不同类型小型机动车驾驶人员慢性疾病患病率调查

目的了解小型机动车驾驶员的健康状况。方法按照《职业健康监护管理办法》、GB18463-2001《机动车驾驶员身体条件及其评价要求》的规定,对2010年度进行的职业性小型机动车驾驶员即出租车司机568名(职业司机组)及非职业性小型机动车驾驶员(私家车司机)482名(非职业司机组)的职业健康检查结果进行分析统计,并与396名对照组工人进行比较。结果职业人群慢性胃炎、脂肪肝、高血压病、前列腺增生、妇科疾病、皮肤病及脊柱关节疾病的发病率明显高于对照组,其中最多见的慢性胃病、脂肪肝及高血压病3种疾病,患病率分别达到32.0%、29.0%、18.0%,且随着工龄的增长,患病率有增高的趋势。非职业性司机组最多见的是脂肪肝及高血压病2种疾病,患病率也分别达到24.7%、16.2%。此类驾驶员既往病史中,心脑血管系统疾病占很大比重;近1/4的人员经常饮酒、吸烟;其血压、远视力、辨色力、心电图异常率明显高于对照组。结论小型机动车驾驶员健康状况不容乐观,特别是职业小型机动车驾驶员的健康教育工作需要加强。     

北京市延庆县不同职业人群慢病行为危险因素调查

目的了解不同职业人群慢性非传染性疾病(慢病)的行为危险因素,为制定有效的慢病防治措施提供依据。方法按照等比例多阶段整群抽样方法,采用集中调查和入户调查相结合的方式对不同职业人群进行调查。结果本次共调查336人,吸烟率为29.5%;酗酒率为15.2%;不运动率为46.4%;不吃早餐率为8.3%;高盐饮食率27.7%;高脂饮食率14.9%。慢病总患病率为32.4%。不同职业人群之间卫生保健服务存在显著差异。结论被调查人员存在不健康生活方式者较高,慢病发病率较高,应该对不同人群实施有针对性的健康教育,开展不同形式的干预活动,改变人群不健康行为,减少危险因素,控制疾病发生和发展。     

深圳市167名交通事故受伤司机危险因素调查分析

目的通过调查深圳市道路交通事故受伤司机,了解导致车祸发生的危险因素.方法采取自设问卷抽样的调查方式,于2003年9月至12月间,对深圳市交通事故多发区域急救网络医院收治的167名司机进行问卷调查,对收集的资料进行分析,找出与交通事故相关危险因素.结果驾驶时的精神不集中、疲劳、谈话与交通事故的发生均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论本研究所调查的部分危险因素与道路交通事故的发生有密切的关系.     

铁路职工慢性非传染性疾病现状及行为危险因素分析

目的通过对慢性非传染性疾病现状及行为危险因素分析,探讨预防对策。方法采用随机抽样,对铁路职工进行问卷调查,对数据进行X~2检验分析。结果 (1)人群慢性非传染性疾病患病率为36.40%,其中男性患病率为38.22%,女性患病率为32.94%,发病率差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。(2)慢性非传染性疾病患者中吸烟率为45.88%,酗酒率为26.28%,超重率为43.32%,缺乏运动率为58.79%。(3)非慢性非传染性疾病患者中吸烟率为25.79%,酗酒率为9.54%,超重率为26.62%,缺乏运动率为28.56%。结论铁路职工慢性非传染性疾病患病率与行为危险因素均处于较高水平,慢性非传染性疾病预防控制策略有待加强。     

南昌市城区居民慢性非传染性疾病患病调查

目的 了解江西省南昌市城区居民的慢性非传染性疾病现况,分析影响居民慢性病患病的相关因素,探索有效的健康促进干预对策.方法 用整群随机抽样法选取1 491名年满18周岁的居民进行入户面对面问卷调查,并进行血压、身高、体重等测量.结果 慢性非传染性疾病的总体患病率为23.81%,标准化患病率为16.42%;患病率位居前3位的疾病为高血压11.07%、高血脂症3.15%、糖尿病2.35%;平均每周饮酒1次者占20.25%,超重率为15.56%;肥胖率为9.46%;近5年未参加健康体检的调查对象占57.14%;Logisdc回归分析结果表明,饮酒、肥胖为居民慢性病患病的危险因素.结论 南昌市城区居民慢性病患病率处于一般水平,但患病危险因素暴露处于较高水平.     

