塞来昔布对肺移植术后闭塞性细支气管炎抑制作用的实验研究

目的通过异位气管移植,建立起临床肺移植术后闭塞性细支气管炎（OB）的动物模型,并探讨塞来昔布对肺眵植术后OB的抑制作用。方法建立OB的动物模型,在动物模型的基础上,分别给予环孢素A、（CsA）5mg·kg^-1·d^-1、塞来昔布5mg·kg^-1·d^-1、塞来昔布＋CsA各5mg·kg^-1·d^-1腹腔注射。分别于术后14d和28d取出移植物,进行HE染色和免疫组化染色,观察管腔闭塞率、上皮细胞缺失率和淋巴细咆浸润程度。结果阳性对照组中的上皮缺失率、管腔阻塞率均高于塞来昔布组（P〈0．05）和混合用药组（P〈0．05）。镜下观察,阳性对照组中可见大量淋巴细胞浸润、上皮坏死、脱落、管腔狭窄。而在塞来昔布和混合用药组中,上述情况有所改善（P〈0．05）。结论在使用塞来昔布进行干预下,OB的病理改变有所改善,表明塞来昔布对肺移植术后的OB具有一定的抑制作用。     

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in experimental post-transplant obliterative bronchiolitis

Epithelial cell injury, inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and airway obliteration are histological features of post-transplant obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is expressed in acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Our aim was to elucidate the possible role of COX-2 in post-transplant OB by using a heterotopic bronchial porcine model. Bronchial allografts from non-related donors were transplanted subcutaneously into 24 random-bred domestic pigs, each weighing about 20 kg. Groups studied had grafts, non-treated allografts, allografts given cyclosporine A (CsA), methylprednisolone (MP), and azathioprine (Aza), and allografts given CsA, MP, and everolimus. Grafts were serially harvested during a follow-up period of 21 days for histology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry. Immunostaining was performed with monoclonal IgG against human COX-2 peptide, and histological alterations and immunohistochemical positivity were graded on a scale from 0 to 5. Epithelial COX-2 index was calculated by multiplying the percentage of positive cells by grade of epithelial COX-2 intensity. Ischaemic epithelial loss, evident in all implants, recovered rapidly in autografts, and bronchi remained patent. Epithelial loss in non-treated allografts preceded fibroblast proliferation, resulting in total luminal obliteration. In CsA-, MP-, and Aza-treated allografts epithelial destruction and luminal obliteration were delayed, and these were prevented in CsA-, MP-, and everolimus-treated allografts. COX-2 expression due to operative ischaemia was evident in all implants on day 2. Thereafter, the epithelial COX-2 index preceded epithelial injury and obliteration. During the inflammatory response and fibroblast proliferation, COX-2 expression occurred in macrophages and fibroblasts. In conclusion, in the early stage of OB development, COX-2 induction occurred in airway epithelial cells prior to luminal obliteration. In addition, the observation that COX-2 expression in macrophages and fibroblasts paralleled the onset of inflammation and fibroblast proliferation indicates a role in OB development, but the causal relationships need further study.     

闭塞性细支气管炎模型大鼠微小RNA差异表达谱分析

背景：目前对于气管移植后并发闭塞性细支气管炎尚无有效的治疗方法。miRNA分子水平机制的治疗策略在防治器官移植后并发症方面具有重要意义。 目的：分析大鼠原位气管移植模拟肺移植后发生闭塞性细支气管炎的微小RNA 表达谱变化。 方法：通过近交系大鼠原位气管移植,模拟建立肺移植闭塞性细支气管炎的动物模型并经病理学证实;通过微小RNA芯片筛选出供体移植气管闭塞性细支气管炎组织中显著差异表达的微小RNA,并选取差异表达显著的miR-146a、miR-155和miR-451进行相对定量研究,应用实时定量RT-PCR(RT-qPCR)法验证芯片结果的可靠性。 结果与结论：原位气管移植后4周经病理检查证实大鼠闭塞性细支气管炎模型成功建立。microarray检测获得29个与闭塞性细支气管炎相关的微小RNA,包括15个微小RNA表达显著上调,14个微小RNA表达显著下调,其中显著上调miR-146a、miR-155和显著下调miR-451的功能涉及免疫炎症反应等。提示微小RNA在肺移植后闭塞性细支气管炎病理进程中发挥着重要的调控作用。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite have different antiviral effects against hantavirus replication and free mature virions

Reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), like nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite, have antiviral effects against certain viruses. Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae family, have previously not been shown to be sensitive to RNI. In this study, we compared the effects of NO and peroxynitrite on hantavirus replication and free mature virions in vitro, and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in hantavirus-infected suckling mice. The NO-generating compound S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), as well as cytokine-induced NO, strongly inhibited hantavirus replication in Vero E6 cells, while pretreatment of free virions with SNAP only had a limited effect on their viability. In contrast, 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite donor, inhibited virus replication only to a very low extent in vitro, but pretreatment of virus with SIN-1 led to a considerably lowered viability of the virions. Infections of various human cell types per se did not induce NO production. The viral titers in iNOS(-/-) mice were higher compared to the controls, suggesting that NO inhibits hantavirus replication in vivo. In conclusion, we show that NO has strong antiviral effects on hantavirus replication, and peryoxynitrite on mature free virions, suggesting that different RNI can have different effects on various parts of the replication cycle for the same virus.     

过氧亚硝基阴离子在肝纤维化形成中的作用

目的：探讨过氧亚硝基阴离子（ONOO-）在肝纤维化形成过程中所起的作用。 方法： 采用复合因素建立肝纤维化（HF）动物模型的同时，用一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NNA（20 mg·kg－1·d－1）给大鼠灌胃（HF+NNA），于实验4周末测定血浆脂多糖（LPS）、NO2-/NO3-含量；采用免疫组化的方法检测肝组织硝基酪氨酸（NT）的表达；用VG染色观察肝组织纤维化程度。 结果： 在HF＋NNA组血浆NO水平明显低于HF组（P＜0.01），HF组NT表达最强，纤维化程度最严重。 结论： ONOO-能促进肝纤维化的发展。     

糖尿病大鼠骨质疏松与过氧亚硝基阴离子关系的免疫组化研究

目的：探讨过氧亚硝基阴离子（ONOO-）与糖尿病（DM）骨质疏松（OP）的关系。 方法： 用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病大鼠模型12周后，进行骨密度（BMD）检查、观察股骨胫骨形态学改变, 应用免疫组化法检测骨中和高糖溶液培养成骨细胞（OB）中的诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、ONOO-水平的变化。 结果： 高糖溶液培养OB中的iNOS和ONOO-升高；DM大鼠骨中的iNOS和ONOO-升高、BMD降低、骨形态学呈退行性改变。 结论： 骨中iNOS、ONOO-增加可能是糖尿病OP的发病机制之一。     

Neuroglobin protects against nitric oxide toxicity

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a novel vertebrate globin expressed principally in neurons. Ngb expression is induced by hypoxia and ischemia, and Ngb protects neurons against these insults. The mechanism of Ngb's protective action is unknown, but its ability to bind NO suggests that NO scavenging might be involved. To test this hypothesis, we treated wild type and Ngb-transfected HN33 (mouse hippocampal neuronxN18TG2 neuroblastoma) cells with NO donors and compared their sensitivity to NO-induced cell death. Ngb overexpression shifted concentration-toxicity curves to the right, indicating reduced susceptibility to NO or is metabolites. The results suggest that the ability of Ngb to neutralize the neurotoxic effects of reactive nitrogen species may be an important contributor to its neuroprotective properties.     

Lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a late onset complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and treatment outcome is dismal if it does not respond to immunosuppressive therapy. A 21-year-old male diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia received an allogeneic HSCT from human leukocyte antigen- identical sibling donor. Twenty one months after transplantation, he developed progressive dyspnea and was diagnosed BO. Despite standard immunosuppressive therapy, the patient rapidly progressed to respiratory failure and Novalung® interventional lung-assist membrane ventilator was applied in the intensive care unit. Three months after the diagnosis of BO, the patient underwent bilateral lung transplantation (LT) and was eventually able to wean from the ventilator and the Novalung®. Since the LT, the patient has been under a strict rehabilitation program in order to overcome a severe lower extremity weakness and muscle atrophy. Histologic findings of the explanted lungs confirmed the diagnosis of BO. Nine months after the LT, the patient showed no signs of rejection or infectious complications, but still required rehabilitation treatment. This is the first LT performed in a patient with BO after allogeneic HSCT in Korea. LT can be an effective therapy in terms of survival for patients with respiratory failure secondary to development of BO following HSCT.     

