局部中晚期宫颈癌的同步放化疗研究现状

同步放化疗是目前宫颈癌治疗的新进展,它并非是简单的放疗和化疗的相互叠加,而是通过小剂量的化疗药物对放疗起到增敏的作用。实施同步放化疗可以抑制放疗所导致的肿瘤细胞损伤后的修复,减小肿瘤的体积;可提高宫颈癌患者的总生存率和无进展生存率,降低复发率,改善预后,增加手术机会和减少术中及术后并发症。由于化疗药物剂量小,故毒副反应不重,大多数患者可耐受。使用以顺铂为基础的同步放化疗方案效果更佳。但铂类的周期、强度的选择仍处于摸索阶段,而调强放疗从对定位的精确度和摆位误差的要求、IMRT计划中CTV和PTV的确定、剂量的生物学效应等方面尚面临诸多需解决和改进的问题。     

三维适形放疗联合紫杉醇、奈达铂同步化疗治疗局部晚期食管癌的临床观察

目的观察三维适形放疗联合紫杉醇、奈达铂同步化疗治疗局部晚期食管的近期疗效及不良反应。方法 2013年1月~2015年5月我院放疗科收治的41例局部晚期食管癌患者随机分为单纯三维适形放疗组(单纯放疗组)和三维适形放疗联合紫杉醇、奈达铂化疗组(同步放化疗组)。放疗第一天开始行TN方案(紫杉醇60 mg/m2D1、D8,奈达铂40 mg/m2D1、D8,21天为一周期,放化疗期间化疗1~2周期,放疗结束后继续2个周期化疗)。结果放疗结束后3个月,同期放化疗组与单纯放疗组的临床有效率分别为90.0%和61.9%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组1年生存率分别为85%和47.6%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。同期放化疗组骨髓抑制较单纯放疗组明显,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对局部晚期食管癌的患者进行三维适形放疗联合紫杉醇、奈达铂同步化疗的治疗方法能够收到较好的治疗效果。虽不良反应增加,但可以耐受。     

紫杉醇联合顺铂加三维适形放疗同步治疗中晚期食管癌疗效观察

目的探讨紫杉醇联合顺铂加三维适形放疗(3DCRT)同步治疗中晚期食管癌的疗效及毒副反应。方法将45例初治无远处转移的中晚期食管癌患者随机分组,22例列入3DCRT+化疗(放化疗组),23例列入3DCRT组(单纯放疗组)。两组放疗均全程应用3DCRT,2 Gy/次,1次/d,5次/w,食管癌原发病灶总剂量60～70 Gy。放化疗组放疗第1天开始给予紫杉醇联合顺铂化疗,每3周为一个化疗周期,共化疗2～3个周期。结果放化疗组近期有效率(CR+PR)为90.9%,单纯放疗组为65.2%,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。1、2、3年生存率放化疗组分别为63.6%、50%、36.4%,单纯放疗组为47.8%、36.4%、8.6%,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。放化疗组毒副反应大于单纯放疗组,但患者均能耐受。结论紫杉醇联合顺铂加三维适形放疗同步治疗中晚期食管癌的近期疗效确切,且可以提高远期生存率,但毒副反应增加(患者均可以耐受)。     

老年局部晚期非小细胞肺癌三种治疗模式的临床对比分析

目的 评价三种治疗模式对老年局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 对近年我院采用三种治疗模式治疗老年局部晚期NSCLC的疗效进行回顾性分析.结果 (1)近期疗效:同步放化疗组(70.0%)＞序贯放化疗组(61.8%)＞单纯化疗组(35.7%),同步放化疗组和序贯放化疗组有效率均明显高于单纯化疗组(P＜0.05);而同步放化疗组和序贯放化疗组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).(2)远期疗效:序贯放化疗组(67.6%)＞同步放化疗组(65.0%)＞单纯化疗组(39.3%),序贯放化疗组明显高于单纯化疗组(P＜0.05),而单纯化疗组与同步放化疗组、序贯放化疗组和同步放化疗组间无显著性差异(均P＞0.05).(3)毒副反应:同步放化疗组的骨髓抑制、食管炎、放射性肺炎和恶心呕吐发生率均明显高于单纯化疗组(均P＜0.05),而单纯化疗组和序贯放化疗组间无显著性差异(均P＞0.05).结论 同步放化疗会加重毒副反应,尤其是老年患者,对提高近期疗效和生存率并无益处.在临床实践中可优先考虑序贯化放疗作为老年局部晚期NSCLC的治疗方案.     

