贵阳市非职业性接触人群血铅镉含量水平调查

对贵阳市１９４名非职业性接触人群进行了血铅、血镉测定，其范围及均值分别为，血铅：１８．０～１９３．０μｇ／Ｌ、７０．６μｇ／Ｌ；血镉：０．３０～１０．９０μｇ／Ｌ、１．３９μｇ／Ｌ。在调查人群具有代表性、数据准确的基础上，提出贵阳市非职业性接触人群血铅、血镉的正常值上界，即血铅１７０．０μｇ／Ｌ、血镉５．９０μｇ／Ｌ。     

北京石景山地区孕妇女婴幼儿血铅动态研究

在严格的质量保证措施下，北京石景山地区２７０名孕妇及其婴儿进行了血铅的追瞎调查。结果显示：孕３月血铅水平为４５．０μｇ／Ｌ，分娩前血铅水平为６４．８μｇ／Ｌ，孕期血铅呈升高趋势，其中后３月升高明显，分娩前血铅约为孕３月血铅的１．５倍；脐带血铅水平为５１．９μｇ／Ｌ，其中有１０．４％的胎儿脐血铅高于１００μｇ／Ｌ；     

交通警察血铅水平及其相关因素的研究

为了解交警血铅水平及影响因素,对可能影响血铅（Ｙ）的因素即外勤年限（Ｘ１）、尿铅（Ｘ２）、血红蛋白（Ｘ３）、吸烟与否（Ｘ４）、血锌（Ｘ５）及年龄（Ｘ６）进行了单因素和多因素逐步回归分析。结果表明交警血铅和尿铅均数为１１９．７９μｇ／Ｌ和６．９９μｇ／Ｌ,与对照组（８８．３８μｇ／Ｌ和５．３４μｇ／Ｌ）差异有显著性。单因素分析表明血铅与外勤年限、尿铅和年龄呈正相关,与血红蛋白呈负相关,多元逐步回归方     

北京石景山地区孕妇及婴幼儿血铅动态研究

在严格的质量保证措施下，对北京石景山地区２７０名孕妇及其婴儿进行了血铅的追踪调查。结果显示：孕３月血铅水平为４５．０μｇ／Ｌ，分娩前血铅水平为６４．８μｇ／Ｌ，孕期血铅呈升高趋势，其中后３月升高明显，分娩前血铅约为孕３月血铅的１．５倍；脐带血铅水平为５１．９μｇ／Ｌ，其中有１０．４％的胎儿脐血铅高于１００μｇ／Ｌ；婴幼儿血铅随月龄增加呈升高趋势，６月龄后升高明显。相关分析显示：妊娠３月血铅与妊娠６月血铅之间、分娩前血铅与脐带血铅之间、脐带血铅与婴幼儿血铅之间均有显著相关关系（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中分娩前血铅与脐带血铅之间、６月龄血铅与１２月龄血铅之间的相关系数分别为０．８０、０．４７。作者对孕期血铅升高及婴幼儿血铅随月龄升高的原因进行了分析。     

济南城乡妇女经饮食铅日摄入量与血铅含量分析

分析了济南城乡妇女经饮食铅的日摄入量与血铅的关系。结果表明，农村妇女经饮食平均日摄入铅为４５．８μｇ，血铅平均为５０．２μｇ／Ｌ。明显高于高区妇女日摄入铅２５．８μｇ和血铅３５．３μｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。多元相关回归分析提示玉米和小米中铅含量是食物中铅的主要来源。     

某工厂周围环境铅污染对少年儿童健康影响的调查

对冶炼厂周围小学校和清洁对照区小学校学生（年龄７～１０岁）血铅、血锌原卟啉（ＺＰＰ）水平和δ－氨基酮戊酸脱水酶（ＡＬＡＤ）活力进行调查，结果表明：污染区小学生血铅、ＺＰＰ水平和ＡＬＡＤ活力分别为２８．４４±１．５７μｇ／ｄｌ、１０４．１１±４５．９０μｇ／ｄｌ和１４０．６±３５．６Ｕ，与对照组小学生的相应指标测定值１２．８０±１．５７μｇ／ｄｌ、３８．６４±８．２３μｇ／ｄｌ和２６３．５±５８．４Ｕ相比，均具有非常显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

兰州市新生儿血铅含量测定及其相关因素探讨

对１０３ 例新生儿（ 随机抽样） 进行耳垂微量血铅含量的测定。采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法取外周血０－１ ｍｌ 进行检测，以多元逐步回归分析法进行统计学处理。结果表明：血铅均值为８３－５μｇ／ Ｌ，异常检出率２４－２７ ％ ；早产儿、低体重儿及有窒息史的小儿，其血铅水平大多增高；母亲血铅、文化程度、职业以及某些环境因素与新生儿血铅水平有相关性。本市区新生儿血铅平均值为８３－５μｇ／ Ｌ，远高于其他省、市，≥１００μｇ／ Ｌ者所占比例为２４－２７ ％ 。防治铅中毒应从健康教育、环境干预和临床防治着手     

