一例职业性放射性肿瘤病例分析

目的 探讨职业性放射性肿瘤发病原因,为保护放射职业人群的健康提供科学依据. 方法 回顾分析本院诊断1例职业性放射性肿瘤的临床资料. 结果 该患者从事心血管介入治疗,累积接触X射线70个月,病因概率估算PC=53.2％,依据GBZ92 - 2009《放射性肿瘤病因判断标准》,诊断为职业性放射性肿瘤. 结论 用人单位应将从事介入诊断治疗工作人员纳入放射工作人员管理中,加强职业卫生培训和定期进行职业健康监护.     

三例白血病申请职业性放射性肿瘤的诊断情况分析

目的:对申请职业性放射性肿瘤诊断的3例白血病进行诊断情况分析。方法:回顾分析3例放射工作人员职业史、患病史及病因概率PC值（probability of causation）计算资料。结果:2例患者经计算得到95%可信限上限的PC值>50%,诊断为职业性放射性肿瘤。1例患者95%可信限上限PC值<50%,诊断为非职业性...     

《职业性放射性疾病诊断总则》（GBZ 112—2017）在全国部分省市诊断医师中的追踪调查

目的 通过对全国部分地区诊断医师使用《职业性放射性疾病诊断总则》（GBZ 112—2017）的情况开展问卷调查,了解该标准的掌握和实施情况,对标准使用中存在的问题进行收集、分析,为标准修订提供依据。方法 采用文献搜集、调查问卷、比较分析研究相结合的方式,以四川、江苏、广东、湖北、河南、新疆、安徽和核工业系统即“七省一集团”21家诊断机构共计93名具有职业性放射性疾病诊断资质的医师为调查对象,搜集诊断医师对《职业性放射性疾病诊断总则》（GBZ 112—2017）各条款的评价信息进行分析。结果 调查显示职业性放射性疾病诊断医师对《职业性放射性疾病诊断总则》（GBZ 112—2017）正文11项条款判定可行率范围在89.3%～95.7%,有10项可行率大于90.0%;判定部分可行率范围在0%～5.4%;判定不可行率范围在3.2%～5.4%;80.0%诊断医师未对标准提出具体意见,94.6%诊断医师认可该标准的法律法规一致性。结论 《职业性放射性疾病诊断总则》（GBZ 112—2017）整体达标情况良好,但少部分条款应适当修改,标准的宣贯力度不够,应进一步加强宣贯。     

某放射工作人员放射性肺癌合并脑转移诊断

目的 分析某放射工作人员放射性肿瘤诊断过程,为放射性肿瘤判定提供参考。方法 结合放射工作人员的职业暴露史、外照射个人剂量估算、职业健康检查结果和临床诊断,依据《放射性肿瘤病因判断标准》(GBZ 97-2009)估算病因概率(PC)。结果 该放射工作人员肺癌来自职业照射的PC为22.4%,PC_95%,U为70.1%,符合放射性肿瘤病因判断标准,判定为放射性肺癌脑转移。结论 病因概率作为判断癌症与辐射关联的方法被多个国家采用,虽然各个国家的赔偿标准不同,但是判定方案更倾向于弱者。     

两例放射工作人员白血病的病因概率分析

目的 通过二例放射工作人员急性白血病的职业照射史及临床情况进行放射病因概率分析。方法 依据GBZ97-2002《放射性肿瘤诊断标准》附录A计算方法和参数计算病因概率。结果 例1急性白血病病因概率为60.3%,判断为职业性放射肿瘤,例2急性白血病病因概率为45.4%,不能诊断为职业性放射性肿瘤。结论 通过二例急性白血病放射病因概率分析,可以看出患者的剂量(累积剂量、年剂量)及发病潜伏期对病因概率有着重要的临床意义。     