Mice with an inactivation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene are susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Nitric oxide (NO) generated by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study mice genetically deficient for iNOS are shown to be susceptible to EAE induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). In iNOS (–/–) mice the course of disease was earlier in onset and more aggressive compared to control animals. A disease-relevant compensatory up-regulation of neuronal (n)NOS and endothelial (e)NOS with increased production of NO in iNOS (–/–) mice is excluded by 1) the failure to detect increased nNOS and eNOS mRNA, 2) the absence of detection of nitrosylated tyrosine residues in EAE tissue indicating absence of NO-derived peroxynitrite, and 3) the lack of disease-preventing effects of N^G-nitro-L -arginine methylester. In conclusion, these results do not support the hypothesis that NO is crucial for the development of EAE.     

一氧化氮和过氧亚硝基阴离子在肢体缺血再灌注致肺损伤中的作用

目的:观察肢体缺血再灌注致肺损伤时肺组织中一氧化氮(NO)及过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO^-)的变化,以探讨二者在此种损伤中的作用。方法:采用夹闭大鼠腹主动脉下段造成双下肢缺血和再灌注后肺损伤模型,分别测定假手术组、缺血4h组、缺血4h再灌注1h组及再灌注4h组肺组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)、NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量变化;应用免疫组化方法测定上述各组肺组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及ONOO^-体内生成标志物硝基酪氨酸(NT)的变化。结果:肢体缺血再灌注后1h和4h肺组织中MDA和NO₂^-/NO₃^-的含量显著高于对照组和单纯缺血组(P＜0.05),而SOD活性则显著低于此两组(P＜0.05),并出现大量iNOS及NT阳性信号。结论:肢体缺血再灌注致肺损伤时肺组织中有大量NO和ONOO^-产生,脂质过氧化增强,提示ONOO^-参与介导此种肺损伤。     

Obliterative airway disease in rat tracheal allografts requires tumor necrosis factor alpha

Obliterative bronchiolitis is the major complication affecting long-term lung transplant survivors. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promotes inflammation and fibrosis in chronic lung injury models. These experiments defined the role of TNF-alpha in an established model of obliterative airway disease (OAD). Rat tracheas were transplanted from Brown-Norway donors into Lewis recipients, and explanted on days 7 and 14. Treated groups received either anti-TNF-alpha antibodies or a novel TNF-alpha translational inhibitor, RDP-58, beginning either immediately or on post-transplant day 7. Morphometry assessed epithelial loss and luminal obliteration, while separate tracheas were processed for TNF-alpha mRNA expression by RQRT-PCR or protein localization/expression by immunohistochemistry. EMSAs evaluated NFkappaB activation. 14-day control allografts averaged 58% occlusion and 98% epithelial loss. These parameters were significantly improved with TNF-alpha inhibition, averaging 32% luminal obliteration and 37% epithelial preservation. TNF-alpha mRNA expression increased at 14-days relative to native tracheas, and was unchanged by RDP-58 treatment. However, TNF-alpha protein expression, localized to the mucosa/submucosa, was markedly reduced with RDP-58, and resulted in diminished global NFkappaB activation in allografts. Delayed RDP treatment reduced disease progression during the second week, as luminal occlusion increased from 26% to only 35%, while respiratory epithelium persisted at 21%. TNF-alpha promotes the development of OAD in tracheal allografts via an NFkappaB-dependent mechanism, and its inhibition may prove beneficial clinically.     

黄芪多糖通过活化AMPK-eNOS信号通路减轻游离脂肪酸对人血管内皮细胞的损伤

目的:研究黄芪多糖对游离脂肪酸所诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤的作用及机制。方法:培养人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs),实验分为正常对照组、黄芪多糖组[黄芪多糖(200 mg/L)处理24 h]、游离脂肪酸组[游离脂肪酸(0.25 mmol/L)共同处理24 h]、游离脂肪酸加黄芪多糖组[游离脂肪酸(0.25 mmol/L)和黄芪多糖(200 mg/L)共同处理24 h]和compound C组[游离脂肪酸(0.25 mmol/L)、黄芪多糖(200 mg/L)及AMPK阻断剂compound C(10μmol/L)处理24 h]。采用MTT法检测细胞活性,硝酸还原酶法测定培养液中一氧化氮(NO)含量,Western blot法测细胞总腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(e NOS)及磷酸化内皮型一氧化氮合酶(p-e NOS)的蛋白水平。结果:黄芪多糖组各项指标较正常对照组无显著差异。MTT结果显示游离脂肪酸组的细胞活性较正常对照组明显下降,游离脂肪酸加黄芪多糖组的细胞活性较游离脂肪酸组明显好转,compound C组的细胞活性与游离脂肪酸组无显著差异。游离脂肪酸组的NO含量及p-AMPK、p-e NOS水平较对照组明显减少,黄芪多糖能显著抑制游离脂肪酸所致的NO含量及p-AMPK、p-e NOS水平的减少,compound C则可阻断黄芪多糖的作用。各组AMPK及e NOS表达均无明显差异。结论:黄芪多糖可以减轻游离脂肪酸诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤,其机制与AMPK-e NOS信号通路有关。     

