不同分期慢性肾脏病患者BMD水平与IGF-1表达的 相关性研究

目的研究不同分期慢性肾脏病患者血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的表达与骨密度(BMD)的相关性。方法选取CKD2~5期患者各25例,应用DEXA骨密度仪测定1-4腰椎前后位BMD和T值,检测血清IGF-1水平及其他相关生化指标的表达。结果 CKD5期患者BMD和T值与体检人群有明显差异(P0.05),血清IGF-1值显著减少(P0.01),血清甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)明显增高(P0.01),且血清IGF-1水平与BMD呈正相关(r=0.673)。结论 BMD测定敏感性较高,是目前早期诊断肾性骨病的较好方法;血清IGF-1值不仅可反应骨转换水平高低,而且与慢性肾脏病5期患者BMD的变化相平行,对CKD患者肾性骨病早期诊治和严重程度的判断中亦具有重要临床价值。     

143例中老年慢性肾衰竭患者双能X线骨密度结果分析

目的 研究中老年慢性肾衰竭CKD3期～CKD5期患者骨质疏松情况,分析骨质疏松与慢性肾衰竭、年龄、体重指数及性别的相关性,探讨慢性肾衰竭所致骨质疏松的早期表现。方法 ①采用双能X线骨密度仪测定腰椎正位(L1～L4)和股骨颈、Ward's三角、大粗隆的骨密度;②测量143例中老年慢性肾衰竭患者及对照组165例骨密度(BMD)值,采用病例对照法分析慢性肾衰竭对骨质疏松发病率的影响;③采用Logistic多元回归法分析慢性肾衰竭、年龄、性别及体重指数对骨质疏松的影响。结果 ①中老年慢性肾衰竭患者的骨质疏松发病率为79.02％,明显高于对照组(47.88％);②CKD3、4、5期患者中,骨质疏松患病率随肾功能减退而逐渐增加;骨质疏松与慢性肾衰竭及年龄正相关,与体重指数负相关;④Ward's三角的骨质疏松患病率及骨量减少程度高于股骨其他部位及腰椎。结论 慢性肾衰竭是骨质疏松的重要影响因素。Ward's三角可作为早期诊断骨质疏松的首选检查部位。     

中老年慢性肾脏病患者双能X线骨密度测定结果分析

目的：观察中老年慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者骨密度变化,了解骨质疏松患病情况。方法：以305名中老年（年龄≥50岁）慢性肾脏病3~5期且尚未透析治疗患者为观察对象,102名非慢性肾脏病中老年志愿者为对照组。采用双能X线骨密度（DXA）仪测定腰椎正位（L1~4）和股骨等部位的骨密度（BMD）,观察CKD患者骨质疏松患病情况。按性别或CKD分期进行再分组,进一步观察不同性别或不同CKD分期条件下患者骨质疏松患病情况。结果：中老年慢性肾脏病患者总骨质疏松患病率为37.8%,男性组患病率为28.2%,女性组患病率49.2%,与对照组相比均有明显升高（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。按CKD分期观察,随慢性肾衰竭程度加重,骨质疏松患病率逐渐增加,其中CKD5期患者与CKD3、CKD4期患者比较其骨质疏松患病率增加更加明显（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论：中老年慢性肾脏病患者具有较高的骨质疏松患病率;随慢性肾衰竭程度加重,骨质疏松患病率有逐渐增加趋势;慢性肾衰竭是否为骨质疏松症的危险因素尚需探讨。     

产后早期妇女与非孕健康妇女骨密度检测分析

目的 探讨产后早期妇女骨密度(BMD)变化情况,分析怀孕与BMD的关系.方法 采用Hologic QDR-4500W型双能X线骨密度测量仪对64例产后妇女及72例非孕健康妇女进行腰椎正位(L1～4)、左髋部骨密度测量分析,按年龄分别输入数据,以5岁为一年龄组,分别计算各组骨密度值,结果以牙x±s表示.结果 非孕妇女在25～29岁间骨量达到峰值,产后早期妇女腰椎和左髋部BMD值分别显著低于对照组(腰椎P＜0.01,左髋P＜0.05).结论 产后早期妇女存在不同程度的骨量降低现象,骨量减少发生率明显高于对照组;双能X线骨密度仪对早期发现产妇骨量降低有重要临床价值.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者骨密度测定分析