奈达铂与替加氟同步化疗联合放疗治疗老年食管癌的疗效观察

目的探讨奈达铂(NDP)与替加氟同步化疗联合放疗治疗老年食管癌的临床疗效。方法2009年3月至2012年12月间86例老年食管癌患者,随机均分为同步放化疗组和单纯放疗组,2组均采用三维适形调强放射治疗,放疗剂量60~66 Gy。同步化疗方案为NDP 80 mg/m~2,第1天,替加氟800~1000 mg/d,第1~5天,放疗开始时同步静脉输注,每隔28 d重复1次,放疗期间同步化疗2周期。结果同步放化疗组完全缓解(CR)22例,部分缓解(PR)18例,无缓解(NR)3例,总有效率为93.0%;单纯放疗组CR 18例,PR 14例,NR11例,总有效率为74.4%,2组总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.181,P=0.041)。同步放化疗组的1、2年的生存率分别为86.0%、65.1%,均高于单纯放疗组的67.4%、41.9%(P0.05)。同步放化疗组Ⅲ~Ⅳ级白细胞下降、恶心、呕吐反应高于单纯放疗组(P0.05),但经过升白细胞药物、止吐药物处理后患者均能较好耐受。结论 NDP与替加氟同步化疗联合放疗治疗老年食管癌疗效佳,治疗不良反应可以耐受,远期疗效尚待进一步观察。     

宫颈癌调强放疗联合奈达铂化疗的近期疗效

目的探讨宫颈癌调强放疗联合奈达铂同步放化疗的近期疗效。方法选择宫颈癌患者92例,分为单纯放疗组和放疗联合奈达铂组,放疗方法采用三维调强外照射联合后装腔内治疗,放疗联合奈达铂组为放疗的第1天起予以奈达铂每周20 mg/m2。结果调强放疗联合单药NDP化疗组患者中CR+PR高于单纯放疗组(P0.05),调强放疗联合单药NDP化疗组患者13个月内无复发生存率和无转移生存率明显高于单纯放疗组(P0.05)。结论调强放疗同步联合小剂量单药奈达铂化疗近期疗效可靠,不良反应少,患者耐受性好。     

中晚期食管癌后程加速超分割放疗加同期化疗的临床研究

为探讨后程加速超分割放疗加同期放化疗治疗食管癌的近期疗效及提高局部控制率,以提高食管癌的生存率,本研究对96例中晚期食管癌患者分别以后程加速超分割放疗加同步化疗和单纯常规分割放疗,进行前瞻性随机对照研究.     

同步放化疗治疗Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的观察和比较同步放化疗与单纯放疗治疗Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效和毒副反应。方法将我院已确诊的40例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者,随机分入对照组和观察组各20例。对照组患者给予三维适形常规分割放疗,观察组患者在放疗基础上予以顺铂联合多西他赛化疗1周期。治疗后比较两组患者1年、3年生存率,有效率及毒副反应发生率。结果同步放化疗组和常规化疗组有效率分别为75.0%和35%,患者1年、3年总生存率分别为50.0%、40.0%和40.0%、12.5%,差异具有统计学意义。两组Ш度以上急性毒副反应发生率分别为31.0%和29.6%,差别无统计学意义。结论对Ш期NSCLC患者选择同步放化疗方案与单纯放疗方案相比,可提高患者临床疗效和生存率且毒副反应可耐受。     