扬州市学龄前儿童血铅水平及影响因素的调查研究

目的　为了解扬州市儿童血铅水平的现状及其影响因素。方法　对本市 ６ 所幼儿园的 ３４２ 名 ２ 岁～６ 岁儿童进行外周血铅测定,并对其个人情况及家庭生活环境等相关因素进行问卷调查。结果　本次调查儿童血铅水平均数为 １２０２０ μｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ（１μｇ／ Ｌ＝ ０００４８３μｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ） ,儿童血铅≥１００μｇ／ Ｌ 者占 ５６６％ 。结论　儿童高血铅与其生活环境及生活行为有密切关系。     

济南市区239例正常女性血铅,血镉水平调查

本文对济南市区２３９名２０￣５５岁的非铅、镉职业正常女性作了血铅、血镉含量水平的调查，结果均低于国内部分地区的血铅、血镉值水平。血铅和血镉含量中位数分别为５０．９３μｇ／Ｌ、０．５６μｇ／Ｌ，同时提出了９５％该人群的血铅、血镉值上限为６４μｇ／Ｌ、１．２μｇ／Ｌ。     

上海市静安区(部分)儿童血铅水平状况调查

目的了解本地区儿童血铅水平现状。方法于１９９７年８月对静安区４３７例１４个月～５岁８个月的儿童进行血铅水平测定,并对每个入选儿童进行问卷调查,问卷涉及有关儿童个人情况及家庭、社会、环境等问题。结果４３７名儿童血铅水平从１５μｇ／Ｌ至６９７μｇ／Ｌ,血铅水平均数为９７．０４μｇ／Ｌ,其中血铅水平≥１００μｇ／Ｌ有１６７例,占３８．２％。本区儿童血铅水平低于工业区,高于远郊乡村,差异有显著性意义,小儿每日在马路上的时间长短为诸多影响因素中突出并存在显著性差异的因素。结论静安区虽为非工业区,但目前情况不容乐观,环境中的铅污染问题相当严重。对儿童和家长进行健康教育,规范家长和儿童的行为,是最有效、最廉价的降低儿童铅中毒患病率的方法。     

Variation in blood concentrations of cadmium and lead in the elderly

This study aims at characterizing blood concentrations of cadmium (B-Cd) and lead (B-Pb) in a group of 176 men and 248 women, 49-92 years of age (mean 68 years), selected from the Swedish Twin Registry. Metal concentrations were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. B-Cd ranged from 0.05 to 6.8 microg Cd/L (median 0.36 microg Cd/L) and B-Pb from 5.6 to 150 microg Pb/L (median 27 microg Pb/L). As expected, smokers had higher B-Cd than nonsmokers (median 1.3 versus 0.32 microg Cd/L), while B-Pb was not significantly related to smoking habits. Among nonsmokers, women had higher B-Cd than men (median 0.35 versus 0.25 microg Cd/L). In men, but not women, B-Cd increased with age and consequently the gender-related difference in B-Cd was most obvious in the youngest age group. On the other hand, women had lower B-Pb than men (median 24 versus 30 microg Pb/L). In both men and women, B-Pb decreased between 50 and 70 years of age, perhaps reflecting decreased energy intake. In women, the highest B-Pb in the 50-55 years age group is probably related to an increased release of Pb from the skeleton during postmenopausal bone demineralization. After about 70 years, B-Pb tended to increase, which probably is a cohort effect due to much higher Pb exposure 10-30 years ago when leaded gasoline was used.     

Lead and cadmium levels in blood samples from the general population of Sweden

Lead and cadmium was determined in whole blood samples obtained from 473 nonoccupationally exposed adult persons in Sweden in 1980. Analyses were performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry equipped with an electrothermal atomization unit. Accuracy of the analysis was confirmed by the analysis of quality control samples. Blood lead concentrations were shown to be significantly influenced by sex, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption. Current male smokers had a median blood lead level of 92 μg Pb/liter, as compared to 77 μg Pb/liter for nonsmokers. For females the corresponding values were 69 μg Pb/liter and 57 μg Pb/liter for current smokers and nonsmokers, respectively. Highly significant correlations were found between stated alcohol consumption and blood lead in most of the different sex and smoking categories. People living in apartments close to streets with heavy traffic in Stockholm had slightly, but not significantly, higher blood lead levels when compared to people living in areas of this city with low traffic density. Blood cadmium levels were very strongly affected by smoking habits. A significant correlation existed between the number of cigarettes consumed daily and blood cadmium concentration. The median blood cadmium level for nonsmoking males was 0.2 μg Cd/liter (?0.2, detection limit) and for females 0.3 μg Cd/liter. About 90% of all nonsmokers had cadmium concentrations in blood below 0.6 μg Cd/liter, whereas about 90% of the current male and female smokers had cadmium concentrations in blood of 0.6 μg Cd/liter or more.     