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者骨密度变化及其相关的影响因素.方法 测定60例老年COPD患者及对照组30例之腰椎(L2-4)和髋骨(股骨颈、Ward's三角、大转子)的骨密度(BMD),同时测定其营养状态、肺功能、血钙(Ca)、血磷(P)、白蛋白(ALB)、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)等骨代谢生化指标.结果 COPD组较对照组腰椎(L2-4)及髋部各部位骨密度(BMD)、体重/理想体重(IBW%)、1s用力呼气量(FEV1%)均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),且COPD组腰椎及髋骨BMD与IBW%、FEV1%呈正相关(P<0.05),但COPD组血Ca、P、ALB、ALP与对照组相比无明显变化;吸入糖皮质激素治疗组与未吸入糖皮质激素组相比,BMD值也显著降低(P<0.05);吸烟组与未吸烟组相比,BMD值无显著变化(P>0.05).结论 继发于COPD患者的骨质疏松症,骨吸收大于骨形成,引起骨量减少,原因可能与COPD患者营养状态、肺功能指标、吸烟及糖皮质激素药物等因素有关.     

重度围绝经期牙周病妇女骨密度及骨转换指标表达分析

目的分析重度围绝经期牙周病（牙周病指数6～7）妇女骨密度及骨转换指标。方法连续选择28例重度围绝经期牙周病妇女,入选对象均接受腰椎密度、双侧股骨上端BMD、骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶等指标测定,并与31例同期就诊围绝经期牙周病妇女（牙周病指数4～5）和27例同期在笔者所在医院进行体检结论健康同龄女性（对照组）比较。结果重度牙周病组的腰椎L1～4和左、右股骨Neck的BMD测定值均明显低于牙周病组和对照组,而血清BGP和AKP测定值均明显高于后两组（P均〈0.05）。结论重度围绝经期牙周病妇女存在着明确的身体各部位BMD测定值下降,同时各项骨转换指标明确增加。     

绝经后女性腰椎骨密度正侧位测量的比较

目的 骨质疏松症是全世界最流行的疾病之一,以老年人和绝经后妇女患此病者居多,其中由于女性绝经后雌激素缺乏造成骨质疏松症的患者日益增加.骨质疏松症是一种常见的多因素疾病,是"骨质减少"的疾病,除了骨质异常减少外,骨内微小架构变得更细.通过绝经后女性腰椎前后位骨密度测量与腰椎侧位骨密度测量的分析比较,探索更适宜的骨密度测量方法.方法 选择绝经后女性健康查体40例,年龄在48-68 岁之间,绝境年限最短1年,最长21年.采用美国HOLOGIC公司生产的DISCOVERY-W型双能X线骨密度测量仪测量,研究对象2-4腰椎前后位,2-4腰椎侧位.结果 ①腰椎侧位BMD的统计学意义明显小于腰椎前后位BMD统计学意义.②腰椎侧位T值的统计学意义明显大于腰椎前后位T值统计学意义.结论 绝经后女性腰椎侧位骨密度测量与前后位有显著性差异,其统计数字能反应骨量的变化.其中侧位T值均数为-2.865,前后位均数为-0.613,侧位T值远远大于前后位T值.对于腰椎BMD值,前后位的均数为0.91175,侧位均数为0.67230,前后位数值高于侧位.     

