腰骶椎前路螺旋融合笼设计的解剖学依据

目的测量国人L3～S1终板凹陷深度(d)、椎间盘中央厚度(m)及椎体矢状径(S),找出兼顾机械稳定与生物融合效果的AFC直径和长度.方法用39具成人干燥腰骶椎骨L3～S1标本共156块,测量椎体中央高度(M)、椎体前后缘骺环处高度(A,P)及椎体上矢状径(S),并参考郭世绂椎间盘前后骺环处厚度值(a,p),通过统计学处理及几何运算,求得2d(±s)、S(±s)、m.结果L3、L4、L5的2d分别为3.95±0.75mm、4.02±0.82mm、4.01±0.55mm;L3、L4、L5、S1的S分别为29.72±1.71mm、30.18±2.15mm、30.58±1.94mm、30.69±1.88mm;L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1的m近似值为12～16mm、13～16mm、12～17mm,故AFC长度范围为15～26mm,AFC外直径范围分别是21～25mm、22～25mm、21～26mm.结论经前路椎体间正中前后向放置1枚AFC时,其所用AFC外径≈1/2(a+p)+12～16(mm);AFC长度≈S-6-S×滑脱百分比.     

腰骶椎前路螺旋融合笼对脊柱腰骶部结构的影响

目的　定量测试前路螺旋融合笼 (AFC)对腰骶椎椎间隙高度、椎间孔高度、椎管容积的影响。方法　在人尸腰骶椎节段标本 (8具 )、新鲜牛腰骶椎节段标准 (8具 )及临床病例 (5例 )上用特定方法定量测量AFC放置前后的椎间隙前后缘高度、椎间孔高度、椎管容积的变化 ,对测得数据进行统计学处理。结果　上述三种实验对象在AFC放置后 ,三组测量值均有不同程度增加 (P <0 0 5 )。后侧椎间隙高度与椎管容量的变化、椎间孔高度的变化相关性均较好。结论　AFC的适当使用可以不同程度地增加椎间隙高度、椎间孔高度及椎管容积 ;增加程度与实验对象的退变状况有关     

可注射骨诱导材料的椎间融合器研制及其Xtube管道下置入方法的研究

目的:探讨一种可注射骨诱导材料的椎间融合器用于微创经椎间孔腰椎融合(TLIF)手术Xtube通道下置入的相关解剖学问题。方法:自行设计一种可注射骨诱导材料的新型椎间融合器,并通过解剖学测量确定其规格尺寸。应用40套成人腰骶椎干骨标本,针对不同椎间隙(L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1),分别测量斜跨中线放置时所需要的融合器理论长度及放置融合器的最佳倾斜角α;同时测量Xtube管道下操作允许的器械内倾角μ。结果:用于不同椎间隙时(L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1)融合器的理想倾角α分别是23.9°±3.8°(21.3°～28.2°)、25.8°±3.1°(22.2°～29.2°)和28.8°±3.8°(26.9°～33.6°)。相应倾斜角下,所需融合器的理论长度分别是28.7±4.4mm(26.8～31.2mm)、29.3±3.8mm(27.3～31.8mm)和30.4±4.6mm(28.6～30.8mm)。Xtube工作管道下操作允许的器械内倾斜角μ的均值为22.3°±2.5°(18.3°～27.5°)。结论:采用单枚融合器斜向放置的方法实施微创TLIF手术时,在L5/S1斜向对侧放置融合器时需要比L3/4、L4/5更大的内倾斜角,在实施L4/5、L5/S1椎间融合时,需要的融合器长度略长于L3/4间隙。     

两种手术方式治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症的疗效比较

[目的]对比椎弓根钉内固定联合单枚Cage斜形放置椎间植骨融合与椎弓根钉内固定后外侧融合治疗退变性腰椎滑脱的临床疗效。[方法]单节段退变性腰椎滑脱患者44例,按手术方式分为:Ⅰ组23例,行椎弓根器械复位固定后单枚Cage斜形放置的椎体间融合;Ⅱ组21例,行椎弓根器械复位固定后外侧融合。对两组术后JOA评分,腰腿痛VAS评分,影像学进行随访。[结果]随访15~36个月,两组间JOA评分、骨融合率无显著性差异(P>0.05);Ⅰ组在下腰痛缓解的VAS评分、Taillard指数、相对椎间隙高度的维持方面优于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。[结论]单枚融合器附加椎弓根钉的椎间植骨融合是治疗退变性腰椎滑脱更为理想的方法。     

微创经肌间隙单双侧TLIF治疗盘源性腰痛的比较

目的比较应用微创经多裂肌间隙经椎间孔椎体间融合(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)单侧固定与双侧固定治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的疗效。方法 2009年4月至2012年10月,将60例经临床检查和椎间盘造影确诊的单节段椎间盘源性腰痛患者随机分为两组,均在Quadrant系统辅助下经多裂肌间隙入路行TLIF手术。A组32例,行单侧钉棒内固定单枚Cage融合;B组28例,行双侧钉棒内固定单枚Cage融合。60例中男38例,女22例;年龄30~55岁,平均40.5岁;L3~4节段5例,L4~5节段35例,L5S1节段20例。于术后3个月、6个月、18个月进行随访,观察手术时间、术中出血量、手术损伤、并发症、植骨融合及医疗费用并进行总结分析。应用视觉模拟评分系统评估患者术前、术后疼痛情况。按照改良的MacNab法评价临床效果。结果所有手术均顺利完成,术中出血A组平均120mL,B组平均250 mL;手术时间A组平均85.5 min,B组平均120 min;治疗费用A组平均2.0万元,B组平均3.5万元;两组手术时间、出血量及治疗费用比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);并发症A组1例硬脊膜撕裂,B组2例,同时B组有2例非减压侧螺钉损伤神经根而行二次手术。随访8~36个月,平均25.3个月,术前VAS评分两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),末次随访时同组VAS评分与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。植骨融合率A组93.7%,B组96.4%。临床疗效评定A组优28例,良1例,可3例,优良率90.06%;B组优23例,良2例,可1例,差2例,优良率93.2%。两组间VAS评分、临床疗效及植骨融合率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创经多裂肌间隙入路行单侧和双侧TLIF治疗椎间盘源性腰痛均能取得较好的临床疗效,单侧TLIF手术创伤小,时间短,出血少,并发症低,安全有效,费用更低,是椎间盘源性腰痛手术治疗的一种选择。     