化疗与放化疗同步治疗支气管肺癌合并糖尿病患者的疗效观察

目的对比观察化疗与放化疗同步治疗支气管肺癌合并糖尿病患者的疗效以及不良反应。方法回顾性分析2001年1月—2014年1月该院放疗科收治的支气管肺癌合并糖尿病患者共65例,其中放化疗同步组42例、单纯化疗组23例。放疗方案为累及野三维适形直线加速器照射,2.0 Gy/次,1次/d,5 d/周。总DT(50~60)Gy/(5~6)周。化疗方案均为含铂(以顺铂为主)方案,有EP、MVP、NP、GP和TP等方案。比较两组有效率、生存率和不良反应。结果总有效率放化疗同步组为78.6%、化疗组为52.2%。放化疗同步组优于化疗组,两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);1、2、3年生存率放化疗同步组分别为71.4%、47.6%、33.3%,化疗组为52.3%、26.1%、8.7%,放化疗同步组优于化疗组,两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组不良反应表现为放化疗不良反应,均能耐受。结论放化疗同步治疗晚支气管肺癌合并糖尿病可提高有效率和远期生存率。     

ⅡⅢ期直肠癌根治术后放疗同步希罗达化疗的疗效

目的:回顾性分析Ⅱ、Ⅲ期直肠癌患者术后放疗同步联合希罗达化疗的疗效.方法:2000-01/2004-12收治直肠癌根治患者103例.按治疗方法分为3组.(1)单纯手术组(n=23),行Mile's或Dixon式根治术;(2)术后同步放化疗组(n=32),患者先行Mile's或Dixoil式根治术,术后2 wk开始放疗,每4.6-5 wk DT46-50 Gy/23-25次;放疗第1天起同时行化疗,希罗达1600 mg(m2·d),每天2次,第1-14天,每3 wk重复1个疗程,共4-6个疗程;(3)术后序贯放化疗组(n=48),手术及放疗方法同上,化疗结束后给予放疗.奥沙利铂130 mg(m2·d),每天1次,第1-14天;希罗达1000 mg(m2·d),每天2次,第1-14天,每3 wk重复1个疗程,共4-6个疗程.结果:术后同步放化疗组5年生存率为62.5%,高于单纯手术组的52.2%(P=0.024),但与序贯放化疗组(54.2%)相似(P=0.077);同步放化疗组局部复发率为6.25%,明显低于序贯放化疗组的31.25%(P=0.007)及单纯手术组(39.13,P=0.008);序贯放化疗组的局部复发率低于单纯手术组,但无明显差异(P=0.511).同步放化疗组的3/4度不良反应与序贯放化疗组相比无差异.结论:放疗联合希罗达同步治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ期直肠癌术后患者可显著降低肿瘤局部复发率,5年生存率高于单纯手术,不良反应与序贯放化疗相比并未增加.     

EP方案与超分割放疗同步治疗小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的观察EP化疗方案与超分割放疗同步治疗局限期小细胞肺癌的近远期疗效及不良反应。方法足叶乙苷（VP-16）100mg静脉滴注（第1-5天）；顺铂（PDD）70mg／mg／（第1天）；21d为1个周期，完成至少2个周期的化疗。同步组患者的放疗与第1个周期化疗同步进行。1．2Gy／次，2次／d，总量45Gy；序贯组患者的放疗在2个周期化疗完成后开始，方法及剂量同前。结果同步治疗组患者的肿瘤进展时间与序贯组患者比较有显著性差异，但总生存期、1-3年生存率及平均生存期两组相似。同步组患者发生向细胞、血小板下降及严重放射性食管炎的比例高于序贯组，但无显著性差异。结论EP方案与超分割放疗同步进行治疗局限期小细胞肺癌较序贯治疗有一定优势且不良反应可耐受。     

Therapeutic strategy for the treatment of postoperative recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: clinical efficacy of radiotherapy