强直性脊柱炎患者不同部位骨密度精确性比较及临床意义

目的比较强直性脊柱炎（AS）不同部位骨密度（BMD）测量精确性。方法对27例AS均行双能X线吸收法（DEXA）测定BMD,测定并记录腰椎、股骨颈和桡骨远端BMDZ值。记录患者病程,根据病程将患者分为A组（早期组,病程〈10年）和B组（晚期组,病程≥10年）。结果A、B组腰椎BMDZ值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,股骨颈与桡骨远端BMDZ值2组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。A组腰椎BMD更低,更能反映患者的低骨量状况;B组腰椎BMD增高,股骨颈BMD更能反映患者的低骨量状况。结论在早期AS患者中。腰椎BMD具有更好的精确性,更能准确反映其低骨量状态;但在晚期AS患者,腰椎BMD精确性降低,股骨颈BMD更能准确地反映其低骨量状态。     

慢性肾脏病患者骨密度与骨代谢生化指标的相关性分析

目的 分析慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）与骨代谢生化指标的相关性,探讨BMD及骨代谢生化指标在慢性肾脏病-矿物质和骨代谢紊乱（chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder,CKD-MBD）早期评估和管理中的价值。 方法 选取2018年1月1日-2019年9月30日就诊于安徽医科大学第二附属医院肾脏内科的CKD3~5D期患者128例,将CKD组分为CKD3期组、CKD4期组、CKD5期非透析组（CKD5ND组）和CKD5期血液透析组（CKD5HD组）。另选取15例健康人员作为对照组。检测血钙（Ca）、血磷（P）、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、骨特异性碱性磷酸酶（BALP）和血肌酐（SCr）等实验室指标,完善腰椎及左髋关节BMD检查。比较各组间各指标的组间差异,分析腰椎及左髋关节BMD与各指标间的相关性,并利用多元线性回归法分析影响BMD的危险因素。 结果 ①BMD状况：CKD3期组、CKD4期组、CKD5ND期组和CKD5HD期组的左髋关节BMD均低于对照组,并随着CKD分期的进展不断降低（P均<0.05）;各组间腰椎BMD差异不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）。②BALP、Ca、P和LogPTH水平：CKD3期组、CKD4期组、CKD5ND期组和CKD5HD期组的BALP水平均高于对照组（P均<0.05）;CKD5ND期组Ca显著低于其他组（P均<0.05）,CKD5ND期组和CKD5HD期组P显著高于其他组（P<0.05）,CKD5HD期组logPTH水平显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。③相关性分析：Pearson相关分析显示,左髋关节BMD与P、LogPTH、BALP呈负相关（P均<0.05）;腰椎BMD与各项指标之间均无相关性（P均>0.05）。④多元线性回归分析显示,年龄、体质量指数（body mass index,BMI)、SCr和PTH是影响髋关节BMD的危险因素。 结论 与腰椎BMD相比,髋关节BMD是早期骨代谢异常的敏感指标,并随着CKD进展逐渐降低。髋关节BMD与P、PTH和BALP呈负相关,PTH是影响髋关节BMD的危险因素。早期联合检测髋关节BMD和骨代谢生化指标对早期评估和管理CKD-MBD具有重要的价值。     

慢性肾衰竭与骨质疏松的相关因素分析

目的研究慢性肾衰竭中晚期患者骨质疏松情况,探讨骨质疏松与年龄、体重指数、性别及慢性肾衰竭的相关性及骨质疏松表现。方法①采用双能X线骨密度仪测定腰椎正位(L1～L4)和股骨颈、Ward’s三角、大粗隆的骨密度,测量134例慢性肾衰竭患者及154例对照组骨密度(BMD)值,采用病例对照法分析慢性肾衰竭对骨质疏松发病率的影响;②采用Logistic多元回归法分析慢性肾衰竭、年龄、性别及体重指数对骨质疏松的影响。结果①慢性肾衰竭患者的骨质疏松发病率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),分别为85.3%和41.2%;②按慢性肾脏病(CKD)分期观察,CKD 3、4、5期患者中,骨质疏松发病率与肾衰竭程度正相关(P<0.01);③骨质疏松与年龄及慢性肾衰竭正相关,与体重指数负相关;慢性肾衰竭、性别、年龄及体重指数对骨质疏松的影响均有统计学意义;④股骨颈、Wards三角、大粗隆的骨质疏松患病率及骨量减少程度高于腰椎(P<0.01)。结论慢性肾衰竭是骨质疏松的重要影响因素。ward’s三角区可作为早期诊断骨质疏松的首选检查部位。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.