血浆u-PA、u-PAR与血清IL-6、TNF-α在慢性燃煤型砷中毒肝损伤中的表达及意义

[目的]观察慢性燃煤型砷中毒患者血浆u-PA、u-PAR、血清IL-6、TNF-α的改变，探讨慢性燃煤型砷中毒肝损伤的发病机理，并为其诊治提供实验室依据。[方法]确诊的125例慢性燃煤型砷中毒患者按地方病皮肤病分类标准分为轻、中、重3组，36例健康自愿者为对照组，分别进行血浆u-PA、u-PAR及血清IL-6、TNF-α测定。[结果]中度中毒组血清IL-6、TNF-α较对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）；重度中毒组的血浆u-PA、U-PAR、血清IL-6、TNF-α均较对照组有显著性差异（P〈0、05，P〈0．01）；在中毒组中，随中毒的加重，血浆u-PA、u-PAR、血清IL-6、TNF-α明显比轻度中毒组增高，有显著差异性（P〈0、05，P〈0，01）。[结论]血浆u-PA、u-PAR、血清IL-6、TNF-α可作为慢性燃煤型砷中毒肝损伤的实验室检测项目之一，对慢性燃煤型砷中毒的诊断和治疗有一定的意义。     

急性一氧化碳中毒患者血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度与血清TNF—α水平的相关性临床研究

目的探讨急性一氧化碳（CO）中毒患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）浓度与血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平与病情严重程度和对预后的关系。方法将82例急性CO中毒患者分为三组：A组轻度组、B组中度组和C组重度组,应用ELISA法对82例急性CO中毒患者的血浆Hcy浓度与血清TNF-α水平进行检测。结果重度组与中度组Hcy与TNF-α水平均明显高于轻度中毒组（P〈0．01）,且重度组明显高于中度组（P〈0．05）;迟发性脑病患者均发生在重度组,其Hey与TNF-α水平与其他组的比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论检测急性CO中毒患者的血浆Hcy浓度与血清TNF-α水平,有助于评估急性期脑组织受损的严重程度及预测迟发性脑病的发生。     

可溶性 CD14亚型对急性百草枯中毒患者的病情评估及预后的影响

目的探讨可溶性 CD14亚型（sCD14-st,又称 Presepsin）与急性百草枯中毒（acute paraquat poisoning,APP）患者病情严重程度与预后的关系。方法2013年1月至2016年1月入住河北医科大学附属哈励逊国际和平急救医学部的82例 APP 患者,其中根据百草枯中毒严重程度分为轻度中毒组20例、中度中毒组36例、重度中毒组26例;根据患者预后分为存活组28例和死亡组54例;同期健康体检者50例作为对照组。所有入选 APP 患者分别于治疗前、治疗后72 h、7 d抽静脉血10 mL,对照组于体检时抽取静脉血3 mL,用化学发光酶联免疫法测定血清中 Presepsin浓度;抽取静脉血检测 C 反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）及白细胞介素-10（IL-10）水平,同时观察治疗前、治疗后72 h、7 d 患者急性生理学和慢性健康状况（APACHE）Ⅱ评分,多组间比较采用重复测量的方差分析、两组间比较采用成组 t 检验比较检测指标的变化,采用χ2检验比较28 d 病死率情况,采用 Pearson 相关检验分析 APP 患者血Presepsin 水平与其生存率的相关性。结果与对照组比较,治疗前和治疗后72 h、7 d,不同程度中毒组患者 Prespsin、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平和 APACHEⅡ评分升高,IL-10水平降低,且中度中毒组与轻度中毒组、重度中毒组与轻度中毒组和中度中毒组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。治疗前和治疗后72 h、7 d 死亡组较存活组血 Presepsin、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平和APACHEⅡ评分升高,IL-10水平降低（P ＜0.05）;不同程度中毒组患者病死率分别为25.00％、69.44％和92.31％,且中度中毒组与轻度中毒组、重度中毒组与轻度中毒组和中度中毒组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。APP 患者入院时血清 Prespsin 水平和 APACHEⅡ评分的受试者工作特征曲线（ROC 曲线）下面积（AUC）分别为0.862、0.731,Prespsin 对 APP 患者28 d 病死率的预测能力优于 APACHEⅡ评分（P ＜0.05）,APP 患者血 Presepsin 水平与其生存率呈负相关（r ＝－0.285,P ＝0.009）。结论血清 Prespsin 水平监测有助于 APP 患者病情严重程度的评估、指导治疗和判断预后。     

急性药物中毒患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素8的变化及临床意义

目的 探讨急性药物中毒患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF—α）及白细胞介素8（IL-8）水平的变化及其临床意义。方法采用放射免疫分析法测定42例急性药物中毒患者入院即刻、入院后24小时和72小时血清TNF—α和IL-8含量,42例患者按病情轻重分为一般组（24例）和危重组（18例）,按中毒种类分为安眠药组（18例）和农药组（24例）。结果危重组患者各时段血清TNF—α和IL-8含量均显著高于一般组（均P〈0．01）;不同药物所致中毒患者之间血清TNF—α、IL-8含量变化差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;各组患者血清TNF—α、IL-8含量均随中毒时间延长而逐渐增高。死亡组患者血清TNF-α IL-8含量明显高于存活组,TNF-α（2．062±0．183）μg／L,vs（0．718±0．314）μg／L,IL-8（0．924±0．117）μg／L vs（0．716±0．083）μg／L（均P〈0．01）。结论 急性药物中毒患者在应激状态下细胞因子大量释放,血清TNF-α、IL-8含量随中毒时间延长逐渐升高,升高幅度与毒物种类无关,与预后呈负相关。血清TNF—α、IL-8水平可作为判断急性药物中毒患者病情及预后的血清学指标。     