四逆汤对缺血-再灌注离体鼠肺的保护作用

目的： 建立离体大鼠肺灌流模型，研究四逆汤（SND）对缺血-再灌注肺的保护作用及可能机制。方法：将SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组和模型+SND组，观察SND对大鼠肺组织形态学改变、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）、肺组织湿/干重比（W/D）、灌流液及肺组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量以及肺组织匀浆中一氧化氮（NO）含量和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活力的影响。结果：模型+SND组的肺泡壁增厚程度和肺泡水肿程度显著低于模型组，肺组织W/D值及MPAP显著小于模型组，灌流液和肺组织匀浆中SOD活性显著高于模型组，而MDA含量显著低于模型组。SND可显著抑制缺血-再灌注引起的肺组织NO含量的减少。但3组间比较，NOS含量无显著差异。结论：SND有抗大鼠肺缺血-再灌注损伤作用，其机制可能与清除氧自由基和改善组织灌流有关。     

Oral l-arginine protects against cyclosporine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Cyclosporine A (CyA) leads to liver injury, probably by causing the production of free radicals and resulting in nitric oxide (NO) deficiency. We evaluated CyA-mediated liver damage histopathologically to determine the possible beneficial effects of L-arginine (L-Arg). In this study, 7 groups of Sprague-Dawley rats; (1) Control group; (2) 0.9% NaCl group; (3) CyA group: 7.5mg/kg/day; (4) L-Arg group: 2g/lt/day; (5) l-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) group: 5mg/100ml/day; (6) CyA+L-Arg group: L-Arg (2g/lt/day)+CyA (7.5mg/kg/day); and (7) CyA+L-NAME group: CyA (7.5mg/kg/day)+L-NAME (5mg/100ml/day) were included. At the end of the treatments, animals were killed and hepatic tissues were treated for morphological (hematoxylin and eosin) and biochemical (NO and malondialdehyde, MDA) analyses, and serum was processed for biochemical (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total protein) study. The results indicated that CyA-induced hepatotoxicity was characterized by sinusoidal dilatation, hepatocellular vacuolization, neutrophilic infiltration and hepatocellular necrosis. These findings were less pronounced in the CyA+L-Arg group than CyA alone group. L-NAME group showed moderate changes. The CyA+L-NAME (Group 7) had more severe changes. We found changes in tissue NO and MDA levels. We think that the tissue damage caused by CyA is mild and reversible at the period when biochemical parameters are just starting to become abnormal and that L-Arg may have a protective effect against CyA damage on liver.     

Immunization with Leishmania donovani protein disulfide isomerase DNA construct induces Th1 and Th17 dependent immune response and protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis in Balb/c mice

In the present study, the efficacy of Leishmania donovani protein disulfide isomerase (LdPDI) as a DNA vaccine was evaluated in BALB/C mice. Mice immunized with the LdPDI-DNA construct were found to be the most immuno-reactive, as the construct induced higher T-cell proliferation. The increased T-cell proliferation was associated with a substantial rise in Th1 and Th17+ CD4 cell response and triggered a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells for the release of interferon-gamma along with a reduced splenic parasite load on Days20 and 60 post challenge (PC). Furthermore, the vaccine construct triggered increased interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin(IL)-17A, and IL-22 release accompanied by decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 signaling and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling coinciding with an increase in the amount of nitrite and reactive oxygen species (ROS)in vaccinating the splenocyts. We summarize from our data that the PDI-DNA construct of Leishmania donovani has the potential to elicit protective immunity through the pro-inflammatory cytokines of CD8+ and CD4+(Th1 and Th17) following an intervention in the downstream signaling event of ERK1/2 (probably through p38MAPK signaling). Therefore, the study suggests a new control against visceral leishmaniasis in the future.