4695例已婚妇女慢性宫颈炎筛查结果分析

目的了解东阳市已婚妇女慢性宫颈炎的发病情况、相关危险因素,并提出预防措施。方法由我院体检中心妇科医生对东阳市4695例已婚妇女进行常规妇科病普查及相关实验室检查,所得资料进行统计学分析。结果在本组资料中,患慢性宫颈炎的有1633例,患病率为34.78%。慢性宫颈炎与年龄、职业、避孕方式及生殖道感染有关。结论慢性宫颈炎的发生是多因素综合作用的结果,应定期进行疾病筛查,针对重点人群进行综合干预,以降低慢性宫颈炎的患病率。     

东莞市樟罗社区户籍居民体检结果分析

目的分析1 116名户籍居民体检者体检结果,评价其健康状况,为制定社区健康干预方案提供参考。方法综合分析体检报告,找出户籍居民患病率较高的疾病及健康危险因素,分析其年龄段、性别等分布情况。结果患病率由高到低的疾病依次为:超重或肥胖(28.76%)、高血压(17.83%)、脂肪肝(15.68%)、肾结石(11.29%)、糖尿病(10.30%)。心脑血管危险因素检出率较高。年龄以40岁以上人群检出率最高。结论与生活方式有关的慢性非传染性疾病成为威胁社区居民健康的主要危险因素。应通过多种形式的健康教育和健康促进行动加强社区居民的自我保健意识,制定合理的社区健康干预方案,降低慢性病的发病率,提高社区居民的生活质量。     

武汉市男性出租车司机高血压病危险因素分析

目的探讨武汉市男性出租车司机中高血压病患病率及其危险因素，为其职业保健工作提供依据。方法对2005～2007年期间，在湖北省医学体格检查中心进行健康体检的7987名武汉市男性出租车司机体检资料进行统计分析。结果武汉市男性出租车司机高血压患病率为28．28％，高于一般人群，高血压病除遗传因素外，与驾龄，体重指数（BMI）等因素密切相关。结论武汉市男性出租车司机人群高血压病的患病率不容乐观，应采取综合防治措施，降低该人群高血压患病率。     

海门市居民慢性病患病情况分析

目的了解海门市慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)患病情况、特点与危险因素,探索防控方法。方法对10 324名≥15岁常住居民进行体格检查和问卷调查。结果调查人群慢性病患病率29.5%,平均每个患者患1.5种慢性病。高血压患病率25.6%,糖尿病患病率5.3%。居民人均盐摄入量8.9g/d,运动量≥6 000步/d的占9.0%,超重率33.1%。慢性病危险因素logistic回归分析显示:年龄大、BMI值高、有家族史、锻炼少和饮酒频率高为高血压主要危险因素;年龄大、BMI高、锻炼少、有家族史、女性和文化程度低为糖尿病主要危险因素。慢性病主要是高血压、糖尿病、心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤和慢性阻塞性肺病。结论慢性病的共同危险因素是膳食结构不合理、口味偏咸、缺乏锻炼和超重肥胖等。建议增加防治投入,开展健康教育和行为干预,倡导控盐、控油、控制体重、增强锻炼等健康生活方式,以控制慢性病危害。     

太仓市居民主要慢性病患病状况及影响因素分析

目的了解太仓市居民的主要慢性病患病状况及影响因素,为制定健康干预措施提供依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对4,944名居民进行入户问卷调查。结果居民慢性病患病率达27.3%。高血压、糖尿病和脑血管病为慢性疾病的前3位。随年龄增长、文化程度的提高,慢性疾病患病率呈增高趋势。不良的生活方式是慢性疾病患病率增加的主要危险因素。结论戒除不良生活习惯,加强体育锻炼,加强健康教育宣传是居民健康干预的关键。     

The role of driver demerit points and age in the prediction of motor vehicle collisions.