Reference intervals for blood Cd and Pb in the general population of Sardinia (Italy)

The reference values (RVs) for blood Cd and Pb of 215 adult subjects non-occupationally exposed and living in Sardinia (insular Italy) were assessed. Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking and living area were used to stratify the reference group. After collection from volunteers, samples were acid digested in a microwave oven and metals were determined by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The RVs expressed as 5th-95th percentiles (geometric mean, GM) were 0.24-1.82 μg/l (0.53 μg/l) for blood Cd and 13.2-87.3 μg/l (33.4 μg/l) for blood Pb. Females had GM levels of Cd (0.58 μg/l) higher than males (0.49 μg/l); subjects aged <40 years had less Cd (0.44 μg/l) than old subjects (>60 years; 0.56 μg/l); Cd in smokers (1.23 μg/l) was 3-times higher than in non-smokers (0.42 μg/l) and correlated with the number of cigarettes per day. The alcohol intake and place of living did not influence blood Cd. The GM values of blood Pb in males (44.4 μg/l) were higher than in females (24.7 μg/l); subjects less than 40 years-old (27.5 μg/l) showed lower Pb than elderly individuals (>60 years, 41.2 μg/l); drinkers (42.2 μg/l) had Pb 2-times higher than non-drinkers (24.4 μg/l). Blood Pb was not significantly affected by smoking and place of living. As revealed by multiple linear regression, the predictor variables were, in order of weight, smoke ? age for blood Cd levels, and sex = age ? alcohol for blood Pb levels.     

Reference values for lead,cadmium and mercury in the blood of adults from the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo,Brazil

Human biomonitoring is an important tool for the evaluation of environmental exposure to contaminants. The data that are obtained from these studies might be compared to appropriate reference values (RVs) in a specific population. The RVs were derived from the rounded values of the upper limit of the 95th confidence interval of the 95th percentile for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in blood from adults in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo (MASP), Brazil to investigate the association between blood metals and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Blood samples from 653 nonsmoking blood donors without occupational exposure to the studied metals were collected in 2006. Our evaluations distinguished a younger group (18–39 years) and an older group (40–65 years). RVs in the younger group were 60 μg Pb/L and 4 μg Hg/L for men and 47 μg Pb/L and 4 μg Hg/L for women. RVs in the older group were 80 μg Pb/L and 5 μg Hg/L for men and 63 μg Pb/L and 6 μg Hg/L for women. The RV for Cd was 0.6 μg/L for adults aged 18–65 years. Pb and Cd levels demonstrated a significant association with sex and age. Male blood contained 50% more Pb, and the older group exhibited 23% more Pb. Fish consumption and amalgam fillings were primarily related to Hg levels. RVs for lead were similar to the Czech Republic and Germany but higher than the US population. The RV for Cd in Brazil was well below the RVs of these countries. The RVs for Hg in Brazil were similar to the US but higher than Germany and the Czech Republic.     

The distribution of blood concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) in residents of the German Ruhr area and its potential association with occupational exposure in metal industry and/or other risk factors

Objective

This study investigated the metal distribution in blood samples from the general population and the risk of having high metal concentration for metal workers.

Appraisal for Selection,Placement, and Development

We investigated the influence of various lifestyle factors on blood lead levels in a representative sample from the general adult population (i.e., ≥ 18 y of age) of West Germany in 1987–1988. The overall mean blood lead level was 73 μg/l (standard deviation = 41.4 μg/l) in 834 men and 54 μg/l (standard deviation = 26.8 μg/l) in 1 065 women. In a multiple linear regression analysis, alcohol consumption accounted for the largest proportion of variability in blood lead levels, followed by both age and smoking. Other significant contributing factors were gender, hematocrit, calcium intake, and consumption of milk and milk products. Wine had a greater effect on blood lead levels than beer (i.e., per g of alcohol consumed). With respect to cigarette smoking (i.e., no. of cigarettes smoked/d), filterless cigarettes were associated with higher blood lead levels than filter-tipped cigarettes. In addition, smoking cigars, cigarillos, or a pipe resulted in higher blood lead levels than smoking only cigarettes. Alcohol consumption and smoking were independent contributors to blood lead levels in both men and women, but effects of alcohol consumption were stronger in women than in men. We concluded that consumption of alcohol and tobacco represent major avoidable sources of lead exposure.     