急性脑梗死患者MFF、TNF-α、IL-8的变化及临床意义

【目的】通过观察急性脑梗死（ACI）患者血清巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（MIF）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-8（IL-8）水平的动态变化,探讨其在ACI发病中的作用及临床意义。【方法】采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对60例ACI患者发病后d1、d6、d14血清MIF、TNF-α、IL-8水平进行测定,并与40例正常人做对照。【结果】ACI组1-14d各时点血清MIF、TNF-α、IL-8水平均升高,以d6增高最为明显,与对照组比较,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05或0．01）;ACI重型患者各时间点血清MIF、TNF-α、IL-8水平显著高于中型、轻型患者（P〈0．05或0．01）,中型患者各时间点MIF、TNF-α、IL-8水平明显高于轻型患者（P〈0．05）;ACI组MIF与TNF-α及IL-8均呈正相关（P〈0．05）,但TNF-α与IL-8之间无相关性（P〉0．05）。[结论]MIF、TNF-α、IL-8可能参与ACI发病过程,并可作为病情判断及预后的观察指标。     

重症急性胰腺炎患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、PAF的临床意义

目的研究重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素．6（IL-6）及血小板活化因子（PAF）的临床价值。方法我院2010年3月至2011年6月收治的107例AP患者中,重症AP（SAP）41例,轻症AP（MAP）66例。分别检测血清TNF-α、IL-6、PAF水平,并与对照组65例健康受试者进行比较。结果MAP组、SAP组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、PAF水平均高于对照组（P〈O．01）;SAP组患者血清TNF—α、IL-6、PAF水平均高于MAP组（P〈0．01）;MAP组、SAP组血清TNF-α与IL-6呈显著正相关（r=0．66,P〈0．01;r=0．69,P〈0．01）;两组血清TNF-α与PAP呈显著正相关（r=0．61,P〈0．01：r=0．58,P〈0．01）;两组血清IL-6与PAF亦呈显著正相关（r=O．56,P〈0．01;r=0．55,P〈0．01）。结论检测AP患者血清TNF—α、IL-6、PAF水平对患者疾病病情判断具有重要的临床意义。     

前列腺素E1对慢性重症肝炎患者血清TNF-α和IL-8的影响

目的 观察慢性重症肝炎患者血清TNF-α和IL-8水平及其在前列腺素E1（PGE1）治疗前后的变化。 方法 设立正常对照组、一般治疗组和前列腺素E1治疗组,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测各组血清IL-8和TNF—α水平。 结果 慢性重症肝炎患者血清IL-8、TNF-α水平较对照组明显升高（P〈0．05～0．01）,PGE1治疗4周后,其血清IL-8水平明显下降（P〈0．05）,PGE1治疗8周后,血清TNF-α和IL-8水平均明显下降（P〈0．01）。 结论 慢性重症肝炎患者血清IL-8和TNF-α水平与肝脏损伤程度密切相关,是判定患者预后和疗效的重要指标,PGE1可以减轻肝脏的炎症反应,改善肝功能。     

乌司他丁对脓毒性休克患者细胞因子的影响

目的探讨乌司他丁(UTI)对脓毒性休克患者细胞因子的影响。方法采用前瞻对照研究。78例脓毒性休克患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各39例,两组均行常规抗休克和病因治疗。治疗组用乌司他丁20万U溶于20 ml 0．9%生理盐水中静脉注射,每24 h一次,连续3 d;对照组则以等量生理盐水作为安慰对照。分别于不同时相(静脉注射UTI前、后24 h、48 h和72 h)测试血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8和SOD水平。结果与对照组相比,治疗组应用乌司他丁后不同时相点的TNF-α、IL-1、IL- 6、IL-8均明显降低(P＜0．05,P＜0．01),而SOD显著增加(P＜0．05,P＜0．01)。结论乌司他丁可降低脓毒性休克患者TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-8的水平并提高SOD活性,从而达到保护器官的作用。     

肿瘤坏死因子-α和IL-6、IL-8、IL-18水平的变化与急性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨急性脑梗死（ACI）患者血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素（IL-6、IL-8、IL-18）水平变化和临床意义。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定107例ACI患者和110名对照者血清TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8和IL-18水平。结果ACI组患者的血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8和IL-18水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;轻型组、中型组、重型组ACI患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8和IL—18逐渐升高（P〈0．05）;且与临床神经功能缺损程度评分呈正相关。结论ACI患者血清TNF-α、IL：-6、IL-8和IL-18水平升高,且与临床神经功能缺损程度密切相关,有助于判断ACI患者病情。     

急性心肌梗死后心室重塑的发生机制探讨及其临床意义

目的通过检测急性心肌梗死(AMI)后血清细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8)和细胞外基质(PCⅠ、PCⅢ及LN),探讨AMI后心室重塑的发生机制。方法45例确诊为AMI的患者,入院后分别用放射免疫法和顺序饱和液相竞争的免疫分析法,测定细胞外基质和细胞因子,且与30例健康对照组进行比较。结果AMI组血清细胞外基质(PCⅠ、PCⅢ及LN)和健康对照纽比较(PCⅠ、PCⅢ及LN)明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．01),血清细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8)与健康对照组比较(TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8)明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。结论AMI后血清细胞因子和细胞外基质水平增高,可作为评价心室重塑的临床指标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.