We investigated the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for the treatment of lymph node recurrence and hematogenous metastasis after esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Between 2001 and 2006, 216 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma had curative esophagectomy. Of those, 23 with lymph node recurrence received chemoradiotherapy (50.0–68.8 Gy). In addition, five patients had isolated recurrences in a distant organ and received chemoradiotherapy (50.0–60.0 Gy). We analyzed outcomes from the radiotherapy for recurrent esophageal cancer. The 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐year survival rates after recurrence for the 23 patients whose lymph node recurrence was treated with chemoradiotherapy were 52, 31, and 24%, respectively, and the median survival time was 13 months. Among the five patients with recurrent tumors in a distant organ, chemoradiotherapy produced a complete response in two patients, a partial response in one patient, and stable disease in two patients, giving an effectiveness rate of 60% (complete response + partial response). Chemoradiotherapy has a beneficial prognostic effect in patients with lymph node recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Chemoradiotherapy for a metastatic tumor in a distant organ may be the treatment of choice in cases where systemic chemotherapy has proven ineffective.     

Systemic treatment of oesophageal cancer

Most patients with oesophageal cancer present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. In an effort to improve the results of surgery in patients with operable disease, strategies to incorporate radiotherapy and chemotherapy, preoperatively (neoadjuvant) and postoperatively (adjuvant), have been extensively investigated in numerous clinical trials. Meta-analyses of neoadjuvant trials did not demonstrate a survival advantage for neoadjuvant chemotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Although local control seems to be improved with neoadjuvant treatment, the currently used chemotherapeutic agents are simply not effective enough to eradicate micro-metastatic disease. Patients who undergo neoadjuvant treatment and achieve a histologically confirmed complete response have a significant better survival than those who do not achieve such a response. Although neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is able to induce a higher rate of complete pathological responses compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (25-30% vs 5-15%), this advantage is counteracted by a higher incidence of operative mortality. In patients with metastatic disease there is no evidence that chemotherapy (cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and anthracyclins) improves survival. Several new agents such as taxanes, irinotecan and vinorelbine in combination with cisplatin and carboplatin have shown promising activity in neoadjuvant settings and as palliative treatment of metastatic oesophageal cancer. However, the benefit of these new drugs in the treatment of oesophageal cancer has to be confirmed in randomized trials.     

局部进展期直肠癌新辅助化疗的研究进展

直肠癌发病率和死亡率在我国居高不下,术前新辅助同步放化疗和全直肠系膜切除术的标准化治疗方案已大大降低了直肠癌局部复发的风险,但未能提高总生存率(OS)。目前已有研究表明放射治疗对肛门功能、排尿功能和性功能产生影响,为尽量减少与治疗有关的毒性并改善OS,摒弃放疗的单纯新辅助化疗再手术可能是另一种更佳的选择。本文旨在阐明新辅助化疗在局部进展期直肠癌的研究现状和可行性分析。     

Chemoradiotherapy with twice-weekly administration of low-dose gemcitabine for locally advanced pancreatic cancer

AIM：To evaluate the chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer utilizing low dose gemcitabine as a radiation sensitizer administered twice weekly. METHODS： We performed a retrospective analysis of chemoradiotherapy utilizing gemcitabine administered twice weekly at a dose of 40 mg/m2. After that, maintenance systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine, at a dose of 1000 mg/m2, was administered weekly for 3 wk with 1-wk rest until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity developed. RESULTS： Eighteen patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer were enrolled. Three of those patients could not continue with the therapy; one patient had interstitial pneumonia during radiation therapy and two other patients showed liver metastasis or peritoneal metastasis during an early stage of the therapy. The median survival was 15.0 mo and the overall 1-year survival rate was 60%, while the median progression-free survival was 8.0 mo. The subgroup which showed the reduction of tumor development, more than 50% showed a tendency for a better prognosis; however, other parameters including age, gender and performance status did not correlate with survival. The median survival of the groups that died of liver metastasis and peritoneal metastasis were 13.0 mo and 27.7 mo, respectively.CONCLUSION： Chemoradiotherapy with low-dose gemcitabine administered twice weekly could be effective to patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer; however, patients developing liver metastases had a worse prognosis. Another chemoradiotherapy strategy might be needed for those patients, such as administrating one or two cycles of chemotherapy initially, followed by chemoradiotherapy for the cases with no distant metastases.     