产妇和新生儿体内重金属水平及其影响因素分析

目的了解某地区产妇及新生儿血砷、汞和铅的水平,分析其相关影响因素。方法在某地区随机抽取A、B两所医院,选择2012年4—5月间住院分娩的产妇共226名,采集产妇静脉血和新生儿脐带血,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中砷、汞和铅的浓度,并对产妇进行问卷调查。结果 226对产妇和新生儿血铅浓度范围分别为2.65~67.00μg/L和4.05~70.89μg/L,均低于100μg/L的限值;A医院产妇和新生儿血砷平均浓度分别为1.20μg/L和1.23μg/L,均高于B医院(0.62μg/L和0.71μg/L),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),血汞和血铅浓度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);新生儿脐带血中砷、汞和铅浓度与产妇静脉血中同种元素浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.925、0.832和0.765;多重线性回归分析结果显示,家庭年收入越高,产妇及其新生儿血砷浓度越高(P0.05);产妇文化程度则对血铅水平有显著影响,文化程度越高,产妇及其新生儿血铅浓度越低(P0.05)。结论该地区产妇和新生儿体内砷、汞、铅暴露水平较低,但胎盘对重金属缺乏有效屏障作用,仍应采取有效措施减少产妇和新生儿重金属暴露。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析秦山核电站周边居民尿样

目的 获得核电站周边居民尿中元素含量的基础数据。方法 采集秦山核电站周围长期居住的35名健康成年人的尿样,利用ICP-MS法分析了尿样中的铀,钍,铷,铯,锶,砷,铅,钡,钴,铊和镉11种元素的含量,实验方法的检出限(DL)范围为0.002~0.046 μg/L,加标回收率范围为91.4%~118.8%。结果 所测元素结果的平均值和范围如下:铀:0.07μg/L,(小于检出限~0.97 μg/L);钍:0.54 μg/L(0.45~0.76 μg/L);铷:2736.06 μg/L(610.80~7174.71 μg/L);铯:11.30 μg/L(2.60~24.02 μg/L);锶:480.07 μg/L(129.79~1275.89 μg/L);砷:124.57 μg/L(13.63~501.21 μg/L);铅:31.10 μg/L(3.85~235.04 μg/L);钡:16.35 μg/L(1.64~82.64 μg/L);钴:0.82 μg/L(小于检出限~3.41 μg/L);铊:0.34 μg/L(小于检出限~1.87 μg/L);镉:1.23 μg/L(小于检出限~8.28 μg/L)。结论 与中国成年男子尿中元素含量相比,本研究结果均高于其结果。     

Bisphenol A levels in blood and urine in a Chinese population and the personal factors affecting the levels

The objective of the study was to describe the background bisphenol A (BPA) levels in urine and serum of a Chinese population without occupational exposure and to examine the personal characteristics influencing these levels. Workers from 10 factories and their family members were recruited and their peripheral blood and spot urine samples were collected. The conjugated and free BPA of the samples was assayed with high-performance liquid chromatography. The exposure levels were checked with 2-independent-samples test, and the potential personal factors influencing exposure levels were analyzed using nonlinear correlation. Of the total of 952 subjects participating in the study, urine and blood samples were taken from 97% and 93% of them, respectively. The detectable rates were 50% for urine samples and 17% for serum samples, given the detection limit of 0.31 μg/L for urine and 0.39 μg/L for serum. The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of non-creatinine-adjusted urinary BPA level were 10.45 and 0.87 μg/L, which became 24.93 and 0.38 μg/g Cr after the creatinine level was adjusted; serum BPA levels were 2.84 μg/L (AM) and 0.18 μg/L (GM). Males and those with smoking habit had higher biological burden of BPA. The results indicated that half of the study subjects had detectable BPA in their urine samples. BPA levels were influenced by gender and smoking status. The sources of non-occupational BPA exposures should be explored.     

Smoking and blood lead concentrations in lead-exposed workers and an unexposed population

Blood lead (PbB) concentrations were measured and the smoking history was taken from 355 men representing the general population and 2209 men occupationally exposed to lead. No association between smoking and PbB could be demonstrated in the men from the general population, but a dose-response relationship was found between the amount of smoking and the PbB concentrations of men occupationally exposed to lead. Smokers had statistically significantly higher PbB levels than nonsmokers. This result can probably be attributed to the contamination of fingers and cigarettes in the lead-exposed workplaces rather than to the small amount of lead contained in the cigarettes. The deleterious effect of smoking upon the lung clearance mechanism can also be a contributing factor.