The records of drivers, selected from the file of licensed drivers in Ontario, were reviewed to study the relationship between demerit points, other driver characteristics, and the frequency or risk of future collisions and traffic convictions. A stratified sample of 500-600 drivers from each of five levels of demerit points was selected. Low-point drivers differed significantly from high-point drivers in age, sex, and class of licence; estimates of risk of collision or conviction in each demerit point group had to take account of these differences. Discriminant analysis was used to identify drivers likely to be involved in collisions or to be given traffic convictions, and to identify accidents involving injury or fatality. Of the traits considered (demerit points, age, sex, class of licence, history of previous accidents), demerit points represented the only variable of importance in predicting future collision involvement. Since it is the only one of these variables which can be altered by driver behaviour it offers an opportunity to prevent accidents.     

Prevalence of sleepiness in a group of Brazilian lorry drivers

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sleepiness in a group of Brazilian lorry drivers. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study used a self-administrated questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The questionnaire included questions regarding demographic features, professional data, sleep habits, night-time symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness and history of previous automobile accidents. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-eight male drivers, aged 34.2+/-9.5 years (mean+/-SD), were included in the study. The mean number of hours spent driving each day was 9.2+/-2.6h, compared with 4.5+/-2.3h for the night shift. The median distance covered weekly was 1,200 km (range 70-6,000 km). The most common sleep complaints were insomnia (26.6%), loud snoring (45%) and witnessed apnoea (7.6%). Eighty-six of 392 (22%) drivers reported falling asleep while driving, and 11 (2.8%) subjects indicated falling asleep daily or almost daily. One hundred and seventy-one drivers (39%) had been involved in a traffic accident, and 21 of 128 drivers (16.4%) indicated sleepiness as a possible contributing factor. The ESS was higher than 10 points in 120 (28%) of the interviewees. CONCLUSIONS: Sleepiness is a prevailing symptom in lorry drivers and is probably related to accidents.     

基于PLS-SEM模型的老年人慢性病影响因素分析

目的 研究老年人慢性病的影响因素,为老年人慢性病的防治提供有效的建议和措施。 方法 对黑龙江省第五次卫生服务调查数据进行整理,筛选60岁以上的老年人作为研究对象,影响因素设定为健康行为、身体功能、人际网络、物质条件和社会支持五个维度,采用偏最小二乘-结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)进行统计分析。 结果 研究样本的慢性病患病率为56.52%。测量模型的组合信度估计值均大于0.8,数据信度良好;因素负荷量的估计值在0.56~0.89之间,均达到可接受水平;平均变异萃取量(AVE)均大于0.5,表明潜变量从观察变量处获得了很好的解释信息。健康行为、身体功能、物质条件和社会支持四个维度与慢性病的发生均呈负相关,健康行为和患病情况的路径系数为-0.395、身体功能和患病情况的路径系数为-0.306、物质条件和患病情况的路径系数为-0.340、社会支持和患病情况的路径系数为-0.244。 结论 健康行为、身体功能、物质条件和社会支持这四个维度对慢性病有直接作用,同时与人际网络共同构建出复杂的路径实现了对慢性病的综合影响。其中健康行为是慢性病的首要影响因素,健康行为的养成有利于控制慢性病的发生发展;老年人身体功能的退化增加慢性病发生的风险;物质条件和社会支持的提升有利于降低慢性病的发病率,提高老年慢性病患者的生活质量。     

Traffic accidents and related injuries in Iranian professional drivers

Aim

The WHO statistics show that Iran has one of the highest rates of morbidities and mortalities due to traffic accidents in the world, which occurs in professional and nonprofessional drivers and motorcyclists, pedestrians, etc. This study investigates the rate of accidents in heavy vehicle drivers and related factors.

Subjects and methods

This study was performed on 1,136 heavy vehicle drivers who presented for periodic examinations to one of the official centers for examining drivers in the city of Yazd, Iran. Necessary information such as the history of traffic accidents, age, work experience, weekly working hours, etc were gathered using a checklist.