The rationale of combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy – Joint action of Castor and Pollux

This article aims to review the rationale behind the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Theoretical concepts describing the principles of the joint effects of chemoradiotherapy are reviewed. Preclinical and clinical evidence are collected and summarised demonstrating the co-operation between the two modalities which form the mainstay of the treatment of most solid tumours. Initially, the evolution of chemoradiotherapy was mostly empirically driven which is true for both, the early studies and the experimental investigations, rather than relying on scientific rationale. To date, the revised Steel's model proposes five mechanisms, spatial cooperation, cytotoxic enhancement, biological co-operation, temporary modulation and normal tissue protection to describe the interaction between radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Chemoradiotherapy has become the standard modality for most patients with locally advanced solid tumours due to better control of loco-regional disease and prolonged survival. Gradually, molecular prediction of efficacy is integrated such as MGMT status for combining temozolomide with radiotherapy in glioblastoma. As molecular targeted drugs are ready to be taken into triple combinations with chemoradiotherapy it is crucial to have a good understanding of the mechanisms of chemoradiotherapy for the rational development of future combinations.     

复发性小细胞肺癌的治疗策略及进展

小细胞肺癌是一种对放、化疗敏感,但易复发的实体性肿瘤.对于身体状况许可的小细胞肺癌复发患者,应接受二线化疗;若一线治疗无效或无疾病进展时间小于3个月,应选择与一线化疗非交叉耐药的二线化疗;若一线治疗有效且无疾病进展时间大于3个月,拓扑替康是首选;若无疾病进展时间超过6个月,则可继续原方案治疗;若出现有症状的脑和骨转移、胸腔内复发和(或)出现大气道阻塞、上腔静脉阻塞综合征的患者,可考虑放疗或放、化疗结合.针对小细胞肺癌的生物靶向治疗有待进一步研究.     

食管癌新辅助放化疗对手术及生存率的影响

新辅助化疗常应用于实体肿瘤的手术前或围手术期,常联合应用放疗以提高生存率和治愈率,并对器官加以保护.手术仍是最有效的食管癌单一治疗手段.术前的(新辅助)化疗加放疗虽已经作为治疗食管癌的3种方法中的综合治疗模式存在近20余年,但他是否可作为食管癌的标准治疗模式仍存在争议.本文阐述了新辅助放化疗对食管癌手术及生存率的影响,提出了新辅助放化疗在食管癌治疗中的不足和发展方向.     

Sequencing chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in combined modality treatment of stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Combined modality treatment is nowadays the standard of care in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer, but the overall survival is still poor. Therefore, the challenge for clinicians is to optimize the combination of the treatment modalities. The review will focus on bimodality and trimodality approaches in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer. Although the role of surgical resection in combined modality treatment is unclear, surgery will be discussed as a potential part of the treatment approach. RECENT FINDINGS: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has proven to be more effective than chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Full-dose consolidation chemotherapy after concurrent chemoradiation showed an improvement of survival in some studies. Consolidation chemotherapy is, however, difficult to administer owing to its toxicity in these complex regimens. Both the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group showed similar survival after surgery compared to sequential or concurrent chemoradiotherapy; however, pneumonectomies and residual malignant mediastinal disease after induction treatment had a negative impact on survival. SUMMARY: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in combination with full-dose chemotherapy should be the standard of care for nonsmall cell lung cancer stage IIIA/B. Surgery is still experimental, but seems to be promising for certain subgroups of patients. More research has to be done in optimizing radiotherapy schedules and chemotherapy schemes in order to minimize toxicity. Novel therapeutics have to be introduced in the combined modality approach of stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer.