Distribution of Cs-137 in the human body with malignant neoplasms of various localizations

137Cs-concentrations and distribution in internal organs and malignant tumor tissues from cadavers and patients operated on for cancer were identified by gamma spectrometry in clinics of Vitebsk Region. Non-uniform distribution patterns in different organs were registered, irrespective of the presence or absence of malignancy.     

Significance of desmoplastic reactions on tumor deposits in patients with colorectal cancer

It has been well recognized that the tumor microenvironment serves important roles in the progression and invasion of cancer. The desmoplastic reaction (DR) is a fibrous tissue reaction around tumor cells, and the prognostic significance of DR in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been established. Tumor deposits (TD) are also an important prognostic indicator of CRC. Notably, immature type DR has been linked to poor prognosis. In addition, immature type DR is significantly associated with a higher pT stage, presence of lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis; however, to the best of our knowledge, the association between DR and TD has not yet been examined. The present study aimed to clarify this association. This study included 443 consecutive patients with pT3 or pT4 CRC who underwent surgical resection. The histopathological features, including DR and TD, were evaluated. Statistical analyses of the presence of TD, DR and other clinicopathological parameters were performed. The present cohort included 205 female and 238 male patients; 293 (66.1%) and 150 (33.9%) patients were classified as pT3 and pT4, respectively. Immature, intermediate and mature DR were noted in 282 (63.7%), 91 (20.5%) and 70 patients (15.8%), respectively. TD was observed in 93 (21.0%) patients. Immature type DR was significantly associated with a higher pT stage (P<0.0001), presence of lymph node metastasis (P<0.0001), lymphatic (P=0.0007), venous (P<0.0001) and perineural invasion (P<0.0001), and higher tumor budding (TB) (P<0.0001). Moreover, immature type DR was significantly associated with the presence of TD (P<0.0001). The present study demonstrated a significant association between immature type DR and the presence of TD, and suggested a close relationship between lymphovascular invasion, DR, TB and TD. Additional studies are required to analyze the detailed mechanism underlying the development of immature DR in CRC to define novel treatment strategies.     

Detecting and phenotyping of aneuploid circulating tumor cells in patients with various malignancies

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been exclusively studied and served to assess the clinical outcomes of treatments and progression of cancer. Most CTC data have mainly been derived from distinct cohorts or selected tumor types. In the present study, a total of 594 blood samples from 479 cases with 19 different carcinomas and 30 healthy samples were collected and analyzed by Subtraction enrichment method combined with immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH). Non-hematopoietic cells with aneuploid chromosome 8 (more than 2 copies) were regarded as positive CTCs. The results showed that none of CTCs was found in all 30 healthy samples. The overall positive rate of CTCs was 89.0% in diagnosed cancer patients (ranging from 75.0% to 100.0%). Average number of 11, 5, 8 and 4 CTCs per 7.5 mL was observed in lung cancer, liver cancer, renal cancer and colorectal cancer, respectively. Among 19 different carcinomas, the total number of CTCs, tetraploid chromosome 8, polyploid chromosome 8, CTM (Circulating tumor microemboli) and large CTCs in patients with stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ were statistically higher than patients with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P < 0.05). Furthermore, EpCAM expression was more frequently found in most CTCs than vimentin expression, confirming that these CTCs were of epithelial origin. In addition, small and large CTCs were also classified, and the expression of vimentin was mostly observed in small CTCs and CTM. Our results revealed that there are higher numbers of CTCs, tetraploid, polyploid and large CTCs in patients with stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ, indicating that the quantification of chromosome ploidy performed by SE-iFISH for CTCs might be a useful tool to predict and evaluate therapeutic efficacy as well as to monitoring disease progression.     

恶性肿瘤化疗患者消化系统不良反应的饮食护理

目的探讨恶性肿瘤化疗患者消化系统不良反应的饮食护理方法及效果。方法选取120例恶性肿瘤化疗患者随机分为试验组和对照组,每组60例。对照组患者给予常规护理;试验组患者在常规护理的基础上实施化疗饮食护理,比较两组患者的护理效果。结果试验组患者的消化系统不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组患者的护理满意度为98.3%,对照组患者护理满意度为91.7%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论恶性肿瘤化疗患者给予化疗饮食护理,不仅能够减轻化疗引起的消化系统不良反应,而且能够提高患者的生活质量,提高患者的护理满意度。     

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients bearing malignant brain tumors with human tumor cell lines grown in vitro

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients bearing malignant brain tumors with humain tumor cell lines grown in vitro Human neoplastic cells grown in vitro from brain tumors behave as strng antigens; these antigens may be used for detecting the cell-bound immunity of patients bearing malignant tumors. It is suggested that this crossed immunity is related with a common tumor antigen linked with the transplantation associated tumor antigen, but different. The delayed hypersensitivity reaction could thus be used for the diagnosis of the neoplastic disease as the tuberculin test for tuberculosis, but is of no value for prognosis and evolution. These results should be repeated on a large scale: isolation of the antigen and clinical experimentation are in process.     

Autoimmune phenomena in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Autoimmune paraneoplastic syndromes are commonly encountered in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). A review of case reports and small series suggest as many as 10% of MDS patients may experience various autoimmune syndromes. Clinical manifestations of such phenomena may include an acute systemic vasculitic syndrome, skin vasculitis, fever, arthritis, pulmonary infiltrates, peripheral polyneuropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, glomerulonephritis, and even classical connective tissue disorders, such as relapsing polychondritis. On the other hand, asymptomatic immunologic abnormalities have also been reported in these patients. These autoimmune manifestations frequently respond to immunosuppressive agents including steroids and occasional hematologic responses to steroid therapy have also been reported. We report five patients with history of MDS who manifested different spectrums of autoimmune phenomena including: pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), vasculitis, Coombs negative hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). We also review the incidence, nature, course and response to therapy of these manifestations and discuss potential pathogenic mechanisms.     

Induction of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in cancer patients by cholesterol-hemisuccinate-treated autologous tumor cells

Cholesterol-hemisuccinate (CHS) incorporated into tumor cells increases membrane lipid microviscosity and confers enhanced immunogenicity, which can be manifested by delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. Skin testing was performed in 30 patients with various advanced malignant tumors. Patients were given intradermal injections of 10(6) autologous, irradiated, CHS-treated tumor cells. Control injections consisted of untreated irradiated tumor cells, CHS-treated autologous normal peripheral lymphocytes, or CHS-treated autologous normal tissues. For all patients tested, strongly positive skin reactions were observed when CHS-treated tumor cells were used. Untreated irradiated cells gave negative or very weakly positive reactions. In all cases, normal CHS-treated cells did not elicit any observable skin reactions. CHS-treated cells may have unmasked tumor-associated antigens to which patients may elicit immunologic responses.     

Autoimmune phenomena in patients with malignant carcinoid tumors during interferon-alpha treatment

Several previous reports suggest an association between treatment of patients with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and development of autoantibodies and autoimmune disease. We here summarize the experience from a group of 135 patients with midgut carcinoid tumors treated with natural leukocyte IFN-alpha or recombinant IFN-alpha (rIFN-alpha). An unusual high incidence of antimicrosomal antibodies (MsAb) or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and thyroid disease manifested as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or a biphasic Hashimoto-like disease was seen, with female predominance. The incidence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) was also increased, but equally in both sexes. Antibodies to parietal cells were found in 5 cases and 4 patients with pernicious anemia were detected. Two patients developed vasculitis of leukocytoclastic type and one a syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus. Some patients treated with rIFN-alpha develop anti-IFN antibodies. Such antibodies may also be autoantibodies reacting with autologous IFN-alpha. They can neutralize the biologic activity of administrated IFN preparation and cause therapeutic failure. The implications of the various autoimmune manifestations during IFN-alpha treatment are discussed.     

Humoral reactions in BALC/c mice with sarcomatous Moloney-induced tumor

In a progressive course of the blastomatous process induced by MSV-Moloney the antitumor antibodies level in the whole blood serum was practically unchanged, while the level of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of these mice was considerably decreased as compared with that in the spleen of intact mice of the same age. If the tumor development was followed by its subsequent resorption, a biphase character of enhancement of the cytotoxic activity both of the whole serum and its fractions was noted. In the utmost developed tumor a reduced AFC level was observed, while in its resorption -- a gradual restoration of the AFC values up to the level characteristic of intact animals of the same age group.     

Extent of destructive changes in tumor parenchyma of breast cancer patients of various age

Extent of viable tumor parenchyma and necrotic tissue as well as grade of tumor cell apoptosis were assessed using histological samples from 377 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. No preoperative chemo- or radiotherapy was given. Patients of varying age were examined for destructive changes in tumor nodes both in absence and presence of regional metastases. The highest viability was registered in patients aged 30-39 years. There was a reverse correlation between age, on the one hand, and extent of intact tumor parenchyma, on the other. Similarly, the same age group revealed relatively pronounced destructive changes such as necrosis and apoptosis which are generally characteristic of younger age. There was a significant relationship between extent of destructive changes and malignant anaplasia.     

不同护理干预对肿瘤化疗患者中心静脉置管感染的影响

目的：探讨不同护理干预对肿瘤化疗患者中心静脉置管感染（CVC-RI）发生率的影响,寻找有效降低中心静脉置管感染率的护理方法。方法：将446例中心静脉置管肿瘤化疗患者,随机分为A、B、C、D四组,通过采用不同的皮肤消毒剂、皮肤消毒方法、换药时间、肝素帽更换时间分组进行护理,对各组感染率作比较。结果：B组与A组相比感染率有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。C组、D组与A组相比感染率虽无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,但D组感染率较低。结论：选用酒精、碘伏消毒剂、采用顺-逆-顺时针螺旋形皮肤消毒法可以有效预防和减少感染的发生。     

不同护理干预对肿瘤化疗患者中心静脉置管感染的影响

目的:探讨不同护理干预对肿瘤化疗患者中心静脉置管感染(CVC-RI)发生率的影响,寻找有效降低中心静脉置管感染率的护理方法.方法:将446例中心静脉置管肿瘤化疗患者,随机分为A、B、C、D四组,通过采用不同的皮肤消毒剂、皮肤消毒方法、换药时间、肝素帽更换时间分组进行护理,对各组感染率作比较.结果:B组与A组相比感染率有统计学差异(P＜0.05).C组、D组与A组相比感染率虽无统计学差异(P＞0.05),但D组感染率较低.结论:选用酒精、碘伏消毒剂、采用顺-逆-顺时针螺旋形皮肤消毒法可以有效预防和减少感染的发生.     

Peri-ictal pseudoprogression in patients with brain tumor

Recent advances in the treatment of malignant gliomas have highlighted the fact that the appearance of new contrast-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not always indicative of tumor recurrence. It has been suggested that transient seizure-related MRI changes could mimic disease progression (peri-ictal pseudoprogression [PIPG]). However, the clinical and MRI features associated with this situation have not been well described. Here, we consulted the databases of 6 institutions to identify patients with brain tumor who presented during the follow-up period transient MRI lesions wrongly suggesting tumor progression in a context of epileptic seizures. Ten patients were identified. All patients but 1 were long-term survivors who had initially been treated with radiotherapy. The PIPG episode occurred after a median interval of 11 years after radiotherapy. MRI features were highly similar across patients and consisted of transient focal cortical and/or leptomeningeal enhancing lesions that erroneously suggested tumor progression. All patients improved after adjustment of their antiepileptic drugs and transient oral corticosteroids, and MRI findings were normalized 3 months after the PIPG episode. Two patients demonstrated several seizure relapses with the same clinicoradiological pattern. After a median follow-up period of 3.5 years after the initial PIPG episode, only 1 patient presented with a tumor recurrence. In conclusion, in patients with brain tumor, especially in long-term survivors of radiotherapy, the appearance of new cortical and/or leptomeningeal contrast-enhancing lesions in a context of frequent seizures should raise the suspicion of PIPG. This phenomenon is important to recognize in order to avoid futile therapeutic escalation.     