Results

The rate of reported accidents was 88 cases (7.7%) in 1?year. A significant relationship was observed between age, body mass index (BMI), working hours, and shift working with the rate of accidents (P?<?0.05). However, no significant relationships were found between having a second occupation, chronic diseases, and work experience with the rate of accidents (P?>?0.05). Even after adjustment of the study variables by regression analysis, a significant relationship was seen between traffic accidents and weekly working hours, BMI, and age over 60?years old and less than 29?years old (P?<?0.05).

Conclusion

This study shows that increased risk of traffic accidents is associated with increasing work hours. Therefore, the reduction of work hours for professional drivers may decrease the rate of accidents and related injuries.     

北京市东城区成年人慢性病患病现状及危险因素分析

目的了解北京市东城区成年人慢性病患病现状,分析慢性病的危险因素,为慢性病预防和控制提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层系统抽样的方法,以家庭为基本单位对东城区常住居民进行面对面询问式的问卷调查,共调查21 272人。结果调查对象高血压患病率为26.3%,糖尿病患病率为10.1%,血脂异常患病率为13.0%,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患病率为0.7%,脑卒中患病率为2.6%,冠心病患病率为8.1%。慢性病危险因素包括年龄大(OR=8.456),有慢性病家族史(OR=2.469),腰围超过正常值(OR=1.762),离异或丧偶(OR=1.564),超重或肥胖(OR=1.548),食盐口味偏重或很重(OR=1.288),文化程度高为保护性因素(OR=0.673)。结论北京市东城区高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常等慢性病患病率较高,应尽早开展针对危险因素的综合干预措施,从而控制慢性病的发生发展。     

2011年盐都区农村居民主要慢性病及危险因素调查

目的 了解盐城市盐都区农村居民当前主要慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)患病情况及其主要危险因素.方法 对盐城市盐都区5 068名农村居民进行问卷调查,了解其一般状况、慢性病史及可能与慢性病发病有关的影响因素,并测量血压、血糖等指标.描述5种主要慢性病的患病情况,并采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析的方法探讨5种主要慢性病的危险因素和保护因素.结果 盐都区18岁以上农村居民高血压患病率为16.97％;现场调查一行政村,糖尿病患病率为3.36％.患病人群血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为73.98％、68.26％和34.77％;血糖知晓率和控制率分别为51.43％和31.43％.患病率居前5位的恶性肿瘤分别是胃癌、食管癌、肠癌、肝癌和肺癌.盐都区主要慢性病的危险因素为疾病家族史(遗传)、老龄、男性等不可预防的危险因素和饮酒、腰围长、睡眠质量差、体力活动缺乏等可干预危险因素.结论 盐城市盐都区农村居民慢性病患病率与全国其他地区水平接近,应实施有针对性的预防措施,提高预防效果.     

城乡社区居民慢性病流行现状及危险因素研究

目的了解城乡社区居民主要慢性病流行特点及危险因素.方法选择城乡2个社区,对7417名35岁及以上常住居民进行主要慢性病流行病学调查.采用单因素和多因素logistie回归分析方法,进行危险因素分析.结果城乡社区居民5种慢性病总患病率比较有显著性差异(χ2=304.22 P＜0.01).患病率以高血压为最高(29.1%),其它依次为冠心病(6.6%),糖尿病(6.1%),恶性肿瘤(1.6%),脑卒中(1.3%).慢病患病率随年龄增加而上升,男女患病率不同,不同文化程度的社区居民患病率也不同.慢性病家族史、恶性肿瘤史、高血压史、超重、年龄为城市社区人群危险因素(OR值分别为3.99、1.96、1.89、1.06、1.04);糖尿病家族史、高血压史、海产品摄入多、肥胖、年龄为农村危险因素(OR值分别为2.33、1.80、1.48、1.21、1.11、1.03);水果摄入多为城乡社区人群保护因素.结论控制体重、高血压、倡导合理膳食、加强体育锻炼是社区预防控制慢性病的重要措施.     

