alone had a sensitivity and specificity of 80%; the specificity increased to 93% with all four factors. These results suggest that clinical and biochemical criteria and ERCP and/or ES may have important roles in the management of patients with suspected biliary pancreatitis.     

Acute biliary pancreatitis: Diagnosis and management

Acute biliary pancreatitis is a serious complication of biliary calculous disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis has been the focus of discussion in recent years. In addition, the exact role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis has not yet been fully defined. In this report, we evaluated a protocol of emergency ERCP (within 24 hours) for predicted severe attacks, early ERCP (within 72 hours) for predicted mild attacks, and interval LC for management of acute biliary pancreatitis. Between January 1992 and June 1995 a total of 75 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis were managed according to the protocol. Bedside ultrasonography at admission diagnosed 94% of all 64 patients with gallbladder stones, but the sensitivity of visualizing choledocholithiasis was low (19%). Forty-five (60%) of them were predicted to have a severe attack by either Ranson or glucose/urea criteria. Emergency ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for identifiable common bile duct (CBD) or ampullary stones were performed on all patients predicted to have a severe attack within 24 hours from presentation. An early endoscopic procedure was performed on all patients predicted to have a mild attack within 72 hours from presentation. ERCP was successful in 95% of all patients, and CBD stones were detected in 52 (69%) of them. ES and stone clearance were successful in all of these 52 patients. The morbidity associated with the endoscopic procedure was 3%, and there were no deaths. All except one patient survived the attack of acute pancreatitis, resulting in an overall mortality of 1%. Interval LC was performed on 46 patients with a conversion rate of 4%. The median postoperative hospital stay after LC was 2 days, and there was no major intraoperative or postoperative morbidity or mortality. Our experience suggests that the policy of emergency ERCP for patients with predicted severe disease, early ERCP for patients with predicted mild disease, and interval LC are associated with favorable outcomes in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. Acute biliary pancreatitis can be managed safely and effectively by a combined endoscopic and laparoscopic approach.     

LC联合LTCBDE在老年急性胰腺炎合并胆囊结石伴胆总管结石患者中的应用及安全性研究

目的对老年急性胰腺炎合并胆囊结石伴胆总管结石早期行腹腔镜胆囊切除联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy plus Laparoscopic Transcystic Common Bile Duct Exploration,LC+LCBDE)的病例进行回顾性分析,并评估其安全性。方法选取2012年10月~2016年10月我科收治的急性水肿型胰腺炎合并胆囊结石伴胆总管结石患者443例,分为四组,其中年龄大于60岁,行LC+LTCBDE患者为老年LTCBDE组(n=101),行LC+LTDBDE患者为老年LTDBDE组(n=98);年龄小于60岁,行LC+LTCBDE患者为中青年LTCBDE组(n=132),行LC+LTDBDE患者为中青年LTCBDE组(n=112)。对各组手术中情况、手术并发症、术后恢复情况等方面进行比较。结果与老年LTDBDE组(3.14±0.33h)和中青年LTDBDE组(3.11±0.34h)比较,老年LTCBDE组(2.24±0.23h)和中青年LTCBDE组(2.12±0.40h)手术时间明显缩短(P0.05);术中出血量(△Hb)及中转开腹率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与中青年LTCBDE组(1/132)、中青年LTDBDE组(2/112)比较,老年LTCBDE组(8/155)、老年LTCBDE组(6/98)肺部感染高(P0.05),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。其余并发症胆漏、胆总管损伤、切口感染、肠梗阻四组间两两比较,均无显著性差异(P0.05)。与中青年LTCBDE组(3.24±0.11 d)与中青年LTDBDE组(3.54±0.20d)比较,老年LTCBDE组(6.72±0.44d)、老年LTDBDE组(7.45±0.20d)住院天数延长,差异有统计学意义(PO.05)。胰腺炎复发率、残余结石发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年急性胰腺炎合并胆囊结石伴胆总管结石患者在胰腺炎控制后,即可选择早期施行LC+LTCBDE,并不影响手术安全性。经胆囊管路径探查胆总管优于其他术式,值得推广。     

胆源性胰腺炎的胆道探查及其定义

目的：探讨胆源性胰腺炎胆道探查的必要性.方法:总结我院近十年37例胆源性胰腺炎的胆道探查情况,其中28例直接切开胆总管探查,9例用胆囊切除后经胆囊管残端插管造影及扪诊的方法探查.结果:术中探查及术后T管造影示无结石为33例,占89.2%(33/37);有结石为4例,占10.8%(4/37).其中3例术前发现有胆总管(CBD)结石,其余34例诊断为"胆源性胰腺炎",而术前影像学诊断无胆总管结石,做胆总管探查,仅有一例有结石.结论:应当正确定义"胆源性胰腺炎",胰腺炎发生时应严格限制作胆道探查.