Activities,localizations, and roles of serine proteases and their inhibitors in human brain tumor progression

Summary The plasminogen activation system consists of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors, serine proteases, and serpins. The proteases and inhibitors regulate a variety of processes in tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, cell migration, and cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. One of the plasminogen activators, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), binds to a specific surface and provides a localized cell surface proteolytic activity required for the destruction of extracellular matrix, which is a vital step in tumor cell invasion. The proteolytic activity of uPA is modulated by its cell surface receptor, as well as by plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and, to a lesser degree, by other inhibitors.The role of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in cancer invasion can be demonstrated in the development and progression of malignant brain tumors. Our findings indicate that uPA and PAI-1 expression are dramatically upregulated in malignant brain tumors in parallel with the histological progression of the tumors. The results suggest that these molecules may contribute to tumor invasion in addition to their significant role in angiogenesis. An evaluation of the plasminogen activation system could add diagnostic and prognostic significance to the evaluation of individual patients.     

Modeling intracranial second tumor risk and estimates of clinical toxicity with various radiation therapy techniques for patients with pituitary adenoma

This study was designed to estimate the risk of radiation-associated tumors and clinical toxicity in the brain following fractionated radiation treatment of pituitary adenoma. A standard case of a patient with a pituitary adenoma was planned using 8 different dosimetric techniques. Total dose was 50.4 Gy (GyE) at daily fractionation of 1.8 Gy (GyE). All methods utilized the same CT simulation scan with designated target and normal tissue volumes. The excess risk of radiation-associated second tumors in the brain was calculated using the corresponding dose-volume histograms for the whole brain and based on the data published by the United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and a risk model proposed by Schneider. The excess number of second tumor cases per 10,000 patients per year following radiation is 9.8 for 2-field photons, 18.4 with 3-field photons, 20.4 with photon intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and 25 with photon stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). Proton radiation resulted in the following excess second tumor risks: 2-field 5 5.1, 3-field 5 12, 4-field 5 15, 5-field 5 16. Temporal lobe toxicity was highest for the 2-field photon plan. Proton radiation therapy achieves the best therapeutic ratio when evaluating plans for the treatment of pituitary adenoma. Temporal lobe toxicity can be reduced through the use of multiple fields but is achieved at the expense of exposing a larger volume of normal brain to radiation. Limiting the irradiated volume of normal brain by reducing the number of treatment fields is desirable to minimize excess risk of radiation-associated second tumors.     

Chromosome abnormalities in tumor cells from patients with sporadic Wilms' tumor

The karyotype of nine of 11 Wilms' tumors was successfully analyzed using chromosome banding techniques. Peripheral lymphocytes had a normal karyotype in all six analyzed cases. Cultured cells from one tumor had a normal karyotype; however, they appeared to be fibroblasts. A chromosome 11 deletion, del(11)(p13p14), similar to that seen in patients with sporadic aniridia, was found as the sole abnormality in cells from one tumor. Abnormalities of chromosome 1 resulting in trisomy for the long arm (q21-q31) were found in five cases. Two of them had a translocation involving 1q and 16q, although the breakpoints in each chromosome appeared to differ in the two cases. Two patients had an isochromosome of the long arm, i(1q), and a fifth case had a duplication of the long arm as a result of karyotypic evolution. Chromosome 16 abnormalities were found in three cases, resulting in the partial monosomy of the long arm, sharing q22 as a common deletion. The same three cases also had trisomy 1q due to an unbalanced translocation of 1q or an i(1q). Trisomy for both chromosomes 9 and 12 were present in three cases. Two patients each had whole or partial trisomy of chromosomes 6, 7, 8, 17, and 18. Our data show that although an 11p deletion can occur as a mutation confined to tumor cells, the most common changes are trisomy for 1q, and less often a deletion of 16q.     

中西医结合护理对消化道肿瘤患者化疗不良反应的干预效果

目的探讨中西医结合护理对消化道肿瘤化疗不良反应的干预效果。方法将89例患者随机分为中西医结合护理的观察组（45例）和常规护理的对照组（44例）,护理结束后观察评价两组患者的不良反应、焦虑情绪及生活质量评定。结果观察组患者的不良反应低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。干预前,两组患者汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;干预后HAMA评分比较,观察组患者总分和精神性焦虑、躯体性焦虑因子得分下降程度均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随访6个月期间,观察组患者各项生活质量指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论中西医结合护理措施不仅可降低患者化疗后的不良反应,而且可缓解患者的焦虑情绪,提高生活质量。