《职业性放射性疾病诊断标准》的编制说明

目的 研制国家卫生标准《职业性放射性疾病诊断标准》。方法 参考原GBZ112-2002职业性放射性疾病诊断标准(总则)及依据我国放射事故相关资料及国外相关的研究文献、标准。结果 规范了接受职业照射的辐射工作人员和接受过量照射人员的职业性放射性疾病的诊断和处理。结论 本标准规定了职业性放射性疾病诊断及处理总则。     

职业性放射性疾病诊断有关问题的探讨

目的 探讨职业性放射性疾病诊断工作的规范化问题。方法 根据有关法律、法规和标准。结果 对职业性放射性疾病诊断的法律依据、诊断组织、诊断原则和程序进行了讨论。结论 提出了进一步加强职业性放射性疾病诊断规范化管理的有关建议。     

一例职业性放射性肿瘤病因概率分析

目的 分析某放射性白血病的病因概率计算方法,为保护职业人群的健康提供科学依据. 方法 回顾分析本中心诊断1例职业性放射性肿瘤的概率计算资料. 结果 该申请者1997-2006年期间共进行1109例心导管造影介入治疗,依据GBZ97-2009《放射性肿瘤病因判断标准》,该申请者的95％可信上限PC值为135.2％,可判断为放射性肿瘤. 结论 用人单位应加强从事介入诊治人员的职业卫生培训,增加自我防护意识和定期职业健康监护.     

1例放射工作人员甲状腺癌病因概率分析

目的探讨放射工作人员甲状腺癌的病因概率。方法对1例甲状腺癌放射工作人员的职业照射史、临床表现及个人剂量监测结果进行分析,依据《职业性放射性肿瘤判断规范》GBZ97-2017和《外照射慢性放射病剂量估算规范》GB/T16149-2012的计算方法和参数法,推断其病因概率。结果该例甲状腺癌的95%可信限上限病因概率为28%,不能诊断为职业性放射性肿瘤。结论病因概率分析显示,该患者的受照剂量及发病潜伏期对病因概率有着重要的临床意义。     

2008-2017年广东省职业性放射性疾病诊断情况分析

目的 了解广东省职业性放射性疾病的诊断情况，分析职业接触特点和职业接触关键控制点。方法 对2008-2017年广东省内申请职业性放射性疾病的35个病例进行分析。结果 诊断为职业性放射性疾病的有10例，其中职业性放射性肿瘤8例，诊断时年龄M（P0~P100）为62.5（42~76）岁，放射工龄M（P0~P100）为27.5（5~33）年，病因概率PC值在26.34%~97.98%之间，PC值95%可信限上限均大于50%，75%的病例为井下矿石与矿物处理工作者，职业中同时接触α、β、γ射线。急性放射性皮肤损伤2例，职业中接触X、β射线，2人均为意外受照，且无法估算出两人确切的受照剂量。结论 部分用人单位和放射工作人员的知识、技术水平、防护意识还有待进一步提高，建议加强辐射防护培训，尤其是上岗前培训。     

Problems of ecologically-caused illness

The paper presents data on environmental factor-induced changes in human health. The health status was studied in rail workers living and working in the areas exposed to radiation. This demonstrated a higher incidence of neoplasms, anemias, alimentary and circulatory diseases. Children had a high incidence of chronic lymphonoid tissue diseases and anemias. It is suggested that a complex of negative environmental factors is formed not only by radiation, but also by industrial pollution of the areas and by adverse and hazardous occupational factors.     