椎间盘镜下髓核摘除BAK椎间融合治疗椎间盘突出并椎间失稳

目的 寻找微创技术下治疗椎间盘突出并椎间失稳有效办法.方法 腰突患者共6例,单间隙突出5例,两个间隙突出1例,均采用目前国内外最先进的微创椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术,并通过通道管放置子弹形BAK(钛合金多孔螺纹状椎间融合器)使椎间融合.结果 术后半年至一年随访,5例单节间隙肢体放散痛及机械性下腰痛消失,疗效满意,1例两间隙患者术后仍间断有机械性下腰痛.结论 椎间盘镜下髓核摘除加BAK椎间融合治疗椎间盘突出并椎间失稳具有明显的优越性,既减少了病人的手术创伤和痛苦,也达到了很好疗效.     

腰椎节段内固定后相邻下位间隙即刻运动范围的测试

目的 :观测腰椎滑脱固定后即刻其相邻下位间隙的运动范围 ,探讨与固定节段相邻间隙退变加剧的可能原因。方法 :7具新鲜成人尸体脊柱标本 ,取L2～S2节段。每一标本在 5种状态 (组 )下进行L5 /S1三维运动测试 :完整组、L4滑脱组、两节段HOIST器械固定L4～L5组、两节段Dick器械固定L4～L5组、三节段Dick器械固定L3～L5组。结果 :除前屈运动时三节段Dick系统固定组L5 /S1间隙的运动范围显著大于完整组和L4滑脱组外 ,其他各组相邻下位间隙的不同方位运动范围差异不明显。结论 :三节段固定后相邻下位间隙即刻的前屈运动范围明显增加 ,这可能是相邻间隙退变的的原因之一。     

腹腔镜下腰椎融合术的初步临床应用及近期疗效观察

目的: 探索腹腔镜下腰椎前路融合术。方法: 4例L4~5、3例L5S1 的病人进行了腹腔镜下腹膜外的腰椎前路融合术。融合方法为植入钛的Syncage及自体髂骨于椎体间隙。分析手术过程中的出血量及并发症, 手术后病人的恢复情况。结果: 成功地完成了7例在腹腔镜下腹膜外的下腰椎前路融合术。手术平均时间为1 .5h, 平均出血量为150ml, 没有大血管损伤, 没有内植物脱落。术后5d病人下地活动, 症状消失。结论: 腹腔镜下腰椎前路融合术是一种损伤小、出血少、病人术后恢复快的手术方式。     

单枚cage单侧椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗退行性腰椎不稳

目的:探讨后路单枚cage单侧椎弓根钉内固定术治疗退行性腰椎不稳的临床效果.方法:采用后路椎弓根钉及椎间融合器治疗需行内固定融合手术的退行性腰椎不稳患者(均有腰痛及一侧下肢疼痛)51例,男32例,女19例,年龄41～72岁.单节段47例,其中L3/4 1例,L4/5 25例,L5/S1 21例;双节段4例,其中L3/4和L4/5 1例,L4/5和L5/S1 3例.手术方法均采用单侧显露症状侧椎板及关节突,单侧置入椎弓根钉,经椎间孔入路(TLIF手术)切除椎间盘及软骨终板,植骨后放入单枚cage.根据日本JOA评分法评估术后疗效,结果:手术时间单节段平均100min,双节段平均150min.术中出血90～430ml,其中单节段平均140ml,双节段24Oml.术前JOA评分平均11分,术后1年时平均25分.优38例(74.51%),良10例(19.61%),可2例(3.92%),差1例(1.96%),优良率为94.12%.经1～2.5年随访,所有患者椎体间融合良好,未发现断钉及cage移位.结论:单侧椎弓根钉及cage内固定术,手术方法简单,出血少、手术时间短,对脊柱结构破坏少,是治疗退行性腰椎不稳可供选择的较好方法.     

后路椎间盘镜下B-Twin椎间融合治疗退变性腰椎不稳

目的探讨椎间盘镜下B-Twin椎间融合治疗退变性腰椎不稳的手术疗效。方法收治退变性腰椎不稳16例16间隙,其中L1、21例,L4、510例,L5S15例。所有患者均辅以X线、CT或MRI检查,手术方式为后路椎间盘镜下B-Twin椎间融合术。结果术前Oswestry功能障碍指数ODI为(50.06±14.42)分,术后第3天(17.63±6.89)分(P<0.01),术后3个月(10.75±4.68)分(P<0.01),随访期末(9.06±3.38)分(P<0.01)。椎间隙高度保持良好,椎间融合器位置良好;1例融合器塌陷,15例植骨获融合,无感染、血肿、神经功能损伤及融合器脱落等其他并发症。结论后路椎间盘镜下B-Twin椎间融合治疗退变性腰椎不稳是一种创伤小、安全性高、效果好的手术方式,值得推广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.