蓬莱市四轮机动车交通事故影响因素的非条件Logistic回归分析

[目的]探讨四轮机动车道路伤害中的危险因素,为进一步开展交通道路伤害预防提供科学依据。[方法]在蓬莱市随机抽取430名四轮车驾驶员,采用非条件Logistic回归方法分析四轮机动车交通事故危险因素的病例对照研究。[结果]多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果,影响四轮机动车交通事故的因素有高年龄组、文化程度、伤害前2 h内喝浓茶、领驾照前正规训练时间、有车祸史、夜班、小型客车、大型货车、工人、管理人员。[结论]有车祸史、夜班是伤害的危险因素,文化程度高、领驾照前正规训练时间长是道路交通伤害的主要保护因素。     

Alcohol, psychoactive substances and non-fatal road traffic accidents - a case-control study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances is high in biological specimens from injured drivers, while the prevalence of these psychoactive substances in samples from drivers in normal traffic is low. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of alcohol and psychoactive substances in drivers admitted to hospital for treatment of injuries after road traffic accidents with that in drivers in normal traffic, and calculate risk estimates for the substances, and combinations of substances found in both groups. METHODS: Injured drivers were recruited in the hospital emergency department and drivers in normal conditions were taken from the hospital catchment area in roadside tests of moving traffic. Substances found in blood samples from injured drivers and oral fluid samples from drivers in moving traffic were compared using equivalent cut off concentrations, and risk estimates were calculated using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: In 21.9% of the injured drivers, substances were found: most commonly alcohol (11.5%) and stimulants eg. cocaine or amphetamines (9.4%). This compares to 3.2% of drivers in normal traffic where the most commonly found substances were z-hypnotics (0.9%) and benzodiazepines (0.8%). The greatest increase in risk of being injured was for alcohol combined with any other substance (OR: 231.9, 95% CI: 33.3- 1615.4, p < 0.001), for more than three psychoactive substances (OR: 38.9, 95% CI: 8.2- 185.0, p < 0.001) and for alcohol alone (OR: 36.1, 95% CI: 13.2- 98.6, p < 0.001). Single use of non-alcohol substances was not associated with increased accident risk. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychoactive substances was higher among injured drivers than drivers in normal moving traffic. The risk of accident is greatly increased among drivers who tested positive for alcohol, in particular, those who had also ingested one or more psychoactive substances. Various preventive measures should be considered to curb the prevalence of driving under the influence of psychoactive substances as these drivers constitute a significant risk for other road users as well as themselves.     

老年人抑郁症状与慢性病及日常生活活动能力的关联性研究

目的 分析老年人慢性病、抑郁症状及日常生活活动能力三者之间的相互关系,探讨老年人抑郁症状和老年人日常生活活动能力受限的危险因素.方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法,应用老年抑郁短量表、Katz日常生活活动量表（Katz-ADL）和Lawton工具性日常生活活动量表（Lawton-IADL）,对济宁市部分县区≥65岁的504例老年人进行问卷调查.结果 济宁市部分县区老年人总患病率为74.01％,抑郁症状阳性率为7.14％,ADL、IADL功能受限率分别为19.05％和66.67％,男性老年人抑郁症状阳性率及ADL、IADL功能受限率低于女性（x2分别为18.15、12.31、30.18,P均＜0.05）;老年人现患有慢性病的种类数是抑郁症状和ADL受限的危险因素（OR分别为1.71、1.53）,ADL和IADL受限也是老年人抑郁症状的危险因素（OR分别为3.15、9.36）;控制性别、年龄因素后,患有慢性病种类数对老年人抑郁症状、ADL、IADL的影响以及ADL和IADL受限对老年人抑郁症状的影响均无统计学意义.结论 性别、年龄是老年人抑郁症状、ADL和IADL受限的最根本的危险因素,家庭和社会在对老年人照护时,应积极锻炼提高老年人的日常生活活动能力,提升老年人的正性情绪,减少抑郁症状的发生.