三维适形放疗后程补量照射治疗体部恶性肿瘤的临床研究

目的：探讨三维适形放疗后程补量照射对体部恶性肿瘤的治疗价值。方法：选择体部恶性肿瘤患者180例,先行常规外照射DT 40～50 Gy（20～25 F/4～5 W）,再行三维适形放射治疗后程补量照射治疗,放射源为直线加速器15 MVX射线,利用多叶光栅实现4～6个三维适形照射野,分次治疗方法为DT 4～6 Gy/F,隔日1次,4～6次为1疗程,平均补量为DT 30 Gy（24～36 Gy）。结果：治疗后3～6个月,CT及MRI复查显示：134例原发癌中118例肿瘤缩小或消失（占88%）、46例转移癌中38例肿块明显缩小（占83%）;160例患者KPS评分均有提高（占89%）;全部病例未出现明显放疗并发症。结论：三维适形放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤疗效肯定,其后程补量结合常规放疗对于改善患者预后是有益的。     

后程三维适形放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤90例分析

目的探讨后程三维适形放射治疗对体部恶性肿瘤的治疗价值。方法选择90例体部恶性肿瘤,包括原发癌67例,转移癌23例。先给予常规外照射DT 40~50 Gy/20~25 F/4~5 w,休息3~7天,再行后程三维适形放射治疗补量照射治疗,放射源为直线加速器15MVX射线,利用多叶光栅实现4~6个三维适形照射野,分次治疗方法为DT 4~8 Gy/F,隔日1次,4~6次为1疗程,平均补量为DT 30 Gy(24~40 Gy)。结果治疗后3~6个月,CT及MRI复查示:67例原发癌中,59例肿瘤缩小或消失,占88%;23例转移癌中有19例肿块明显缩小,占83%。80例患者KPS评分有提高,占89%。全部病例均未出现明显放疗并发症。结论三维适形放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤疗效肯定,三维适形放射治疗后程补量结合常规放疗对于改善病人预后是有益的。     

我国“个人剂量监测登记系统”的10年应用与发展

目的 在线、动态采集与分析我国放射工作人员职业照射剂量信息与数据，为保护其职业健康、预防控制职业性放射性疾病提供数据基础与科学依据。方法 参考我国放射卫生相关法律法规和标准，分析个人剂量登记与管理需求，动态设计、开发和运行“个人剂量监测登记系统”。全国个人监测技术服务机构通过网络直报个人剂量数据。中国疾控中心辐射安全所开展系统运维、数据质控和结果的分析与利用。结果 登记系统于2009年11月成功建立、部署并在全国范围上线启用。截至2018年，系统共授权用户364家，采集个人监测剂量数据约660余万条，累计覆盖近8.5万余家放射工作单位约82万放射工作人员。结论 我国“个人剂量监测登记系统”的成功建立与应用10年来，促进、规范了我国放射工作人员个人监测数据的登记、管理和分析利用，逐步成为职业性放射性疾病防治与职业健康管理的科学手段与重要支撑。     

Cosmic radiation and mortality from cancer among male German airline pilots: extended cohort follow-up

Commercial airline pilots are exposed to cosmic radiation and other specific occupational factors, potentially leading to increased cancer mortality. This was analysed in a cohort of 6,000 German cockpit crew members. A mortality follow-up for the years 1960-2004 was performed and occupational and dosimetry data were collected for this period. 405 deaths, including 127 cancer deaths, occurred in the cohort. The mortality from all causes and all cancers was significantly lower than in the German population. Total mortality decreased with increasing radiation doses (rate ratio (RR) per 10 mSv: 0.85, 95 % CI: 0.79, 0.93), contrasting with a non-significant increase of cancer mortality (RR per 10 mSv: 1.05, 95 % CI: 0.91, 1.20), which was restricted to the group of cancers not categorized as radiogenic in categorical analyses. While the total and cancer mortality of cockpit crew is low, a positive trend of all cancer with radiation dose is observed. Incomplete adjustment for age, other exposures correlated with duration of employment and a healthy worker survivor effect may contribute to this finding. More information is expected from a pooled analysis of updated international aircrew studies.     

Reanalysis of hanford data: 1944–1986 deaths

Reanalysis of Hanford data by a method, which is new only in the sense that it makes new uses of standard epidemiological procedures, has produced evidence of a cancer risk at low dose levels. By a conservative estimate, about three per cent of the pre-1987 cancer deaths of Hanford workers had occupational exposures to external radiation as the critical (induction) event. These radiogenic cancers were evenly distributed between five diagnostic groups, but as a result of there being much greater sensitivity to “cancer induction by radiation” after, rather than before, 50 years of age, they were concentrated among the cancers which proved fatal after 70 years of age. The reanalysis provides no support for the idea that radiation is more likely to cause leukemia than solid tumors, or the idea that there is reduced cancer effectiveness of radiation at low dose levels (dose rate effectiveness factor or DREF hypothesis), but the estimated proportion of radiogenic cancers was much higher for the 175 nonfatal cancers (which had other certified causes of death) than for the 1,732 fatal cases. Finally, according to the latest publication of the US Committee on Biological Effects of lonizing Radiation (BEIR V), dose rate is more important than exposure age, and even a single exposure to 10 rem would only increase the normal cancer risk by four percent. Nevertheless, for all recorded exposures of Hanford workers, the estimated doubling dose was close to 26 rem; for exposures after 58 years, it was close to 5 rem, and for exposures after 62 years, it was less than 1 rem. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

放射工作人员职业健康监护管理概述

我国卫生部于2007年6月30日发布的《放射工作人员职业健康管理办法》是《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》关于职业健康监护制度中放射工作从业人员健康监护的具体实施办法，具有法律意义。为了使该管理办法得以及时切实有效地贯彻实施，本文对该管理办法做了重点解读，系统诠释放射工作者职业健康监护的目的意义；放射性职业健康检查机构的职责与必备条件；职业医师的必备资质；从业者上岗前、在岗期间、离岗时、应急或事故照射、医学追踪观察等健康检查和检查结果的报告与通知及受检者放射工作适任性评估；并对放射性职业健康监护档案的建立与管理的重要性作必要阐述，以利放射工作者、患者和公众的健康权益得到保障。     

An epidemiologic case-control study of central nervous system tumors in children and parental occupational exposures

A population-based case-control study was conducted with 338 patients less than 15 years of age who were diagnosed with a primary tumor of the central nervous system from January 1968 through December 1977 in 53 contiguous New York counties. The study also included 676 controls who were selected from the birth certificate files of the New York State Department of Health. Parental occupational exposures at the time of each child's birth and at the time of tumor diagnosis were derived from maternal interviews. The current data set failed to show any consistent association between childhood central nervous system tumor risk and paternal occupational exposures to hydrocarbons or to electromagnetic fields, or employment in the aerospace industry or pulp and paper manufacturing. Findings for occupational exposures to ionizing radiation were also inconsistent. A positive association was observed between central nervous system tumor risk and paternal exposures to ionizing radiation based on industrial codes. Odds ratios ranged from 1.71 to 2.15. This association was not observed when paternal occupational titles were used to define exposure (range of odds ratios, 1.01-1.10). Maternal exposures to ionizing radiation were not related to risk regardless of the classification scheme used.     

Cancer mortality among the highest exposed US atmospheric nuclear test participants

Of the estimated 205,000 military personnel who participated in the US atmospheric nuclear weapons testing program from 1945 to 1962, less than 1% had ionizing radiation doses that met or exceeded the current federal occupational guideline for dose of 5 rem (roentgen equivalents in humans) in a 12-month period. The objective of this study was to determine whether veterans who received the highest gamma radiation doses (n = 1010) have experienced increased cancer mortality compared with a group of Navy veterans who received a minimal radiation dose as participants of HARDTACK I (n = 2870). Mortality from all causes of death (relative risk, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.44) and from all lymphopoietic cancers (relative risk, 3.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.28 to 10.83) was significantly elevated among the 5-rem cohort compared with the Navy controls. The lack of statistically significant excesses in deaths from many of the known radiogenic cancers suggests that the observed excess mortality may be the result of many factors, of which radiation exposure was only one.