早期闭合复位空心螺钉固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的 总结早期闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床体会。方法 本组32例患者，全部采用闭合复位空心螺钉内固定技术。结果 术后随访1.5～5年，32例患者有6例出现股骨头坏死。5例出现股骨颈骨折不愈合，骨折不愈合率为15.6％。其他21例患者全部愈合。结论 采用闭合复位空心螺纹钉固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折，能减少股骨头坏死的发生率，是一种较好的治疗方法。     

股骨颈骨折闭合复位内固定疗效分析

目的评估闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法对41例新鲜股骨颈骨折的患者行闭合复位经皮空心钉内固定术。骨折按Garden分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型20例,Ⅳ型7例。观察术后骨折愈合、髋部功能状态以及术后并发症情况。结果随访12.0～40.0个月,平均26.0个月,38例(92.7%)骨折获骨性愈合,骨折不愈合2例,股骨头坏死1例。结论闭合复位加压空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折操作简单、疗效可靠、不切开关节囊、不暴露骨折端、对股骨头血液循环干扰小。     

空心加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折

目的探讨空心加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的方法及疗效。方法对46例新鲜股骨颈骨折患者在C型臂监测下于牵引床上复位后采用加压空心螺钉内固定。结果46例随访8~25个月,骨折愈合40例,不愈合4例,股骨头坏死2例。结论空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折是一种有效、安全、简单、经济的方法。     

闭合复位、空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折疗效分析

目的　将使用闭合复位、空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的 15 5例病人资料采用回顾性方法进行研究 ,从中分析本治疗方法的骨折愈合率和股骨头坏死等方面的情况。方法　对骨折类型、伤后何时手术、年龄、性别、下地时间、空心钉种类和数量、取钉后情况各方面因素与骨折不愈合、股骨头缺血性坏死发生率关系列表分析。结果　平均随访 3年 4个月。本组 15 5例骨折病人愈合率 93 5 %。股骨头缺血性坏死发生率为 7 4 %。该方法的总体治愈率为 87 1%。结论　闭合复位、空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折疗效可靠 ,有较高的骨折愈合率 ,是可以提倡的治疗方法。高龄病人 (6 0岁以上 )身体条件好 ,首先可考虑Ⅰ期行内固定治疗。严重骨折类型会影响预后。对新鲜股骨颈骨折的治疗原则是早期手术、良好复位、有效固定。控制好老年内科并发症 ,会使总体治愈率再一步提高     

闭合复位、空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折疗效分析

目的将使用闭合复位、空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的155例病人资料采用回顾性方法进行研究，从中分析本治疗方法的骨折愈合率和股骨头坏死等方面的情况。方法 对骨折类型、伤后何时手术、年龄、性别、下地时间、空心钉种类和数量、取钉后情况各方面因素与骨折不愈合、股骨头缺血性坏死发生率关系列表分析。结果 平均随访3年4个月。本组155例骨折病人愈合率93．5％。股骨头缺血性坏死发生率为7．4％。该方法的总体治愈率为87．1％。结论 闭合复位、空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折疗效可靠，有较高的骨折愈合率。是可以提倡的治疗方法。高龄病人(60岁以上)身体条件好，首先可考虑I期行内固定治疗。严重骨折类型会影响预后。对新鲜股骨颈骨折的治疗原则是早期手术、良好复位、有效固定。控制好老年内科并发症，会使总体治愈率再一步提高。     

闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效

目的 探讨闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法 在C型臂X线透视下牵引床牵引复位，经皮穿入2～3枚导针，顺导针拧入空心螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折110例，术后随访2～6年。平均3年8个月。结果 除1例手术后第6天因突发心肌梗死死亡，2例骨折不愈合外，其余107例均获得愈合，骨折愈合率为98．2％。远期出现股骨头缺血坏死及塌陷29例，坏死发生率为26．36％。结论闭合复位空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折，其方法简单，固定牢固，治疗效果好。     

双枚空心加压螺钉闭合复位治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨双枚空心加压螺钉闭合复位治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法应用双枚空心加压螺钉闭合复位治疗107例60岁以上老年人新鲜股骨颈骨折患者。结果 107例获得3年以上随访(39～94个月)。根据Harris百分制评分法评价疗效:优60例,良38例,中7例,差2例,优良率为91.59%。发生股骨头坏死6例,无骨不连发生。结论双枚空心加压螺钉闭合复位内固定治疗股骨颈骨折手术创伤小,操作简便,固定牢靠,骨折愈合率高,可早期功能锻炼,并发症少,疗效满意。     

切开与闭合复位治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨股骨颈骨折采用闭合复位空心钉固定与切开复位空心钉固定的临床效果。方法对2002年7月至2006年1月收治的72例股骨颈骨折患者进行分析。其中随访资料完整的70例中,Garden Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型22例,Ⅳ型38例。平均随访时间28个月。结果70例患者中65例愈合,总愈合率为92.9%,其中闭合复位组39例骨折愈合,3例骨折不愈合,愈合率为92.9%;切开复位组26例骨折愈合,2例骨折不愈合,愈合率为92.9%。8例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为11.4%。其中采用闭合复位加空心钉固定患者42例,5例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为11.9%;采用切开复位空心钉固定28例,3例出现股骨头坏死,坏死率为10.7%。结论股骨颈骨折所致股骨头坏死和骨不连的发生与骨折的类型及治疗方法的选择有关。良好的复位加空心钉固定可达理想的治疗效果。股骨颈骨折切开复位内固定与闭合复位内固定术后的股骨头坏死或骨不连的发生率无明显差异,也可能与本研究病例少,随访时间短有关,但骨折的解剖复位和坚强的内固定仍是骨折愈合的关键因素。     

闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗股骨颈骨折的临床效果

目的观察闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗股骨颈骨折的效果。方法对37例股骨颈骨折患者实施闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果术后随访10个月~3 a,骨折愈合时间2.5~8.6个月,骨折愈合率94.59%(35/37),2例出现股骨头坏死。按Harris评分标准评定髋关节功能:优良率为86.48%(31/37)。随访期内未发生髋内翻、钉断裂、下肢深静脉血栓形成等并发症。结论闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折,创伤小、固定牢靠、可早期功能锻炼、能提高骨折愈合率和髋关节功能恢复优良率。     

闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗中青年股骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的 :探讨闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定在中青年股骨颈骨折治疗的临床疗效。方法 :自2013年6月至2016年12月采用闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗33例中青年股骨颈骨折,其中男17例,女16例,年龄19~59岁,平均38.5岁;左侧20例,右侧13例;受伤至手术时间为2~5 d,平均3 d。按照Garden分型:Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型11例,Ⅲ型18例,Ⅳ型3例。术后定期随访,复查髋关节X线片,了解骨愈合和股骨头坏死情况,末次随访采用髋关节Harris功能评分进行疗效评价。结果:手术时间30~50 min,术中出血量20~70 ml。33例患者均获得随访,时间8~42个月,平均24个月。末次随访髋关节Harris功能评分:优18例,良10例,中2例,差3例,其中疼痛(40.61±5.08)分,功能(38.94±6.78)分,畸形(3.88±0.69)分,运动范围(3.70±0.64)分,总分(87.12±11.98)分。30例达到骨性愈合,愈合时间4~12个月,平均7.5个月,2例患者出现骨折不愈合(均为GardenⅣ型),1例患者发生股骨头坏死(GardenⅣ型),所有患者未出现术后感染、内固定松动、再骨折等并发症。结论:闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗中青年股骨颈骨折具有方法简单、创伤小、固定牢靠等优势,骨折愈合率高,股骨头坏死风险低,临床疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.